The notion of ‘Properties’ : Tensions between Scientia and Ars in medieval natural philosophy and magic Isabelle Draelants

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Isabelle Draelants. The notion of ‘Properties’ : Tensions between Scientia and Ars in medieval natural philosophy and magic. Sophie PAGE – Catherine RIDER, eds., The Routledge History of Medieval Magic, p. 169-186, 2019. ￿halshs-03092184￿

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The Routledge History of Medieval Magic

Sophie Page, Catherine Rider

The notion of properties

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613192-14 Isabelle Draelants Published online on: 20 Feb 2019

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I sciences. inherited various the from coming classifications between competition to due partly are that for reasons success, epistemological not expected have the did properties H physics. medieval role in a central it play would that therefore, it seemed, and sensation, and causality in interested creasingly proprietas/virtus A to according ation, A world, following physical the in transformation or seen felt) be could of a one (i.e. that effect of asensible description 2. The universe, the of description traditional the underlay that of things” nature and “property of the concept 1. The “property”: term, acommon under world were connected the in dynamics physical I it unequivocally. define to them allowed that of properties terms in or acreature of abody features natural natura natural philosophy.branch of natural magicinmedieval Europe asaperipheral the birth of the intellectual context of magical properties for therapeutic orprophylactic Therefore, purposes. it helps usto address equally to describe anddefine nature for educational and to purposes, explain natural or natural property served andsensations.ceptions Inthis period, the comprehensive notion of per knowledge andthe study of which enhanced considerably theories of causation, allof (“psychology”, comingfrom the Deanima the soul’s faculties scholasticism agrowing about curiosity nature andabout the science of translated into Latin duringthe last hundred andfifty years. We alsosee in thirteenth-century the works of its commentators, and of cause it was the period when we see the assimilation of the was time whenthirteenth century these disciplines came together mostintensely, be of the half first cine, The oraneffect. to explain asanessential concept atransformation creatures andsubstances, called proprietas, vis,properties virtus (orvirtus specifica of chapterThis looks at a central notion used in medieval natural philosophy and magic: the The concepts of proprietas concepts The natura (The Nature of Things) in the West. Medieval scholars read and interpreted the the interpreted and read scholars West. the Medieval in of Things) Nature (The . The importance of this concept comes from this concept its use both intraditional Western importanceof . The The n The T was particularly convenient for learned medieval thought, which was in was which thought, medieval convenient for learned particularly was ensions between Scientia n the early thirteenth century, various explanatory traditions relating to to relating traditions explanatory various century, thirteenth early n the rabic medicine, 4. The virtue of magical action. The notion of natural of notion natural The action. of magical virtue 4. The medicine, rabic natural philosophy magic and natural o and virtus and t io Isabelle Draelants Isabelle owever, in its relationship with magic, the notion of notion the magic, with owever, relationship its in n of pr De rerum rerum of De study traditional of the basis were the Arab physicians which and philosophers had been o Aristotle), andagrowing importance given to of 13 169 and Ars and therapeutic oper Atherapeutic 3. physics. ristotelian o Aristotle’s natural philosophy and in medieval medieval in p e rt ies ), qualitas ndeed, ndeed, or - - - - - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 (earth, water, fire and air). I and water, fire (earth, an encyclopaedic description of the world, using the new concepts of new concepts the world, using of the description encyclopaedic an G A from texts medical and of philosophical translations the to thanks philosophy”, former quadrivium of the explosion an and sake, for own its nature in interest a new factors: related two of influence the under century, thirteenth of the ning V of the tradition long literary the in rooted was ties operatio inmedieval treatises. called atransformation, to agiven species, but alsoto explain how it canbe the originof characteristicsthey that andexternal allow represent usto describe it asbelonging its internal (physis alivingbeing becomes approximatelyPhilosophically, identified with its nature of the form universal characteristics that distinguishes it from other andenables things it to be defined. Traditionally, “nature”, constant and for athing, the term covers its essence, that isthe set of state of research. current the from develop fruitfully could that directions some newresearch with concludes of properties science nigromancy that argues fourth the magic; of medieval vocabulary diverse about the is third the concept; of this origins and legacies the recalls second the applied; was concept ofproperty the where areas the examines part first the parts: five into divided is chapter The thought. moment medieval in crucial at this sources textual and traditions intellectual significant the examining and century, thirteenth the in property natural of the Renaissance. the it during legitimize to attempts numerous were still there won, although not was magic of natural bet” “naturalistic the professionalized, increasingly disciplines arly time. West, at the this in ble coexist way to of G of byA influenced conception a new philosophical byA influenced greatly one, divine the of reflection lower the world a as in things between correspondences constant the on seeing based was Hellenistic ( the various traditions ( traditions various the O of superstition. trap the avoiding time same at the while extraordinary, the and natural the marry sought to also it sense, and practical theoretical a both thein in West: place its find to books on nature. the A to according defined be to were coming philosophy of natural branches theoretical the second, and science, and art between intermediary an as place important a sensu arro, first century AD century first arro, reek made during the twelfth century. twelfth the during made reek ver the following centuries, as religious orthodoxy became increasingly defined, and scholand defined, increasingly became orthodoxy religious as centuries, following ver the I I notion on the byfocusing magic” of “natural meaning the clarify to seeks chapter This A n the thirteenth century, the literature on nature and on the properties of things provided provided of things properties on the and on nature literature the century, thirteenth n the n the Middle A Middle n the mid these epistemological developments, “natural magic” was a paradox that ­ that aparadox was magic” “natural developments, epistemological these mid alenic medicine. ­ medicine. alenic ) inits etiological andessential characterization. Asfor the properties ), and physical transformations were explained by the four fundamental elements elements four fundamental by the were explained transformations physical ), and : the ubiquity of the notion thenotion Proprietas, vis/virtus,natura:theubiquityof literature. I ­literature. of and the final part examines attempts to theorize this science. The chapter Thechapter science. this theorize to attempts examines part final the and property ges, the quest for the nature of things and the conception of their proper of their conception the and of things quest for nature the the ges, Physis L n the twelfth century, the exegetical, tropological tradition, which which tradition, tropological exegetical, the century, twelfth n the atin, G atin, ), and more distantly in the collections of physika collections the in more distantly ), and then came to be seen as a reality apprehensible by the senses senses bythe apprehensible areality as seen be to came then ndeed, the craze for texts on natura for texts rerum craze the ndeed, in medieval natura rerumliterature reek, A reek, Isabelle Draelants rabic) for classifying knowledge did not find a dura not find did knowledge rabic) for classifying 170 F irst, medicine was attempting to gain a more gain to attempting was medicine irst, L ristotelianism and the humoural theory theory humoural the and ristotelianism atin atin ugustine of H ugustine literature (for example, (for example, literature rerum Natura , now widened to “natural “natural to , now widened ippo, was merged with with merged was ippo, increased at the begin at the increased materia was accepted as the the as accepted was o alivingthing, of

and and and paradoxa ristotelian ristotelian forma rabic and and rabic struggled struggled , and and , in in - - - - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 H and described biblical realities. biblical described and and attributed to to attributed and medieval works on nature divided up reality into short descriptive notes that tried to under to tried notes that descriptive short into reality up divided on nature works medieval accumulating all previous knowledge on the subject. on the knowledge previous all accumulating (1250–63) of the of the (1250–63) mineralibus 1220 De 1260. The and between lapidaries of encyclopaedic rise remarkable the of philosophical kind this of testimony mostsignificant the remained Marbode, Liber poem the lapidum century, eleventh end of the at the Written incorporated into natural history, summae history, natural into incorporated action. of this origin at the body of the property the from resulting effect bythe explained was of atransformation or alchemy, cause the physiology, zoology medicine, of physics, engraved, and which is supposed to strengthen the stone’s basic virtue by making aconnec bymaking stone’s the virtue basic strengthen to supposed is which and engraved, is which a“seal” to connected are stones of the virtues magical and medicinal physical, the C and von Megenberg byKonrad quently mineral section of the Kyranides of the section mineral The as well. incantations with consecrated sometimes and powers, their from benefit der to or in worn be should that talismans as treated where are stones lapidaries, “magical” add power ( celestial the to tion could play the role of a symbol, following the example of the Physiologus of the example the following role of asymbol, play the could thing every as thought, more convenient is for allegorical univocity This property. symbolic or, aunique, ideally, of anumber properties to according thing of every essence the stand A c. of Montecassino environment the in together ered G B G in revisions gone several the G book of fifth the from inspiration main their took they often, Most applications. therapeutic and transformations chemical its ing at explain and realm mineral the classifying and at describing aimed lapidaries sophical” the previous naturalistic discourse that was built according to the sequence of the ­ of sequence the the to according built was that discourse naturalistic previous the with competed approach This elements. four sublunary the to according reality organizing of the A of the complexion of concept complexion its up made together which qualities primary of and elements constituted transmitted byA transmitted of Thetel’s name De the under sigillis known work Jew Zael, of the the is show clear antique and E and antique show clear A A plantarum et animalium pseudo- later the we compare may which with example main source source main Practica Pantegni (1230–40) rerum proprietatibus De of the ook 16ook of I Liber de gradibus de the Liber as such influences celestial emphasized that contributions rabic rnoldus S rnoldus lbertus’s B lbertus’s L reek– ebrew, The lapidaries are another rich scholarly literature describing natural properties. O properties. natural describing literature scholarly rich another are lapidaries The A t the same time, in the natural philosophy of the thirteenth century, in L in century, thirteenth of the philosophy natural the in time, same t the De generatione et corruptione et generatione work De ristotelian 3 atin D atin every compound sublunary body, whether it is mineral, vegetal or animal, was was or animal, vegetal body, mineral, it whether is sublunary compound every axo ( axo ook 2, it also integrates lapidaries that deal with astrological seals, and these these and seals, astrological with deal that lapidaries integrates it 2, also ook sidore ofsidore S B ook 37 of Pliny’s 37ook of Pliny’s of C amigeron- c . 1230–45), which is the main source of the second and third tractatus third and second of the source main the is which . 1230–45), D rnoldus S rnoldus H ominican ominican ermes- was well understood only after the translation from A from translation the after only understood well was onstantine the A the onstantine probably compiled c , probably compiled , which classifies stones by colours and has as its as its has and colours stones by classifies , which Etymologiae eville’s astern influence. The most famous of these astrological lapidaries lapidaries astrological these of Thefamous most influence. astern E H axo and by Thomas of C byThomas and axo virtus celestisvirtus The no vax lapidary. We tend to think that all these sources were gath sources these all that We lapidary. think tend to vax reek, and then in L in then and reek, arpocration, and then translated into into translated then and arpocration, A collection, 1 lbertus Magnus offers, in this regard, a textbook example, example, a textbook regard, this in offers, Magnus lbertus A Naturalis historia Naturalis n excellent example of this new­ of this example n excellent tion ofproper frican and the De physicis the and ligaturisfrican of the F of the ). To this category of astrological lapidaries, we can we can lapidaries, of astrological ). To category this 7 amille L amille . 1240. The latter constituted the first part of the of part first the constituted . 1240. latter The first written in G written first , or pharmacopoeias 171 reek herbal of D herbal reek ranciscan B ranciscan atin, before the twelfth century), and from from and century), twelfth before the atin, . A . eonardi). I eonardi). 4 nother ancient source was the syncretic syncretic the was source ancient nother A (and conse (and rerum natura antimpré’s De s a consequence, whether in the field field the in whether s aconsequence, 6 L 1100, along with some of the first first some of the 1100, with along A ike the encyclopaedic lapidary of lapidary encyclopaedic the ike artholomeus A artholomeus ties De virtutibus herbarum, herbarum, virtutibus De lbertinian reek in the A the in reek n these astrological lapidaries, lapidaries, astrological n these , some “scientific” or “philo or , some “scientific” ioscorides (which had under had (which ioscorides by the bishop of Rennes, of Rennes, bishop bythe literature is the prologue prologue the is literature L atin atin of Qust of ’ animal sections. animal nglicus. lexandrine period period lexandrine c rabic, in c in rabic, . 1168–69, is an . 1168–69, an is in the versions versions the in lapidary until until lapidary ā ibn L ibn atin and in in and atin Hexaemeron 2 A ll these these ll . 1230, . This . This uq the , the ften ften of of ā . 5 ------

Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 od,atrmninn antcatato n h nlmaiiyo saltpetre: words, after mentioning magnetic attraction andthe inflammability of to be carried inorderto be carried to achieve Qûst atherapeutic effect. dedicated to talismans and ligatures, i.e. amulets made from natural substances, which are few manuscript copies are preserved. are copies few manuscript a only that fact the despite centuries, two next the during times 300 more than printed was so-called ai eso fthe pseudo- ­Arabic version of proprietate, nonsuanatura”. their nature: “Egoquoque inmultis ­ antiquorum librislegi, suspensa collosuffragari anoccultproperty that he does not want to conflate with asamuletsstances worn act by means of tionibus virtue wasconnected with the celestial virtue: the letter Dephysicis ligaturis how the lapidary doubt that one source of inparticular influenced Albert inhisconception A stone: of the virtue intrinsic the strengthen to posed own treatise nigromancy, against fictionis Epistola de reprobacione nigromantice V physician of The Arnau properties. This passage appears in the book dedicated to astrological seals that are sup are that seals astrological to dedicated book the in appears passage This properties. magical and astrological of natural, science the as of nigromancy value the ­emphasizes B in together merge They of stones. properties on the of literature types diverse the between that Albertus confuseswith Constantine the African, is to say, by perception usingthe five senses. is This effect expressed inQûst properties generated by certain bodies have that effects canbe observed by ­ part from the I n the middle of the thirteenth century, the border was thin and sometimes invisible, invisible, sometimes and thin was border the century, thirteenth of the middle n the ook 3ofook A aeapoet htcno eudrto yrao eas fits subtlety,have aproperty that by cannot be understood provid reason because of what isaccessible to the senses. Certain substances therefore sometimes only of byit cannot be understood this pathway. Indeed, reasoning leads to understanding reasoning proprietate [enim actio ex est nonrationibus ]: this iswhy properties andnot of the order of these things isthereforeconsidered the same way. of actionof The the Ancients are to be [certificantur]; andperhapsthe sayingsthey of are confirmed they are tested [tentata not seen, we donot believe, yet if which things, if All of which nigromancy issubordi , according to this sort of nigromancy section isapart of images andseals: althoughthis After that, to speak about lapidary it isnecessary necromantic sciences. […]. be known, unless one knows at the same time, astronomy, andmagicthings, andthe seals, lapidary andit cannot the ancient wise men concerning know the writing of that by numerous we [authors], shallsay something about it here. Because few us, reckoning ascompletely unfulfilled andfalse whatever we canfindwritten about this knowledge, it from and because ourcompanions wishto learn the quality of of nated to astronomy, andthat images andseals. we say However, concerns because n ohn otesne eas fits great elevation. ing nothingto the senses because of o the Arabicmathematician and astronomer Qûst of Liber aggregationis Liber De mineralibus De Magnus’ lbertus De virtutibus and the lapidum illanova would later attach great importance to this opuscule in his , an extremely famous collection of texts of natural magic, which which magic, of natural of texts collection famous extremely , an 12 rancue fphysical movement, oractions (operationes Certain causes of 9 Aristotelian lapidary, that considers stones andanimalsub Isabelle Draelants 8 o De virtute universali of 172 as is shown by the following excerpt, which which excerpt, following bythe shown is , as 11 asdoes Roger treatise Bacon.This is ā ā ibn 13 ibnLuq Luq rnoldus Arnoldus ā ā (830–910), , who used aS orEpistola de incanta . 14 ā S ibnLuq experience, that axo, there is no 10 an author an author yriac or yriac or ā ’s final ], occulta occulta - - ) or ) or - - - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 (d. to pertain to natural magicwhich wassometimes attributed to Albertus Magnus. the World of the Marvels Bookof The the mainsource of htdmntaeteeqaiisaeotnitoue spiso rpeso associated quali that demonstrate these qualities are often introduced ortriplets of aspairs leitcnoPtaoentaiino the the Hellenistic neo-Pythagorean tradition of word word elements (air, fire, water, earth) in proportions which are determined during thecomposi during determined are which in proportions water, (air,elements earth) fire, opoete,tento fkhaw to properties, the notion of In naturalistic, Arabicliterature medical andmore particularly relating pharmacological ample of a specific virtue is the magnet’s attraction to iron. to magnet’sthe attraction is virtue of aspecific ample G complement order form), to in substantial the to linked (i.e. entirety its in taken substance Canon his in A experience. by be determined only can that value” an “added is form specific A their to owed are which bodies, compound of certain constitutions the from result that operations the not enough explain to nevertheless is compounded are qualities primary the which wayin but the tradition, bymedical determined is body of every complexion proper the of teaching the with corresponds body. This of a natural tion Ibn al-Jazz ties, linked by correspondences ormysterious sympathies. AL atin version of rooted in the natural science ble ordemonstrable by the usuallaws of the so-called “universal virtue”, “universal so-called the 4of A of Part ­A specific propertyspecific (mujarrab expresses the specific quality that characterises acompoundnatural body, that is to say a l-’Al book were alsotransmitted inLatin. this other Persian andRoman there authors; issome evidence that tosuggest the contents of from Razi,Aristotle, Hermes, Pythagoras, S sympathies, classifyingnumerous qualities inalphabetical order, illustrated with quotations virtus specifica virtus the century, matter’s] complexion, as in the attractive force of amagnet.” attractive the in matter’s] as complexion, [the from [the form] that acquired aptitude the following acquired more than perfected but is them, from generated complexion …nor the from qualities primary “not from is form This powers. occult particular with thesubstance imbuedtherefore form A specific possess. elements simple its what to added is aform and of aspecies for reception made the thus is preparation them, from generated is thing individual an and one another with mix of forma specifica meaning rabic physicians employed to characterize a medicinal action. The action ( action The action. amedicinal employed characterize to physicians rabic De mineralibus De Magnus’ lbertus alenic complexion theory. complexion alenic I This A This The basis of asubstance’s khaw basis The 1004) n formulating a theory of compound medicines, A medicines, of compound atheory n formulating ā ’ Zuhribn‘ operatio qualityisexpressed. This by often without the cause being detecta effect, its T specific form ecneto natural properties: legacies from Hellenistic, he concept of vicennian quotation appeared for the first time in L time for first the appeared quotation vicennian Kit , delivered the most precise definition of the specific virtue emanating from a emanating virtue specific the of definition mostprecise the , delivered ā b al-Khaw Greek tradition, such as the rnoldus S rnoldus Abd al-Malik (d.1131),aCordovan physician, wrote another bookonoccult . The specific form constitutes the fourth and last kind of quality that that of quality kind last and the fourth constitutes form specific . The āṣṣ axo’s natural encyclopaedia, a work dedicated to the properties of properties the to awork dedicated encyclopaedia, axo’s natural as “that by which a thing is what it is [for] it what is is elements when simple athing bywhich “that as ā , connected with tota substantia with , connected , entitled the Deproprietatibus, alsosurvives, andthis text became t) that allows the physical defined transformation by the medieval Hermetic The no 18 . I āṣṣ and whose matter was afterwards reused in B in reused afterwards was matter whose and āṣṣ n these works and in most others, the emblematic ex emblematic the most others, in and works n these (l fkh (Pl. of tion ofproper is the mixture of the primary qualities of the four of the qualities primary of the mixture the is and Arabic thought Kyranides erapio, Johannes Mesue, Galen, Diascorides and 173 āṣṣ a , Φυσικα , ةصاخ 15 (Demirabilibus mundi),awork claiming tecmoet fthe mixed bodies the components of ) dominates. notion continues This supported by the assimilation of assimilation bythe , supported developed andS inEgypt vicenna established the essential essential the established vicenna h olcin fproperties . Inthe collections of ties 19 17 A G atin c atin t the end of the thirteenth thirteenth end of the t the alenic medicine, in which which in medicine, alenic . 1235, in the preface preface . 1235, the in operatio vicenna, vicenna, ook 2ofook 16 ) of the ) of the yria. It Abû ā r’s - - - - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 Montpellier; by Pietro d’ byPietro Montpellier; (d. Lilium medicinae 1320) his in for example by Jean of S byJean for example proved byexperience, been had which of poisons, action “occult” so-called the explain to A the thirteenth century, this discipline, which was both theoretical and practical at the same same at the practical and theoretical both was which discipline, this century, thirteenth the effects. provoke to extraordinary rites and of tricks use the emphasize that magic of medieval definitions current the inadequate renders also nature, with ­accord for for of properties science the called century thirteenth the A discipline? of alearned status the sense, any in magic, give operations, magical explain to D questions: the following answer philosophy, able to seems natural of classification the in art(ifice) and of anatural characteristics the and thecontents define to seeks which history, intellectual in stage transitional of this vestigation as formulated by structuralists asMarcel MaussorC laude Levy- modern anachronistic way by historians) noranthropological distinctions between science andmagic the progress vision of between science,and religion magic have changed somuch that neither the retrospective ­categories between the Middle Ages andthe present andrelations day, because the limits of of intellectual defining “naturallies magic” especially in the evolution difficultyof The magic. to and medicine philosophy natural of fields the linked that properties natural of thecompilations intothe in but penetrated West, such asit identified to A known was which virtue, specific I known. of the boundaries the extend and truth universal the reach order to I nation. expla for concept causal auseful it West was the because in century thirteenth of the ning ( actions their with relationship in considered always are invisible, are causes their cult”, because quinas ( Aquinas by S as follows defined is latter The itself. matter form” of the “substantial the to them attributed part of illicit occultism. of illicit part B powers. malefic and incantations not it use did if natural, as considered be also could part (see of nigromancia concept below), the L A studied and to the methods of investigation used in medieval natural science. natural medieval in used of investigation methods the to and studied essence ut little by little, the part of part the by little, ut little argely illustrated by the Speculum astronomiae’s bythe illustrated argely vicenna’s vicenna’s ges and the Renaissance, this virtue passed from being seen as natural to supernatural. supernatural. to natural as seen being from passed virtue this Renaissance, the and ges nd for how long was it able to maintain this learned status? The discipline that scholars of scholars that discipline The status? learned this nd for it how able maintain to long was The claim of medieval magic to be considered as a natural discipline, that is one in one in is that discipline, anatural as considered be to magic of medieval claim The I I the scholarly natural discipline that was defined as the “natural” part of nigromancy. I nigromancy. of part the“natural” as defined was that discipline natural scholarly the n natural philosophy, the notion of the “specific property” was spread from thebegin from spread was property” “specific of notion philosophy,the the n natural “oc called properties the nature, discussed which works other in as magic, n natural aint B aint and, is considered with regard to the operation, its nature its operation, the to regard with considered is and, T emdea nesadn n oauayo natural magic he medieval understanding and vocabulary of operationes t was part of a typically medieval desire to explain everything in a rational way in in way a rational in everything explain to desire medieval of a typically part t was c . 1225–74) traced the origin of occult properties to the heavens, the to properties of occult . 1225–74) origin the traced onaventure: “The substantial form of every thing, considered in itself, is called called is itself, in considered thing, of every form substantial “The onaventure: Canon id the theoretical and philosophical texts, which some scholastic authors used used authors some scholastic which texts, philosophical and theoretical id the had become a causal commonplace in medicine. I medicine. in commonplace acausal become , had ). I o the sciences away from (which superstition isoften employed inan of n fact, the word occult the n fact, aint- A bano (d.bano 1316) De venenis his in A nigromantia . 20 mand (d. 1303) in Paris; byA (d. 1303)mand Paris; in Isabelle Draelants discipline that acts as an intermediary between science science between intermediary an as acts that discipline lays on the borders of natural philosophy; its magical magical its philosophy; of natural borders on the lays rabic physicians as the “fourth virtue”, was not really not really was virtue”, “fourth the as physicians rabic which came to be defined as not natural became became as natural not defined be to came which is related both to the nature of the object being object being of the nature the to both related is 174 listing of astrological and H and of astrological listing a valid candidate candidate avalid (see be to below) seems ; and also byB also ; and rnau of V rnau .” 23 t was used in particular particular in used t was 24 B 25 illanova (d. 1311)illanova in etween the Middle Middle the etween O S ernard of G ernard trauss are useful. nly a precise in aprecise nly t seems that the the that t seems 22 ermetic works works ermetic while others others while 21 Thomas Thomas ordon n - - - - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 of of on naturalia influence celestial of the theory universal magic, which has distant Jewish roots, or than H or than roots, Jewish distant has which magic, L the in heritage amore “native” has magic natural sources, (demonic A magic). or incantations magic) (astral talismans byusing action an of efficiency physical natural, the increase to seek which of magic, forms the also and taken up by G up , taken doctrina christiana F practices. superstitious be to considered all are magicae artes as such words to made are references penitentials, or the literature canonical or magicalis plural) or neutral, singular (feminine magica adjectives rather noun highlighting that the works that transmit natural magic or claim to belong to it are testi it to are belong to or claim magic natural transmit that works the that highlighting operator. the I than or other people on objects effect have an to intended was on effective, focused that discipline et prodigiorum novitate anmirandus novitate prodigiorum et of Ps.- prologue the in and works translated from A from translated works prodigious illusions worked by the magus worked bythe illusions ­prodigious below) to refer to the knowledge of surprising natural phenomena that we can experience. we can phenomena that natural of surprising knowledge below) refer the to to of A William of Paris, bishop the gorum prestigiis gorum circumstances: for iscustos property following the others, among list, which compendia, istic ogy. G Speculum astronomiae the sciences: on astral focusing of knowledge works the for repertory essential an in time first the appear clearly cations G contact operator let to the sacraments uses which magic, or angelic demons; “theurgic” the magic natural of field the from exclude to us allow criteria These “characters”. and sions, illu deceptive purely entities, or spiritual at devils aimed or charms invocations of rites, exclusion the hand, other on the and causality, natural one hand, on the are, magic natural define that criteria medieval scholars. central Two for medieval justification important an practice , not apopular discipline alearned to monies is related to nigromancia to related is extended beyond the territory of natural magic into the pure study of nature. study pure the into magic of natural territory the beyond extended veneficiis resistit omnibus et precipue ma precipue et omnibus resistit veneficiis illusions: magical against protection anatural as acts corpses, according to the definition infinitely repeated since since repeated infinitely definition the to according corpses, using divination as (defined necromancy ancient from itself distinguished not only time, the the Science Experimental as magic medieval of natural domain the of way conceptualizing adequate an od through angels – like the Ars notoria the – like angels through od The word prestigiaThe To avoid anachronism, it is important to build on key medieval concepts and terminol and concepts medieval on key build to important it is To avoid anachronism, I I Theorica artium magicarum t is significant that in some theoretical and practical contexts, however, natural magic magic however,contexts, natural and practical theoretical somein that significant t is n the history of scholarship on magic, L on magic, of scholarship history n the senses following arts: ritual magic, the so-called “solomonic” magic, which seeks to subdue to seeks which “solomonic” magic, so-called the magic, ritual arts: ­following magia , that is to say a branch of knowledge that concerned the the concerned that of knowledge say a branch to is , that enerally speaking, when talking about magic, medieval L medieval about magic, when talking speaking, enerally , 27 , which appears only in the fifteenth century at the time of Marsilio F Marsilio of time the at century fifteenth the in only appears , which whose repercussions would eventually develop into modern experimentation. A experimentation. modern into develop eventually would repercussions whose that emphasize processes, tricks, fabrication, and demonic intervention, which which intervention, demonic and fabrication, tricks, processes, emphasize that (Thomas of C (Thomas (A oculorum dolorem contra valet prestigiis et , or rather the expression in prestigiis expression the , or rather . This is the case, for example, in the important work of spiritual work of spiritual important the in for example, case, the is . This rabic, the De the radiisrabic, A (the “theory of the arts of magic”). arts of the (the “theory The no ppolonius of Tyana’sppolonius De secretis creaturae Liber de naturis rerum naturis de Liber antimpré, . 31 ratian’s Decretumratian’s ars magica naturalis magica ars theterm used first uvergne, I t is also found in the mineralogical notes of the natural notes of the mineralogical the found in also t is natural tion ofproper , which aimed at mastering universal knowledge universal at mastering aimed , which . I magic was an an was magic t is used, for instance, in I in for instance, used, t is attributed to A to attributed 175 ynn Thorndike was the first, in 1923, to findin to 1923, first, the was Thorndike ynn , and argued from the basis of rationality, of rationality, basis the from argued , and or instance, the words of A words the or instance, artes magicae of artes , speak ermetic magic. I magic. ermetic (see below). (see – bears in manuscript copies the name name the copies manuscript in –bears rnoldus S rnoldus objective , 14. 40). ties , appears also to underline the the underline to also , appears l-Kindî – which tries to offer a offer to tries –which l-Kindî I sidore ofsidore 29 atin world than S world than atin magic, that is to say that it say that to is that magic, atin authors do not use the the donot authors use atin testing B axo); in prestigiis prestigiis in begins: , which 33 n c ut it was in c in ut it was , sidore’s Etymologiae 32 1255, these demar . 1255, these of certain effects by effects of certain S . Particularly in the the in . Particularly or describe how it or describe 28 eville) and, among the the among and, s regards textual textual s regards De De in ugustine t is also worth worth also t is in unnatural unnatural in 26 (considered 1230 that . 1230 that ars magica/ ars but it also but it also icino, buticino, olomonic 30

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Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 quid sit nigromancia sit quid question the a whole to chapter disciplines – two unlawful and one permitted, “depending onwhether “depending they­disciplines –two operate unlawful andone permitted, natu nigromancia shown by the divisioninthe Speculum astronomiae Charles of Burnett, iescin ffive sections of “natural in magic” the West during the thirteenth century. of what became the four elements, characterizing the content the study of first four concern nigromancia philosophy. headed allthe subdivisionsof Petrus Alfonsi more was precise about the “art” of astral magic entitled the Picatrix the entitled magic astral S A with touch in scholars and bytranslators century, twelfth of the nigromantia term the that lies most likely in the fame of the I of the fame the in most likely lies prestigium of A al- in lived and century twelfth at the time of A time at the practice no awell-known longer was that bodies of dead blood of the use or the dead the between aconfusion led to quotation of this transmission The reiterated. were constantly that tion”) rally” ornot, was thus prefigured by Petrus Alfonsi. losophy stemmed from an extended philosophy say that it isgrammar.” nigromancia the seventh who philosophers are at art: “The adept prophecies say that the seventh art is ometry, (4) medicine (i.e. the trivium), andthen (2)arithmetic, (3)ge as follows: (1)dialectic(standing infor the rest of In hisDisciplina clericalis qualify for other categories of knowledge. for categories other qualify not did that works translated recently cover the to used was and science, new multifaceted necromancy often associated with a Toledan with origin, associated often it is and divination, astral and magic natural of both context the in century, thirteenth the the translating activity in S in activity translating the forces for driving prime the have been well may sciences or magical divinatory other and S of this reputation the it and introduced sihr which recalls the interpretation given by Petrus A byPetrus given interpretation the recalls which (2) (d. set outsciences byA of classification the philosophy, adapted on natural ­treatises called “universal natural science” ( science” natural “universal called panish Jew Petrus A Jew Petrus panish

I , which has no real L no real has , which (astrological) judgements, (3) necromancy ( (3) necromancy judgements, ­(astrological) 950). I 950). D century, n Toledo mid-twelfth the in rts. These translators began to use the term nigromantia term the use to began translators These rts. as the “Science nigromancyas the“Science Experimenta and thebirth of or magica or necros of , inherited from the semantic field of the demonic, as the correct designation for a designation thecorrect as the demonic, of field semantic the from , inherited inhisDialogus contra Judeos oeo those who donot, say it isphilosophy … andthose who donot study ; some of De divisione philosophiae divisione De n his rpris ttebgnigo thethirteenth century Properties” at thebeginning of and nigrum and nigromancia L rabic– , which were also recorded in the L the in recorded were also , which lfonsi, who converted to C to who converted lfonsi, o h riigo clerks, Petrus Alfonsi lists the sixmainliberal arts onthe training of crucial question is why this term prevailed over prevailed term why this is question Acrucial equivalent. atin was used to describe magic in a broad sense, from the beginning beginning the from sense, abroad in magic describe to used was phisica atin translations. atin to identify a sort of ancient divination through the animation of animation the through divination of ancient asort identify to oeae ymaso teivcto fevil spirits. the invocation of operated by means of pain, as C as pain, ), (5) music and (6) astronomy. A Isabelle Draelants ndalus before spending some years in E in some years before spending ndalus , which has roots in H in roots has , which sidorian words (“ words sidorian 38 scientia naturalis universalis It cantherefore be inferred that for Petrus Alfonsi phi quadrivium and that , which subdivided this science into nine sections. The harles B harles , G 35 reflecting both the origin of the translations that that translations the of the origin both reflecting 37 panish city in the teaching of magic. A of magic. teaching the in city panish undisalvi separated humana separated scientia undisalvi 176 The I The ominicus G ominicus urnett has argued. has urnett nigromancia hristianity at the very beginning of the of the beginning very at the hristianity 39 sidorian distinction provided the word the provided distinction sidorian . lfonsi, (4) the science of images, that is is that (4) of images, science lfonsi, the νεκρ 34 atin tradition atin This last term is frequently used in in used frequently is term last This nigromancia ό undisalvi, aS undisalvi, arranian doctrines and dedicates dedicates and doctrines arranian ν ), specifying secundum physicam), specifying means dead and and dead means According to Alfonsi, the other ) into eight parts: (1) ­ parts: eight ) into But he said the following about to translate the A the translate to 36 I . O became the science that n this context, it is likely likely it is context, n this rab culture, such as the the as such culture, rab nce again, the answer answer the again, nce panish translator of translator panish ngland as amagister as ngland μαντεία , or he what As has been rabic word rabic into three medicine, medicine, strology strology divina lfarabi lfarabi – - - - -

Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 (astrological judgements), (2) de medicina (astrological (1) scientia hierarchy: de iudiciis following the into divided science natural auniversal in place G the great and universal book of V book universal and great the (referred toasmixed bodies, asseen above). Inthe third place, the factthat asaresult, nigro philosophia naturalis trology” ( trology” D enced causes), referring presumably to the word kh mancia copy natural reality by art orartifice. the mechanical sciences, saidto be adulterine, that divination (ch. 15) makes astrology apart of S Hughof the Didascalicon (bef. 1137) of last part of the new sciences at a time when the nigromantia definition of Morley.Gundisalvi andDaniel of Dominicus fundamentally with what divisionagreed This we have read inthe works of V only that sciences of the fered adivision tura new of the dynamism the observe to century twelfth in the tree of sciences: tree the in nigromancia (7) the ­ the (7) (6) navigation, (5) sense, agriculture, a more general in magic or astral say talismans to fexperimenta of stones, collections plants andanimals inorder to form compiling andlisting the properties of astrology and benefited from it. F from it. benefited and astrology de speculis (8) de sciences that was adapted from an anonymous A anonymous an from adapted was that sciences ­G inferiorum et superiorum notions coming from A from coming notions H Toledo in S in astrologer then and an worked as of nigromancia equivalent undisalvi, the scientia the de prestigiis undisalvi, De ortu scientiarum ortu De the from taken was division undisalvi’s ohenstaufen. These three features make him a close witness to the establishment of new establishment the to witness aclose him make features three These ohenstaufen. I n the same vein, the translator Michael S Michael translator the vein, same n the , (5) de prestigiis things [ad similitudinem naturalium etquae pertinet ad naturalia natural things andpertains to natural is that which wasinvented onthe model of which the first Also the practical (part of)philosophy isdivided into three parts, of naturalis quae dicitur which theory iscalled natural [partem Theoricae relation to that part of moreover, optics, navigation andmany other sciences which have a the sciences of of judgements; things, which iscalled the science the significations of concerning [scientia quoque de proprietatibus], which rerum iscalled nigromancia ture, alchemy, things withand also thethe propertiesscience which of is concerned i a xelnetesineo tepoete fnatural things (resulting from occult the properties of isparexcellence the science of science of mirrors (catoptrics) and (8) alchemy. and (catoptrics) of mirrors science aniel of Morley,aniel E an astronomia within practical philosophy, which was not the usual position of the quadrivium of the position usual not the was philosophy, which practical within ,bln oi si to its practical(part). ], belong to it asif , catoptrics. , aepr fnatural science. are part of (illusionism), isfra hyivle eebacst h rdcso nature, insofarasthey involved naturalia resemblances to the products of ). 42 (between 1175 (between as 1187), and who calumniate he mentioned “those H irst, the factthat. First, allthese disciplines are practical;this option for rabic science. B science. rabic . B e classifies nigromancia e classifies The no oth a translator of A atranslator oth nglishman who said that he went Toledo to that who said end of the at the nglishman 43 de alchimia de (6) replaced navigation, and astrology took the predominant predominant the took astrology and navigation, replaced enus published by Thoz G byThoz enus published or D However, it stresses three linked aspects that enrich the quadrivium had changed was probably influenced by the 46 tion ofproper aniel of Morley, in comparison with the writings of writings the with of Morley,aniel comparison in S , (3) nigromancia de efore 1237 (the presumed year of his death), he death), ofefore 1237 of his year (the presumed cn,tefc httedsilnsfre ato part of econd, the factthat the disciplines formed incent of B incent āṣṣ 177 scientia de proprietatibus de scientia term the cot uses , (7) de ymaginibus, (7) a among the eight sciences that derived from from derived that sciences eight the among , pl.khaw rabic work. rabic icily at the C at the icily rabic to L to rabic 45 eauvais passed on. passed eauvais t. V A 40 rabic sciences. sciences. rabic āṣṣ ictor, where the passage involving C “ ties atin and an original author, he original an and atin secundum physicam inArabic.Therefore, the works ], such asmedicine, agricul 41 harles B harles recus transmitted,” and finally finally and transmitted,” recus This text probably also influ probably also text This ourt of E ourt , a work on the division of , awork division on the (astrological images) “which “which images) (astrological ; but alsothe science urnett has shown that that shown has urnett I mperor F 44 n his n his There, he placed he placed There, ”, (4) agricul de Liber de naturis naturis de Liber II rederick as an an as ------

Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 chapter chapter “ and or talismans, amulets as used seemingly and substances,” “spiritual with linked be can organs animal and of how human knowledge the between 1240), aparallel where he draws H sources. havenatural operations their because and beneficence, his from coming things of experimenta books the in collected knowledge the and alchemy magic, philosophy natural in includes William that as part of natural science or astrology. science of natural part as nigromancia secundum physicam naturalis magica of ars form the in magic” of “natural West talk to of the plants listed in these books. books. these in listed plants of the ( magic of natural art of notion the the links practised “among the I “among the practised of De part same the in that probably in the eleventh century, whose L whose century, eleventh the probably in and that is the eleventh part of natural science.” of natural part eleventh the is that and works into the vernacular, and sometimes into L into sometimes and vernacular, the into works A King practices. and condemns the latter nigromancia but he seems to consider that the term within natural science the former ademon. He keeps tion caused innature by the actionof substances that have natural andknowable causes, andthe wonders that result from vivifica A natural (animalandvegetal) bodies. It therefore seems that Williamfrom the properties of of 3,c.25,1(col.1060aG- in2,pars Again peans, to Th to titled demons is not considered to be natural and tends towards idolatry. towards tends and natural be to notdemons is considered universo ( ( works” philosophers call ‘ call philosophers that magic, work of the demons] be to people natural is byignorant considered are that but causes have natural [wonders that of operation kind of this science “the way: this in de proprietatibus de phenomena. I ordered in 1256 C in the ordered ludificationes ludificationes – ­ magica naturalis vrn i o lasda la itnto ewe h avlosefcso natural uvergne didnot always draw aclear distinction between the marvellous of effects De universo De impressive his in similar something e says The Parisian bishop William of A William bishop Parisian The Magic was a particularly rich discipline in the I the in discipline rich aparticularly was Magic F naturali). the reasons for certain magicalactswhich are proper to arte natural magica (ex magic and inmany booksonnature, you couldinone way oranother know the cause and o l htadfo iia hnswihcnb edi h ok fexperimenta rom allthat andfrom similarthingswhich can be read inthe booksof Picatrix ā 51 bit ibn Qurra, aS bit ibn Qurra, , but the part of necromancy that is related to apparitions and the summoning of summoning the and apparitions to related is that of necromancy part but the lfonso X, who encouraged, from 1250 to 1260 onwards, the translation of A translation the 1250 1260 from to onwards, who encouraged, X, lfonso opera magica De tribus generibus magicorum operum, et de mirificis virtutibus quarundam rerum quarundam virtutibus mirificis de et operum, magicorum generibus tribus De and that the libri the naturalium that and narrationum 52 . This work transmitted the idea that nigromancia idea that the work transmitted . This n these so-called books, we may see works on de works we see may natura books, rerum so-called n these : praestigium as a part of natural science.” of natural a part as nigromanciam ) with “necromantic” works in his chapter devoted to the arts of illusion of illusion arts the to devoted chapter his in works “necromantic” ) with astilian translation of the Gh of the translation astilian ndians,” who were to the A who the were to ndians,” De volume of second De of the part third the to introduction the ) in abean of the eleventh century, the idea that “the most noble part most noble part “the idea that the century, eleventh of the abean , all of which are acceptable to the C the to acceptable are of which , all found in the writings of G writings the found in u according to physics’, but in a very inappropriate manner, manner, physics’, inappropriate to avery but in according niverso Isabelle Draelants H , in a passage concerning libri experimentorum concerning apassage , in e underlines that this art of natural magic is much is magic of natural art this that e underlines uvergne seems to have been the first person in the in person first the have been to seems uvergne ,Wlimgvseape fnatural virtues arising H), William gives examples of 47

H 178 atin version, retranslated from C from retranslated version, atin owever, he says that it is wrong to describe it describe to owever, wrong it is that he says ars magica naturalis magica ars 49 aim at explaining the causes of wonderful of wonderful causes the at explaining aim

L 48 atin afterwards. A afterwards. atin ike Michael S Michael ike

rabs what the A the what rabs ā F y rom the context, we can understand understand we can context, the rom ā (written c (written berian Peninsula, especially under under especially Peninsula, berian t al-hakîm undisalvi and D and undisalvi was a science, and attributed attributed and ascience, was ) with the natural properties properties natural the ) with reator as they are all natural natural all are they as reator . 1220, with additions until until additions . 1220, with , a work written in A in , awork written cot, he associates “magic “magic he associates cot, 50 rabs were to the E the were to rabs , mong other works, he works, mong other in which he sees the the he sees which in I t should be stressed stressed be t should and compilations compilations and aniel of Morley aniel applies to both astilian, was was astilian, , William in the the in rabic rabic rabic rabic , uro - - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 A of talismans and prestigia and of talismans science favour of the in have disappeared, to then seems properties natural with dealing of astrology is the science of (astrological) images” of (astrological) science the is of astrology A causing a clearer and different split from the thirteenth century. thirteenth the from split different and aclearer causing heresy, anti-religion an as addressed is magic and spreads animation ofciple universal L patristic and sical will. free preserving while devil, phenomena the from tracting intervention demonic of employing suspected were that works the identify to and science” “astral covering works list to preoccupation natural anddivinely aided magic. ment of result wasthat in the late Middle Ages, the thoughtful deploy endorsed Christian thinkers Gratian’s Decretum final . The incorrect orimproper Christian practice, usuallyonthe basisof toinclude superstition ence, the scholastics magicandsuperstition, revised the definition of superstition. boundaries of what waslawful andwhat wasforbidden, inorder to build religious orthodoxy anddraw the the world inarational way, of transformations andthe need to make adistinction between of a desire to explain the nature, out Arabic andLatin influences extended the scope of Jewish, the sciences. Medieval working authors at the crossroads of tion and subdivision of from traditions that competing andcomplementary saw important strides inthe classifica new knowledge coming dynamic assimilation of wasaperiod of thirteenth century The H a is them through acts power that the that by arguing talismans of of of naturalia study the of theboundary marks limit this philosophy, natural scholastic of field broad the Within inscriptions. and of up demons by invocations calling the employing addition, in not, and lapidaries, or pharmacopoeias in encyclopaedic as virtue, specific of their action the century grows a learned magic increasingly ruled by platonism and hermetism; the prin the hermetism; and by platonism ruled increasingly magic a learned grows century physika Ps- of being called ­ called of being encyclopaedias. thirteenth-century in animals useful science.useful and “honest” an as recognized be to how failed it had a few, somehow manifests which of A estraño que es para escantar los espiritus malos espiritus los escantar para es que estraño “ definition: following the 24, 3), giving 2and law title C ntiquity, such as H as such ntiquity, hristian rational theology, by referring to the theory of the hierarchy of causes and sub and of causes hierarchy of the theory the to byreferring theology, rational hristian mbrose of Milan, ­ of Milan, mbrose e succeeds in rendering the science of talismans compatible with A with compatible of talismans science the rendering in e succeeds The The The animation of mixed bodies must be limited to recognizing or stimulating in them them in or stimulating recognizing to limited must be bodies of mixed animation The With Marsilio F Marsilio With A A uvergne; lfonso X, there is in the seventh part a chapter devoted to the “nigromancers” ( “nigromancers” the to devoted achapter part seventh the in is there X, lfonso T esculapius and Thetel the Jew, all these last close enough to the ancient tradition of tradition ancient enough the to close last these Jew, the Thetel all and esculapius owards a Western philosophical theorization “Natural” magic: . Speculum astronomie 59 but natural properties are also described in the lists of stones, plants and and plants of stones, lists the in described also are properties but natural nigromantic works. The sources they use gather together various clas various together gather use they sources The works. nigromantic icino’s translation of the Corpus of the hermeticum icino’s translation I atin authors of compilations about nature, such as Pliny the E the Pliny as such about nature, of compilations authors atin in the “books of experiments” mentioned several times by William byWilliam times mentioned several of experiments” “books the in sidore ofsidore S ermes, E ermes, . 54 attributed to A to attributed 56 The no and C h eivldbt bu h nerltoso religion, sci Inthe medieval debate about the interrelations of that bears the name name the bears that Parts of Seven Book the onsequently, in vax and A and vax eville, but also authorities coming from late H late from coming authorities but also eville, rbeso orthodoxy problems of tion ofproper .” aron, B aron, lbertus Magnus illustrates plainly the rational rational the plainly illustrates Magnus lbertus 179 55 This knowledge became the prerogative of prerogative the became knowledge This . 57 H The author justifies the “naturalness” of the“naturalness” author justifies The owever, this did not make them worthy worthy them not make did owever, this elbetus- . 53 The “natural” part of part “natural” The Nigromancia dicen en latin a un saber saber a un latin en dicen Nigromancia ties B ā linus ( linus at the end of the fourteenth fourteenth end of the at the 58 60 natural virtue A ristotelian science and and science ristotelian pollonius of Tyana),pollonius used by man. by man. used nigromancia ellenistic ellenistic lder, VII ------,

Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 basis by focusing on various medieval authors and various languages. I languages. various and authors medieval on various byfocusing basis author, on a comparative on asingle and byfocusing period the in disciplines philosophical various into integrated it became as further explored be to chapter, needs this in focused properties its and being S of Pseudo-Turpin commentary on Porphyrian Isagogè on Porphyrian commentary G h ltncadnopaoi otie fanima mundishouldbe further investigated to es the platonic andneo-platonic doctrines of and the slight differences betweenthe shared “universal territory virtue”, virtus celestis that“occult virtue”. Among the concepts deserve to be explored more deeply, it seems that medieval physics such asspecific “force”, and “property” and“form”, of doctrinal concepts the distinctive and qualified, by aninvestigation dealing with the regional assimilation of magic (dealt with in more detail elsewhere in the volume) deserves to be put to the test of Cave of Treasures of Cave A Logic his in meanings animalibus A in of property nition and S and in S fied identi be already can pattern The of magic. knowledge privileged giving agreement an in briefly, sometimes results, aToledan which order and necromancer a member of areligious between meeting of the form the in Western tales some medieval in crystallized initiation, magus’ of the theme recurring the basis on acomparative and depth greater in examining them. or received produced that languages and civilizations various the between border unnatural an drawing without contents, textual various of considering advantage the had which orientalism, nineteenth-century revisit perhaps should and must continue trend This sources. their assess and them retrieve to and were produced, texts these which in areas the G in productions E too for being criticized gaze, scholarly V more diversified. far become and extended been has translations dieval me through of knowledge dissemination of the map but the regions, of other expense the at overestimated of being extent the to century, for twelfth the studied thoroughly been has Ps.- the works of rays that isfound in be useful to further explore of the doctrinalconnections with the theory plied: medicine, the properties, astrology, andtalismans. mineralogy It would also sciences of (Greek, Jewish andallthe areas inwhich were these concepts andArabichermeticism) ap textual source transmission tablish new definitions, bearing inmindboth the importance of magicaltexts. the movement andtransmission of art, surveying magic asan independent the spreading of David traced the routes Pingree of of Peter C to alimbene de A alimbene vicenna, A erbert of A of erbert I To give an example that probably led to the legend of the F legend of the the probably led to that To example an give F n medieval scholasticism, a particular science is defined by its interest in the nature in interest by its defined is science a particular scholasticism, n medieval urthermore, the importance of Toledo in the philosophical A of Toledo philosophical the importance in the urthermore, panish, in the form of the teaching of magic to Îdh to of magic teaching of the form the in panish, yriac literature but also in the pseudo- the in but also literature yriac De vegetabilibus et plantis et vegetabilibus De and l- urillac lement). G or in Michael S Michael or in ) hazz dam’s C 62 Al-Kindi, Roger von BaconorlaterAgrippa Nettesheim. reek, S reek, or ‘ to 64 ā (e.g. in William of Malmesbury’s Gesta regum Anglorum of Malmesbury’s (e.g. William in , a work which was strongly influenced by the grammatical legacy of legacy grammatical the by influenced strongly was , awork which 63 li and A and li The concept of property and virtue, on which we have particularly we have particularly on which virtue, and of property concept . The De mineralibus, De De mineralibus, De the philosophy, as such on natural works lbertinian yriac, A yriac, I hronicle). E t may be compared with the episode featuring the future pope pope future the featuring episode the with compared be t may sdzir (in the E the (in sdzir l- rabic and H and rabic F Isabelle Draelants cot’s Liber introductorius ā r Future directions ā dealing with the unequivocal property of “biting”: property unequivocal the with , dealing bî. This is shown for instance in this section of A section this in for shown instance is This bî. should be investigated in comparison with the term’s the with comparison in investigated be , should urocentric, is starting to look not only at the original original at the look not to only starting is urocentric, thiopic “Qalementos”, the seven-book Revelation Revelation “Qalementos”, seven-book the thiopic ebrew but also towards the intellectual context of context intellectual the towards ebrew but also 180 C 61 lementinian tradition in E in tradition lementinian Ti nta apn fthe dissemination initialmappingof This ) and all its later variations (such as (such as variations later its all ) and ā shîr or A shîr austian pact, it would be worth worth it be would pact, austian L rabic– rdeshir (in the S the (in rdeshir n this way, defi the n this atin translations translations atin ery recently, the recently, the ery Chronicle Chronicle the , in thiopian, L thiopian, lbert’s , and yriac yriac of a atin atin - - - - - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14 examining further angelology anddemonology,­examining further angelology anddeveloping titles andclassifications suit considered enough. scholars hasmaybe not to explore whom certain aspects orauthors the attentive interest of of study.medieval philosophy testifies to akeen interest It remains, in these fields however, andseries indealing with natural the Micrologus journal Parot. remarkable The progress of “addressativity” formulated by N. Weill-able for medieval magicsuch of asthe concept naturalistic knowledge, attribution andauthentication at the border of ing some cases of accurately some short works translated between 1130and1230,following upandcorrect and David Pingree, Paola Charles Burnett, Zambelli, Paolo the decisiveLucentini works of of A William of the testimonies of between 1230and1260,the importance of sert itself toas of magic d’Abano, andHieronymus the attempt Torrella. defining moment of The Ficino. More recently, de V attention hasfocused like Arnau onolder authors vonAges andonhumanists such asAgrippa Nettesheim, Giordano BrunoandMarsilio Middle them inthe Renaissance, emphasis hasbeen placedchronologically onthe end of In the literature dealing with magic and the so-called occult sciences which derived from Ezra inthe twelfth century: studied inJewish works Abrahamibn written inthe West in a key period such asthese of attributed to a key author such as works the physical inpseudepigraphic concept the treatment of the difference of ciation of chronologicalThis horizontal approach will also provide a better and more detailed appre 1 frtedfnto fit are now recognized because the Speculum astronomiae for the definition of uvergne andof h eiiino medieval encyclopaedia, see Isabelle Draelants, “Le ‘siècle de l’ency On the definition of encyclopédique (Turnhout: Zucker dans l’Antiquité etau Moyen Âge,ed. Arnaud Brepols, 2013),81–106. clopédisme’: conditions et critères de définition d’ungenre,” inEncyclopédire: Formes de l’ambition V called is not more precisely S understood. resemblanceThis between livingcreatures iscalled sympathy this matter since owing to the fact that some unique property found inthese various things, influ definitions, name wasimposedonvarious things, but according to adiversity of erties Plato onthe axiomatic andtheir precursors statement which hasnoproof. Hippocrates and propriety alone. isthe view of This these refer to the notion of of pathy. according definition.’ to asingle erty found inthem, which isthat allthese things canbite, although they dosonot a single animal] ableprop to bark, onacelestial star, andonasea fishbecause of according definition. F to asingle ences the ones who name them; however, this property cannot be found in them who imposes [these names] wasinfluencedininstituting them, by the various prop various thingsare equivocal, owing to the factthat the one variousThe names of ittoria Perrone- o various things, and“donkey”. like “horse” [Names] are equivocal when a of segula osntmte fyou callit force orpropriety orsimilarity,(…) It does not matter if sinceall (rpit)b gemn,i te od hsi h nqeeso sym (propriety) by inother words agreement, this isthe uniqueness of Compagni. Recent historiography has investigated further, examining The no Albert 65 or instance, “dog”:this name wasimposed on[the tion ofproper o things which actby their whole essence are us Magnus Notes 181 . ut the concept should also be better But the concept ties illanova, ­ 66 Pietro - - - - 67 - - - - -

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16 11 12 17 15 13 10 14 6 9 2 4 3 7 8 5 Isabelle Draelants, “Lascience encyclopédique des pierres au13 (based onMs. Paris, B 6, fol. 28v–29r:Incipit prologus sequentis libri per alfabetum transpositi secundum Constantinum. del Galluzzo, 2007). Albertus Magnus, Demineralibus II,tr. 3,c.1,ed. A.Borgnet, Opera omnia connections between specific qualities andthe tota substantia tradizione magica efilosofia naturaletradizione (F magica ed. Antonella S the Liber aggregationis. I.e. the second part of efficacia, virtus. in Borgnet, andZeno from Opera Omnia, 55and56,where aquo Qûstâ ismentioned with Hermes “Costabulence” (cf. Albertus Magnus, Demineralibus, II,tr. 3,c.6, De ligaturis etsuspensionibus, lapidum con fines terapéuticos,” Patristica 27(2006):87–113. etMediaevalia ligaturis de Costa ben the Placebo of ­Mittelalters aus hebraeischen undarabischen Quellen(Berlin: 1862),41. ­S as noted by the way M.S Brepols, 2007). Twomey (book1);B Bartholomaeus Anglicus, Deproprietatibus, vol. rerum I, h ok fQust worksThe of (Roma: Aracne editrice,critica del Degeneratione etcorruptione 2008). Giovanna R.Giardina, La Chimica Fisica di Aristotele. Teoria elementiedelle loro proprietà. degli Analisi segulah notionof The Champion, 2010),91–139. 10–12 mars 2005,Paris Sorbonne (Paris J. IV),ed. C.Thomasset, Ducos, andJ.-P. Chambon(Paris: minéralogique,” Louis Delatte, Textes latins etvieuxfrançais relatifs aux Cyranides animalium the sources: IsabelleDraelants, Le Ed. andstudy of Wilcox andRiddle, “Qust and I.Draelants (F de Pont-à-Mousson,phie naturelle médiévale. 5-7 février 2009, ed. Th. Actes du colloque international dans laphilosophie naturelle d’Albert le Grand,” S tation found inArnoldus is attributedDioscorides’ lapidary to wasmade. Dioscorides’ lapidary An alphabetical version of the mineralogical Book5of sion of ­Ambrosiana, G ing manuscripts are not mentioned: Montpellier, École de médecine, H.277,andMilano, Bibl. S eeih 93,9–3,aotacetcnetoso dynamis, praxis energeia, ­Dieterich, of 1923),96–133,about ancient conceptions imAltertum, Cf. Julius Röhr, Der okkulteKraftbegriff 153–59. ed. S de Villanova opera medica omnia Arnaldi Wilcox andRiddle, “Qust Judith Wilcox and John M. Riddle, eds., “Qust teinschneider, ee necromantiae [mss:nigromancia De ostendere causam.[…] scientiae sciantur. […]V de sigillislapidumpaucisciunt, nec sciripotest nisisimul et astronomia utantes quidquiddehisamultis scriptum inuenitur. Antiquorum enim sapientium scripturam cupiunt anobisscire nostri socii,aliquidde hochicdicemus, omninoimperfecta et falsarep natur, et quae de imaginibus et sigillis

A ebastià Giralt (Barcelona, 2006).S vicenna, imaginibus ista sit pars autem lapidumet sigillispostdicendum est: haec licet enim pars Un texte à succès attribué Untexte à Albert leGrand (F (Liber aggregationis), Liber canonis ffect,” Effect,” . 89sup. Zur pseudo-epigraphischen Literatur,Zur pseudo-epigraphischen insbesondere ueber die geheimen Wissenschaften des in ā lorence: S andConstantine were probably transmitted together when analphabetical ver Aux origines de la géologie de l’Antiquité au Moyen Âge. Actes du colloque international Aux origines dela géologiede l’Antiquité au Moyen Âge. Actesdu colloque international . Roling (book2);R.J. Long(books3–4) [rpryvru]i infcn o h td flate medical Hebrew works, [property/virtue] issignificant for the study of .n.F Luca: Un tratado pococonocido sobre elde uso encantamientos y amuletos Medieval EncountersMedieval . lat. 6820),alsowith Pietro d’Abano’s glosses, and ­ ā ā olo autem primonarrare quae vidi,et expertus sumego ipse, et postea axo’s Devirtute universali). Cf. Isabelle Draelants, “Expérience et autorités , Ifen 2,doct.2,S ibnLûq ibnLûq encnie,gvn h xml fMeir Aldabi in 1360:­ teinschneider, giving the example of ismel –Edizionidel Galluzzo, 2011)89–122,see 97. ] secundum illamspeciem necromantiae quaeastronomiae subalter Isabelle Draelants lorence: S , VII.1,Epistola de rebrobacione ficcionis (Deimprobatione ­ Constantine the ā ā ’s Physical ligatures,” 37–38. ’s Physical ligatures,” 34. vocatur: tamen propter bonitatem doctrinae, et quiaillud 1, no. 1 (1994): 1–50; Roberto ommentary onoccult property,ee inparticular the Commentary ismel –Edizionidel Galluzzo, 182 un.1, cap. 15,éd. Lyon, 1522,f. 29v–30r. Onthe ā ibn in Expertus sum.L’expérience par les sens enphiloso African in Lûq Philologus, S Prohemium, ed. H.Meyer; Libri I-IV,ed. M.W.

Liber de virtutibus herbarum, lapidumet ā ’s Physical ligatures and the Recognition (Liège-Paris: Droz, 1942). madeby Galen andhissuccessors, annino, IlDe mirabilibus mundi tra Bamberg, De diversis artibus 78(Turnhout: upplementband 17,1(Leipzig: e siècle: l’apogée d’une veine S , V lorence: S Casazza, “El De physicis taatsbibliothek, MS 2011), where the follow et magica , 1895,48b–49a. Lyons, 1512. , and

ismel –Edizioni Ed. Colle, 1478 potentia, potestas, et necromantiae , maleficiorum) Bénatouïl Mauritz Med. Med. ------Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14

21 26 18 19 25 23 22 24 20 and Alessandro Palazzo (F Divination , 1225–1260,” inGeomancy and Other Forms of (XIII Renaissance. S N. Weill-Parot the “occult” in the Middle has recently published of on the concept ed. F (2013): 19–46,esp. au Moyen 24andLe poison etses usages Âge, Poison inthe Fifteenth Century,” 2,no. Critical1 and Historical Studies onthe Preternatural Preternature: ed. A non continetur: thisIsidoriandefinition, see Isabelle Draelants, vero sub philosophia “Magica sustained influence of texted., 1957). The is almost literally the same in Isidorus Hispalensis, Etymologiae 8,c.9,2–3and10–11,ed. Wallace M.Lindsay (Oxford, 1911;2nd University Press, 1998),454–512,esp. 459. Wright (London:ongman,1863),156. delaying aboat inAlexander Neckam’s (c.1200),I,c.43,ed. Thomas Denaturis rerum capable of The ­Compagni (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003),157–88. di Studi (Napoli,20–24novembre 2001),ed. Paolo Lucentini,Ilana Parri andV to from Late Antiquity­notion de philosophie naturelle spécifique,” apparentée à laforme inHermetism Isabelle Draelants, “Lavirtus universalis F Properties andF in the Thirteenth de V hout: Brepols, 2006),107–35;S Ecriture etréécriture philosophiques médiévaux, ed. Jacqueline des textes Weijers Hamesse andOlga des empiricum von bei Nikolaus Polen,” Der Begriff Keil, “Virtus occulta Science29(1991):245–78;Gundolf ties, of andthe New Philosophies,” History bridge University Press, 1990),261–301;Keith V Hutchison, “Dormitive , ed. the Scientific Revolution Reappraisals of Brian P. Copenhaver, S andOccultism inEarly Modern “Natural Magic,Hermeticism, Daston andKatherine Park, NatureLorraine (New Y Wonders and the Order of from Antiquity through the S (1986): 335–81;BrianP. Copenhaver, “ Science24 perimental Philosophy: Active Principles inPre-Newtonian Matter Theory,” of History and Michel (Paris: Zinck Quadrige/P Jean-Patrice Boudet, “Magie,” inDictionnaire du Moyen, ed. Âge Claude Gauvard, AlainDe Libera concezione dellavirtus occulta Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, vol. I, Seventeenth-Century see BrianP. Copenhaver, Occultist Tradition “The of Cambridge History andits Critics,” inThe Ficino,” Brian P. Copenhaver, “ S Naturwissenschaften, Studia Leibnitiana naturalis und die Entstehung der modernen Magia Quaracchi: Collegii S ex typographia dub. 5,inOpera omnia Bonaventura, 64 ff., “le terme and its confusion with the “substantial form”: form” There isalarge scholarship onthis. S IV, ed. H.F ­naturae ad quendam militemultramontanum, ­Harrassowitz, 1992),45–64,esp. 50–51andS und occultae: by Aquinas, the substantial form Thomas see Paul Richard Blum,­ On the discussionof 164 ff., “Nature et origine de lavertu magnétique.” or these examples, see F ­Humanism. La Tradizione dal MondoTardo Ermetica Anticoall’Umanesimo, sarayue oma h aua u xrodnr trciepwro afish virtus occulta isalready used to mean the natural but extraordinary attractive power of ilanova,” rank Collard,rank inparticular the article by Joël Chandelier, 23–38. ­Wissenschaft,”Wissenschaften inDieokkulten derin Renaissance , e ugust Buck(Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1992)159–96; Graziella ­ -milieu du XV Renaissance Quarterly 37,no. 4(1984):523–54;John Henry, “Occult Qualities andthe Ex Zur philosophischen V . Dondaine S Traditio 63(2008):327–60;N. Weill-Parot, “ Commentaria in quattuor libros Sententiarum Magistri Petri Magistri Commentaria inquattuor libros Lombardi 2, Sententiarum , Idist. xxxi,pars tatut des arts magiques et divinatoires dans les encyclopédies et leurs ee especially, Points aveugles de la nature. L’occulte, du vide etl’horreur l’attraction magnétique e siècle), (Paris: Les , ed. studio et curaPP. Collegii aS (Rome: Editori diS rederick W. Gibbs, “ SpecificF of Marsilio Marsilio cholastic Philosophy andRenaissance Magicinthe Devita of lorence: S The no rnaldo diV nella dottrina medica diArnaldo ora f h itr fIdeas 52(1991):373–98; of the History cientific Revolution,” Journal of ebastià Giralt, “Proprietas ourteenth Centuries,” Traditio 65(2010):201–30. orgeschichte eines S ed. D anielGarber andMichael A ismel –Edizionidel Galluzzo, 2017),463–518. . Bonaventurae, 1883),551. trs 03,5,aottemaigo the “specific Belles Lettres, 2013), 57, about the meaning of tion ofproper ee, for example, Albert Heinekamp andDieter Mettler, eds., UF Tl fTwoA Tale Fishes: MagicalObjects inNatural History of in David : un concept d’origine hermétique? Les sources d’une d’origine hermétique? : unconcept , 2002),863–64. Opera omnia iussu Leonis XIIIP. M.edita an Tommaso, 1976), 159–86. 183 Lindberg and Robert Westman (Cambridge: ancti Thomae de Aquino,ancti Thomae De operationibus occultis Isidore’s in orm andPoisonousorm Properties: ­ Micrologus 87,ed. Irene’ Library Zavaterro Die okkulten­ . Bonaventura, vol. 1,2(AdClarasquas, chlüsselbegriffs zwischen Okkultismuschlüsselbegriffs rnau : laspropriedades ocultas segúnArnau , 15, c. 4, De natura rerum Astrology, Astral Influences andOccult Cahiers de Recherches Médiévales 17(2009), ties illanova e diPietro d’ Wissenschaften inder Renaissance, ed. A yers (Cambridge: Cambridge occultus Atti del Convegno Internazionale Internazionale Atti del Convegno uck (Wiesbaden:ugust Buck irtues, S ork: Zone Books, 1998); F ederici 7,­ et ses emplois,” and (Wiesbaden, 1978); , vol. 43: De magis cholastic Quali ittoria Perrone ­V nderstanding Understanding escovini, “La auctoritates Abano,” in cience,” in “Qualitates Ages and . Opuscula On the (Turn Cam , c. - - - - : Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14

39

34

38 29 35 33 27 28 30 31 32 37 36 urnett, “Talismans:Burnett, MagicasS and Divinationinthe Middle Ashgate, Ages (Aldershot: Magic Charles 1996). Burnett, societatis scientiarum F urnett, “Talismans:Burnett, Magic as Petrus Al-kindi, 1879, repr. Graz,1959). before 1229, inthe satirical work ars Bataille des sept and N. , vol.­Anglorum 1, Malmesbury c.1120,Gesta rerum Benedictine William of Anglo-Norman E.g. inthe works of Champion, (London:Warburg­Pingree Institute, 1986).S the Ghâyat Al-Hakîm. Text, Latin VersionPicatrix. The Introduction, Appendices, Indices of De Gruyter, 1973),363. Cantimpratensis,Thomas Teil Liber de natura rerum, I:Texte, ed. HelmutBoese (Berlin andNew Y 263, fol. 165r. Gratianus, Press, 1923). and Experimental Science,vol. Magic 2(NewY of AHistory Lynn Thorndike, Isidore, Etymologiae 8.9, Al-Kindî, De radiis The nale et littéraire du Moyen Age 41 (1974): 139–260; Pina Travaglia, Ed. F urnett, “ Charles Burnett, Les classiques françaisduMoyen Âge 146,(Paris: Champion,2004). Hugues de S ­Techniques etCivilisations du Moyen Âgeà l’aube des Lumières ­Picatrix entre Orient etOccident, ­latinus S Arnoldus fthe Twelfth Century,”of Cosmos: Astrology, Imaginal Divination,and the Sacred inThe nglish DominicanProvince the English (London,2ndandrevised ed., 1920): of E.g. Aquinas, Thomas Literally translated Summa theologiae 2–2,qu.95,art. 3,corpus. by the F Kent Press, 2007),55–61. and Jean HinsonLall(Canterbury: University of to answer questions. questions. answer to which appear in inanimate beings. inanimate in appear which …S possessed: who are those νεκρ [ called ‘necromancy,’ [ ‘necromancy,’ called is species this and dead, of the or utterances apparitions employ they sometimes dreams’: by [ folded gorum resisterent, vertentes virgas in dracones, aquas in sanguinem. in aquas dracones, in virgas vertentes resisterent, A to foretell the future: and this species is called ‘prestigiation’ because man’s eyes are blind man’s are eyes because ‘prestigiation’ called is species this and future: the foretell to S ways. many in future the wont foretell to are they invoked, expressly are demons When sunt aruspicia, augurationes, et ipsa quae dicuntur oracula et necromantia oracula dicuntur quae et ipsa augurationes, aruspicia, sunt inventa eorum et vocationes et infernorum futurorum scientiam Per quandam valuit. saeculis et A servet, caeli fulgura quis aves, prodat quis queat, vanitas vanitas otieo Raysal-Kindî, (F in ­Doctrine of praecantationibus ometimes they offer themselves to human sight and hearing by mock apparitions in order order in apparitions mock by hearing and sight human to themselves offer they ometimes pud A rançoise Hudry, “Le . Alfonsi, Medioevo ­Concezioni filosofico-religiose Medioevo eprassimagica,” Bubnov, Gerberti Opera mathematica (972–1003), (Berlin, 1899), 386–88); by ό

praestigiis ν [ De radiis Decretum, Pars 1, causa 26, qu. 2, in axo, magicarum artium praestringuntur ssyrios autem magicae autem artes ssyrios 2011). nigrum Kitâb sirr al-halîqa antalla duKitâb sirr Disciplina clericalis na nagdmnsrp oyo Ms. De virtutibus, in an enlarged lapidum manuscript copy of , traduction, commentaire et notes parDidier Ottaviani (Paris:Allia, 2003). II, 168,3,ed. andtrans. R.A.B Astrology, Astronomy andMagicasthe Motivation for the S , quorum in tantum prodiere maleficiorum artes prodiere tantum in , quorum , ed. Marie-Thérèse d’Alverny, ed. Marie-Thérèse F and ] ] “means dead and μαντεία and dead “means and the sprinkling of blood, the dead seem to come to life, to divine and and divine to life, to come to seem dead the of blood, sprinkling the and ennicae 38.4,(Helsinki, 1911),10;onPetrus Alfonsi andnecromancy , § S ]. S 3(borrowed aswell by Decretum, Pars 1,causa26): nigromancia ometimes they foretell the future through living men, as in the case of case the in as men, living through future the foretell they ometimes De secretis nature dupseudo- ex traditione angelorum malorum in toto terrarum orbe plurimis plurimis orbe terrarum toto in malorum angelorum traditione ex

ometimes they make use of dreams, and this is called ‘divination ‘divination called is this and of dreams, use make they ometimes ed. Jean-Patrice Boudet, A.Caiozzo, NicolasWeill-Parot inSciences, S Isabelle Draelants , ed. cience,” 4–5. cience? lorence: S ometimes they foretell the future by means of shapes or signs or signs of shapes means by future the foretell they ometimes Alfons ] for as I ] for as copiosae sunt testante L testante sunt copiosae Chrysopoeia 6(1997–1999):1–153. de Balinus,” Chrysopoeia Necromancy among the ismel –EdizionidelGalluzzo, 1999).Transl. (F Hilka and Werner 184 Isidorus … in libro etymol. libro …in [Isidorus sidore Corpus Iuris Canonici, vol. 1, ed. divination, because after certain incantations incantations certain after because divination, . Mynors (Oxford:. Mynors Clarendon Press, 1969),284, ee alsoV , ed. Alain A , ed.D pollonius de Tyane, traduction latine par ssyria scrutetur sidera cura? I cura? sidera scrutetur ssyria rançoise Hudry, Archives d’histoire doctri ittoria Perrone Compagni,“Picatrix . Jacquart (Paris: andCl.Thomasset S Corbellari, öderhjelm, ut etiam Moysi simillimis signis signis simillimis Moysi ut etiam ucano: Quis noscere fibra facta facta fibra noscere Quis ucano: Images et magie: etmagie: 1 (1975):237–70;Images Magic, Causality and Intentionality. S even ork: ColumbiaUniversity Liberal Les Dits d’Henri d’Andeli, Heidelberg, Pal. germ. I, E. ] observes in G in ] observes Lateinischer Text, . Nec mirum de ma de mirum . Nec cientific ­ F riedberg (Leipzig, nyo of Henry , ed. Angela V Arts,” art. , ed. ­ Renaissance taque haec haec taque Andeli, rench) I in David athers reek, reek, Acta ork: see oss in - - - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14

48 43 44 45 46 55 41 40 47 51 49 50 54 52 53 42 Tischler andAlexander Fidora(Münster i.W.: Aschendorff, 2011),69–80. der Iberischen Halbinsel imHoch- undSpätmittelalter Christen, Juden undMuslimenauf in the Twelfth Century,” in Gregor Maurach, “Daniel von Morley Philosophia in wasshownThis by “V Charles Burnett, ­Talismans andthe S Morley on the Harrânian ibnQurra inthis respect, “Thâbit see Charles Burnett, on Daniel of Bath Adelard of images, andonthe influence of On the science deprestigiis andthe science of Philosophie Médiévale, 25. bis 30. August 1997 in Erfurt, ed. J. pour l’Étudede la fürmittelalterliche Kongresses Philosophie der SociétéInternationale Akten des X.Internationalen A of works in this category, On the identity of libri naturales see S narrationum. Lusignan andMonique Paulmier- urnett, “V Speculum naturale 1,c.16,ed. Burnett, 189–213. Hugo de S Latin 10(Washington: Catholic The University Press, 1939),1639:AlsoinEpitome Dindimiinphi Historia DonAlfonsoLas siete partidas del rey elSabio, cotejadas convarios codices antiguos por la Real Academia de la ArabicMagicalTexts inWesternof Europe,” S the twelfth by century John of second quarter of David in of natural science the eight species “Talismans:Burnett, as Science,” Magic 2.Onthe influence of 4,2–3(Münster i.W.:der Philosophie des Mittelalters Aschendorff, 1903),20. Dominicus Gundissalinus, De divisione philosophiae, Baur, ed.Ludwig Beiträge zurGeschichte Paris, BnF multum improprie, et est totius scientie naturalis pars undecima huiusmodi operibus naturalis est magica after my lecture on“Nigromancy” this passage I thank Jean-Patrice Boudet for showing me analternative manuscript reading of no. 3(1994):813–36,esp. 819. Richard Kieckhefer, S “The Magic,II, 81and346–63, of “naturality” for History magic,see Thorndike, On this claimof losophiam, ed. Buttimer, 197. ­Astrologie, dans l’Occident médiéval (XII divination etmagie Aristotle,” inPseudo-Aristotle inthe Middle Ages “ 1–13 andCharles Burnett, the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 52(1989)” Astral Magic,”Journal of Images andthe Tradition of treatisesThese may cover astral magic,which wasstudied by hermetic Pingree, “IndianPlanetary 67aB A William of 648Ga A William of 1, ­Alverniensis S The affirmation in the Picatrix affirmation The Picatrix, IV Y Indianexperimentatores subject of A William of Th awork of West Bath of viathe early twelfth-century translation by Adelard the Englishman of Convegno internazionale (Roma, 2–4ottobre 1984),ed. BiancaS internazionale Convegno ron,20) 2,rte hnteicmrhnil edn f h dto fHotot, ­ the edition of orbonne, 2006), 128,rather than the incomprehensible reading of ork: 1998),741–48. 69CDb. undisalvi: “Two Gundisalvi: onthe thought of De ortu scientiarum Lector etcompilator. Vincentde Beauvais, frère prêcheur. Unintellectueletson milieuau XIII ā bit ibnQurr uvergne onMagicinNatural Philosophy andTheology,” in‘Was ist Philosophie imMittelalter’, bu h it yeo idolatry). , about the fifth type of , which Deimaginibus was then translated inthe again ­Pingree, this wasanearly translation of , part. 7,tit. 24,leg. 2(vol. 3,1807,repr. 1972),668. . MS ­Episcopus Parisiensis, Opera omnia ancto V , 36,ed. Pingree, 23. Guilielmus Alverniensis Opera Omnia I, col. c.43,ed. GuilielmusAlverniensis uvergne, Deuniverso 1,end of 1,pars uvergne, Deuniverso 3,Preface, 2,pars ed. col.1015CbS uvergne, Deuniverso 3,c.22,ed. col.1060Fb, 2,pars col. 1065Aa(onthe andagain lat. 15755,fol. 71vb, quoted by Jean-Patrice Boudet, Entre science et‘­ ā Liber prestigiorum Thebidis secundum Ptolomeum et Hermetem. According to secundum Ptolomeum etHermetem. Thebidis named Liber prestigiorum ictore, Didascalicon, IIed. C.Buttimer, S iiso the Planets,” La Corónica 36(2007):13–40,esp. 19–20. pirits of The no Arabic, Greek, andLatin Works onAstrological Magicattributed to American Historical Review 99 Medieval Magic,”American Historical Review pecific Rationality of Christlicher Norden –Muslimischer Süden. andillusionists). InDeuniverso 1,pars is confirmed by the fact thatis confirmed the scientia de prestigiis held at Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium) on7F F oucart, Rencontres àRoyaumont (Grâne: Créaphis, 1997), tion ofproper nigromanciam secundum phisicam philosophi­ , quamnigromanciam neto Beauvais, Michael S incent of neto Beauvais, Michael S incent of ,

I, (Orléans-Paris, 1674)(repr. F , (London:Warburg Institute, 1986),84–96. 185 in ,” La diffusione delle scienze europeo,La diffusione islamiche nelmedio evo Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch eville andLimia.David Pingree, Diffusion “The A e ersten and Aersten -XV :Wlimo A ”: William of pproaches to Natural S carcia Amoretti (Roma, 1987),74–75. tudies inMedieval andRenaissance ties e siècles), (Paris: Publications de la 1 .4 saohrmnino 1,c.43isanother mention of Ansprüche undWirklichkeiten von Ansprüche cot andthe ‘New Aristotle’,” Andreas 24,1,col. ee alsoDeLegibus cot,” 200–201. teven P. Marrone, “William 14(1974):204–55,esp. 239. rankfurt-am-Main, uvergne, De ebruary 2007.“Etde ebruary S , ed. Matthias M. peer (Berlin, New cience inToledo e siècle, ed. S came to the ­legibus, vocant, licet nigromance’. nigromance’. Guilielmus 1963), c. erge 24, - Downloaded By: University College London At: 14:48 27 Nov 2019; For: 9781315613192, chapter13, 10.4324/9781315613192-14

67 65 64 60 62 61 63 56 57 58 59 66 Aschendorff, 2004)10. J.O S ­(Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1984),f. 133v, l.5–6,9–10. Attributed toAbraham ibn Ezra. Therapy. Medical Theory, Rational andMagical AStudyinMedievalism S Albertus Magnus, Super Porphyrium DeVuniversalibus , tr. 1,Deantecedentibus ad logicam, ed. Manuel (1983): 206–7. Jaime F On ToledoA asacentre for necromancy (particularly onG erbert of de l’Orient Chrétien 17(1912):16–31. Qalémentos (suite),” Revue (e.g. on the Speculum astronomiae), oronalchemical works that circulated inthe West under various names 61–64. Science (Proceedings 2), of the History of Congress siècle,” inXIVth International h rcfxo fChrist, Transl. from theS of the Crucifixion the Patriarchs Successors from the Creation and the KingsTheir Treasures. to of AHistory of the Cave Bookof The ArabicMagicalTexts,” 57–58. Pingree, of Diffusion “The between magicandscience. S 1927), 142–44. E.A Wallis Budge, (London,Manchester, Madrid,Lisbon,andBudapest: Religious TractS F médiévales (1993–1998). Euroconférence (Barcelona 8–12June 1999).Actes du II 1996), and Nicolas Weill-Parot, “S Zambelli, Marrone andCollinsinthis volume. S The (Ithaca, NY Michael D h ok fPearl Kibre (e.g.the works of Draelants, Le the tion (e.g. the last bookof “ Médiévales S Lorch, (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2000),409–50:426–28. Naturwissenschaften. Festschrift fürden Arabisten Paul Kunitzsch, 70.Geburtstag zum “L 135, (Dordrecht, Boston, andLondon:Kluwer Academic, 1992),218–20,explained byLucentini, and His Contemporaries and ScienceinAlbertus Magnus Speculum astronomiae 3,ed. Zambelli, The Period Modern ‘ of the Concept Astral Magic and rench transl. from Ethiopian by S ee the studies carried on magic and alchemicalee the studies carried texts attributed to antos Noya, inAlbertus Magnus, Opera omnia ee Graziella F ee e.g. Richard ’ermetismo magico nel secolo XIII,”in ’ermetismo . Leibowitz andS De anima inarte alchemiae attributed to A Speculum astronomiae andrelated bibliography are dealt with inmore detail inthe chapters by erreiro Alemparte, “Laescuela de nigromancia de Toledo,” 13 Anuario de estudios medievales , ed. Jacqueline Hamesse, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004),540–42.AlsoNicolasWeill-Parot, L’ambigua Filosofi, streghe, riti nelRinascimento, 2nded.V ( natura della magia. . Bailey, Superstition Europe inLate Medieval , Fearful Spirits, Reasoned Follies: Boundaries of The ornell University Press,: Cornell 2013). , ed. J.N. Bremmer andJ.R. V ederici V The Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiquity tothe Early Magic Metamorphosis of Addressative’ Magic,”inThe Lemay, “Libri naturales Intellectual ee aiynt h oko Medical ­ . Marcus, eds, Bookof transl. andcomm.,Sefer Hanisyonot. The escovini, Le Moyen (Paris: Agemagique V Meteora Isabelle Draelants Changes (Twelfth- cience et magie au Moyen Âge,” in ylvain Grébaut, “Littérature pseudo-clémentine,”

studied by Jean-Marc Mandosio)orto Albertus Magnus, after et sciences de la nature dans la scolastique latine du XIII ee the theoretical light shed by andepistemological Paola ra eto the BritishMuseum Ms. Add.25875,byyriac Text S of S and Its Enigma. Astrology, Theology peculum Astronomiae and Its Enigma. Astrology, Theology eenstra (Leuven-Paris: Peeters, 2002),167–87. vicenna, De virtutibus; andParavicini- Sic iturad astra. studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik und 186 , pars 1A,(Monasterii Westfalorum:, Ipars Inaedibus Fifteenth , recently studied by S Boston S Centuries). ‘ uisi h hlspyo S tudies inthe Philosophy of rin, 2011),chap. 1,about relations Aristotle in urillac asanecromancer), see Bilan et perspectives des études ébastien Moureau, 2016). Astrological agliani 2001 and others 2001andothers Bagliani e congrès Européen d’Etudes congrès ed. M.F (Tokyo-Kyoto, 1974), Arab–Latin tradi III, “Traduction du enice: Marsilio, olkerts andR. Images’ and Experiences Experiences cience ociety, ir e -