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Le Nozze Di Figaro' Author(S): John Platoff Source: Music & Letters, Vol
Tonal Organization in 'Buffo' Finales and the Act II Finale of 'Le nozze di Figaro' Author(s): John Platoff Source: Music & Letters, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Aug., 1991), pp. 387-403 Published by: Oxford University Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/736215 Accessed: 26-02-2019 18:45 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Oxford University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Music & Letters This content downloaded from 132.174.255.206 on Tue, 26 Feb 2019 18:45:02 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms TONAL ORGANIZATION IN 'BUFFO' FINALES AND THE ACT II FINALE OF 'LE NOZZE DI FIGARO' BY JOHN PLATOFF THE TONAL PLAN of the finale to Act II of Mozart and Da Ponte's Le nozze di Fzgaro is an admirably clear structure, and one that has drawn nearly as much ap- proving comment from analysts as the opera itself has received from audiences.' The reasons for this favourable view of the finale's tonal scheme are not hard to find: its eight sections or movements move from the tonic of E flat to the dominant and then by a descending third to G, from which point the return to the tonic occurs through a regular series of falling fifths (see Table I). -
The Effects of Instruction on the Singing Ability of Children Ages 5-11
THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTION ON THE SINGING ABILITY OF CHILDREN AGES 5 – 11: A META-ANALYSIS Christina L. Svec Dissertation Proposal Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2015 APPROVED: Debbie Rohwer, Major Professor and Chair of the Department of Music Education Don Taylor, Committee Member Robin Henson, Committee Member Benjamin Brand, Committee Member James C. Scott, Dean of the College of Music Costas Tsatsoulis, Interim Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Svec, Christina L. The Effects of Instruction on the Singing Ability of Children Ages 5-11: A Meta-Analysis. Doctor of Philosophy (Music Education), August 15 2015, 192 pp., 14 tables, reference list, 280 titles. The purpose of the meta-analysis was to address the varied and somewhat stratified study results within the area of singing ability and instruction by statistically summarizing the data of related studies. An analysis yielded a small overall mean effect size for instruction across 34 studies, 433 unique effects, and 5,497 participants ranging in age from 5- to 11-years old (g = 0.43). The largest overall study effect size across categorical variables included the effects of same and different discrimination techniques on mean score gains. The largest overall effect size across categorical moderator variables included research design: Pretest-posttest 1 group design. Overall mean effects by primary moderator variable ranged from trivial to moderate. Feedback yielded the largest effect regarding teaching condition, 8-year-old children yielded the largest effect regarding age, girls yielded the largest effect regarding gender, the Boardman assessment measure yielded the largest effect regarding measurement instrument, and song accuracy yielded the largest effect regarding measured task. -
S Y N C O P a T I
SYNCOPATION ENGLISH MUSIC 1530 - 1630 'gentle daintie sweet accentings1 and 'unreasonable odd Cratchets' David McGuinness Ph.D. University of Glasgow Faculty of Arts April 1994 © David McGuinness 1994 ProQuest Number: 11007892 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11007892 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 10/ 0 1 0 C * p I GLASGOW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ERRATA page/line 9/8 'prescriptive' for 'proscriptive' 29/29 'in mind' inserted after 'his own part' 38/17 'the first singing primer': Bathe's work was preceded by the short primers attached to some metrical psalters. 46/1 superfluous 'the' deleted 47/3,5 'he' inserted before 'had'; 'a' inserted before 'crotchet' 62/15-6 correction of number in translation of Calvisius 63/32-64/2 correction of sense of 'potestatis' and case of 'tactus' in translation of Calvisius 69/2 'signify' sp. 71/2 'hierarchy' sp. 71/41 'thesis' for 'arsis' as translation of 'depressio' 75/13ff. Calvisius' misprint noted: explanation of his alterations to original text clarified 77/18 superfluous 'themselves' deleted 80/15 'thesis' and 'arsis' reversed 81/11 'necessary' sp. -
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms CHRIS BALDICK OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD PAPERBACK REFERENCE The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms Chris Baldick is Professor of English at Goldsmiths' College, University of London. He edited The Oxford Book of Gothic Tales (1992), and is the author of In Frankenstein's Shadow (1987), Criticism and Literary Theory 1890 to the Present (1996), and other works of literary history. He has edited, with Rob Morrison, Tales of Terror from Blackwood's Magazine, and The Vampyre and Other Tales of the Macabre, and has written an introduction to Charles Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer (all available in the Oxford World's Classics series). The most authoritative and up-to-date reference books for both students and the general reader. Abbreviations Literary Terms Oxford ABC of Music Local and Family History Paperback Accounting London Place Names* Archaeology* Mathematics Reference Architecture Medical Art and Artists Medicines Art Terms* Modern Design* Astronomy Modern Quotations Better Wordpower Modern Slang Bible Music Biology Nursing Buddhism* Opera Business Paperback Encyclopedia Card Games Philosophy Chemistry Physics Christian Church Plant-Lore Classical Literature Plant Sciences Classical Mythology* Political Biography Colour Medical Political Quotations Computing Politics Dance* Popes Dates Proverbs Earth Sciences Psychology* Ecology Quotations Economics Sailing Terms Engineering* Saints English Etymology Science English Folklore* Scientists English Grammar Shakespeare English -
Course Outline
MUSICIANSHIP - Course Outline General information about the approach Audiation - the ability to think in sound - is at the core of musicianship training. Musical elements and concepts are sequentially introduced, from the simple to the complex, and are practiced in ways that actively develop understandings in pitch, tonality, rhythm and harmony. These understandings are reinforced through engagement in a variety of modes of learning: aural (critical listening, the linking of sound to syllable using tonic solfa, absolute pitch names and rhythm duration syllables), kinaesthetic (use of the Curwen hand sign system, conducting patterns and other physical indications for beat, rhythm, phrase), and visual (linking sound to a variety of notational systems). Thorough musicianship practise involves using musical elements and concepts in known contexts (such as in performing, part work and memorisation), and unknown contexts (such as in sight reading, dictation, improvisation and composition). True musicianship is achieved not only when known elements can be successfully reproduced in these many contexts, but when they are applied with sensitivity to genre and culture, and then imbued with appropriate personal expression. Artistic training must equally involve active engagement and reflection. This is the key to developing the musical imagination in both intellectual and emotional realms. Overview: Musicianship involves the study of sight singing, score reading, aural perception, musical dictation and analysis using the tools of the Kodály philosophy (tonic solfa, rhythm duration syllables and hand signs). This class will study core repertoire as decided by the course lecturer. All participants will complete a 1.5hr class of Musicianship each day. These classes provide intensive skill development in aural musicianship as well as theoretical components of music. -
Proceedings of SMC Sound and Music Computing Conference 2013
Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference 2013, SMC 2013, Stockholm, Sweden Komeda: Framework for Interactive Algorithmic Music On Embedded Systems Krystian Bacławski Dariusz Jackowski Institute of Computer Science Institute of Computer Science University of Wrocław University of Wrocław [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT solid software framework that enables easy creation of mu- sical applications. Application of embedded systems to music installations is Such platform should include: limited due to the absence of convenient software devel- • music notation language, opment tools. This is a very unfortunate situation as these systems offer an array of advantages over desktop or lap- • hardware independent binary representation, top computers. Small size of embedded systems is a fac- • portable virtual machine capable of playing music, tor that makes them especially suitable for incorporation • communication protocol (also wireless), into various forms of art. These devices are effortlessly ex- • interface for sensors and output devices, pandable with various sensors and can produce rich audio- visual effects. Their low price makes it affordable to build • support for music generation routines. and experiment with networks of cooperating devices that We would like to present the Komeda system, which cur- generate music. rently provides only a subset of the features listed above, In this paper we describe the design of Komeda – imple- but in the future should encompass all of them. mentation platform for interactive algorithmic music tai- lored for embedded systems. Our framework consists of 2. OVERVIEW music description language, intermediate binary represen- tation and portable virtual machine with user defined ex- Komeda consists of the following components: music de- tensions (called modules). -
A Natural Pulse Man-Made Pulses Beats
SECONDARY/KEY STAGE 3 MUSIC – I ’ V E G O T R H Y THM Pulse 5 MINUTES READING #1 “Rhythm is sound in Have you ever been driven crazy by someone hammering just outside your motion. It is related room – someone fixing some shelves or workmen digging up the road? Did you to the pulse, the put your headphones or earphones on and sigh with relief as some of your heartbeat, the way music replaced the unwanted noise? Why was one set of sounds so much we breathe. It rises and falls. It takes more pleasant than the other? An important part of the answer lies in the us into ourselves; it effect of what musicians call pulse. takes us out of Many annoying sounds, like hammering or roadworks are not regular. There ourselves.” - Edward Hirsch may be a bang when you’re not expecting it, then silence, then more sudden noises. Music is different. Once it has started you can sense when the next sound is going to happen. And with most types of music you can move or tap your foot in time to a clear and regular pulse. A natural pulse It is not surprising that we find a regular pulse satisfying. Even before we are born, we become aware of the beating of our mother’s heart so it is something that is natural to all of us from a very early age. The heart circulates blood around our bodies with a regular pumping action. Questions to think about: The speed with which these pumping movements follow each other is called our pulse-rate. -
Rhythm and Metre Definition of Key Terms
Area of Study One Rhythm and Metre Definition of Key Terms Key Word Definition Pulse The beat in a piece of music Metre The number of beats in a bar Tempo The speed of the music – measured in BPM and also uses metronome markings Simple Time Time signatures where the beat is divided into two: typically, a crotchet beat divided into two quavers Compound Time Time signatures based on a dotted crotchet beat, divided into three quavers, for example 6/8 Regular Time Music which keeps to a single time signature Irregular Time Music where the time signature changes (usually a lot), or where the accents frequently shift Free Time Where the rhythm of the music is not set by regular bar lines but determined by the performer Hemiola Where two bars of 3/4 are played as three bars of 2/4 or one bar of 3/2 Cross rhythm When two different rhythms of usually different metres are played together at the same time Dotted rhythm The effect produced when two conflicting rhythms are heard together Triplet Three notes being played in the time of two Syncopation When the notes are played off the beat Rubato Literally ‘robbed time’, where rhythms are played freely for expressive effect Polyrhythm When two or more rhythms are played at the same time. (Often with different pulses) Drum fill Usually heard at the end of a phrase, this is where the drummer plays a free rhythmic pattern Italian Tempo Markings Italian Term Meaning Largo Slowly and broadly Adagio ‘At ease’ (play slowly) Andante At a walking pace Moderato At moderate speed Allegro Fast Vivace Lively Presto Very quick Accelerando Gradually speeding up Rallentando Gradually slowing down Ritenuto Immediately slower Allargando Getting slower and broadening Time Signatures ! " Time signatures contain two numbers ! " The top number indicates the number of beats in each bar ! " The bottom number indications the length of each beat. -
Note Value Recognition for Piano Transcription Using Markov Random Fields Eita Nakamura, Member, IEEE, Kazuyoshi Yoshii, Member, IEEE, Simon Dixon
JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. XX, NO. YY, ZZZZ 1 Note Value Recognition for Piano Transcription Using Markov Random Fields Eita Nakamura, Member, IEEE, Kazuyoshi Yoshii, Member, IEEE, Simon Dixon Abstract—This paper presents a statistical method for use Performed MIDI signal 15 (sec) 16 1717 1818 199 20 2121 2222 23 in music transcription that can estimate score times of note # # # # b # # onsets and offsets from polyphonic MIDI performance signals. & # # # Because performed note durations can deviate largely from score- ? Pedal indicated values, previous methods had the problem of not being able to accurately estimate offset score times (or note values) Hidden Markov model (HMM) etc. and thus could only output incomplete musical scores. Based on Incomplete musical score by conventional methods observations that the pitch context and onset score times are nœ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ œ influential on the configuration of note values, we construct a # 6 œ œ œ œ nœ & # 8 œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ nœ #œ œ context-tree model that provides prior distributions of note values œ œ #œ nœ œ œ œ œ œ nœ œ œ œ œ ? # 6 œ n œ œ œ œ œ œ œ # 8 œ using these features and combine it with a performance model in (Rhythms are scaled by 2) the framework of Markov random fields. Evaluation results show Markov random field (MRF) model that our method reduces the average error rate by around 40 percent compared to existing/simple methods. We also confirmed Complete musical score by the proposed method that, in our model, the score model plays a more important role # œ nœ œ œ œ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ ˙. -
Music Early Years Year Group Learning Objective Knowledge
Kentmere Academy and Nursery- Knowledge and Skills- Music Early Years Year Learning Objective Knowledge Skills Group Early To join in singing favourite songs. I know some popular nursery rhymes. I can identify my favourite songs. Years To create sounds by banging, shaking, tapping or I know that sounds can be created in many ways. I can join in with my favourite songs. blowing. I know that there are many different musical I can create sounds by banging, shaking, tapping instruments. To shows an interest in the way musical or blowing. I know that music has a beat. instruments sound. I can name some musical instruments. I know that a series of beats is called a rhythm. I am interested in the different sounds you can To sing a few familiar songs. I know that sounds can be changed. make with musical instruments. To beginning to move rhythmically. I know a variety of different songs. To imitate movement in response to music. I can sing some familiar songs. To taps out simple repeated rhythms. I can move to the beat of a piece of music. To explore and learn how sounds can be changed. I can repeat a rhythm. To begin to build a repertoire of songs and I can clap out a repeated rhythm. dances. I can explore sound and learn how to change it. To explore the different sounds of instruments. I can explore how instruments sound different to each other. I can sing a variety of songs. Cycle A- Year 1/2 Year Group Topic Week Learning Objective Knowledge Skills Year 1/2 Dinosaur Autumn 1 To learn and perform a song. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Probabilistic Topic Models
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Probabilistic Topic Models for Automatic Harmonic Analysis of Music A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science by Diane J. Hu Committee in charge: Professor Lawrence Saul, Chair Professor Serge Belongie Professor Shlomo Dubnov Professor Charles Elkan Professor Gert Lanckriet 2012 Copyright Diane J. Hu, 2012 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Diane J. Hu is approved, and it is ac- ceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii DEDICATION To my mom and dad who inspired me to work hard.... and go to grad school. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page . iii Dedication . iv Table of Contents . v List of Figures . viii List of Tables . xii Acknowledgements . xiv Vita . xvi Abstract of the Dissertation . xvii Chapter 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Music Information Retrieval . 1 1.1.1 Content-Based Music Analysis . 2 1.1.2 Music Descriptors . 3 1.2 Problem Overview . 5 1.2.1 Problem Definition . 5 1.2.2 Motivation . 5 1.2.3 Contributions . 7 1.3 Thesis Organization . 9 Chapter 2 Background & Previous Work . 10 2.1 Overview . 10 2.2 Musical Building Blocks . 10 2.2.1 Pitch and frequency . 11 2.2.2 Rhythm, tempo, and loudness . 17 2.2.3 Melody, harmony, and chords . 18 2.3 Tonality . 18 2.3.1 Theory of Tonality . 19 2.3.2 Tonality in music . 22 2.4 Tonality Induction . 25 2.4.1 Feature Extraction . 26 2.4.2 Tonal Models for Symbolic Input . -
(91420) 2013 Assessment Schedule
NCEA Level 3 Making Music (91420) 2013 — page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule – 2013 Making Music: Integrate aural skills into written representation (91420) Evidence Statement Question Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence ONE “Shenandoah” (a) (i) Identifies the Italian words describing the instrumentation, AND gives the English meaning: Style: a capella • (the choir is) unaccompanied. (ii) Identifies AND explains the texture: Texture: homophonic • the melody in the soprano / upper part is accompanied by chords in the other parts. (iii) Identifies an appropriate Italian term for a tempo of 40–44 bpm. AND gives the English meaning, eg: • Largo – slow, broadly, dignified • Lento – slow • Adagio – slow • Andante – at a walking pace. (b) (i) Identifies the tonality AND gives ONE piece of evidence in support, eg: Tonality: major • the first chord is major • the third note of the scale is raised in the melody (eg the note on “’Tis seven long years since last…”) • the last chord is major. (ii) Identifies the articulation used AND gives the English meaning: • Legato – smoothly. (c) (i) Identifies the compositional Identifies the compositional device used in the last two bars: device used in the last two bars Device: imitation AND explains its use, eg: • the tenors and basses echo the melody sung on (“the wide Missouri”) by the sopranos and altos. (ii) Explains how the rhythm is varied in the last two bars, eg: • for the women, the notes of “wide Mis-” are the same length, but the men hold “wide” for longer (1½ beats). NCEA Level 3 Making Music (91420) 2013 — page 2 of 6 Question One (cont’d) Question Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence (d) Identifies the device used AND explains its use, eg: Device: augmentation • the same motif (“O Shenando’”) is repeated in notes of longer duration.