Rassismus Ohne Rassen?

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Rassismus Ohne Rassen? Klaus-Michael Bogdal »Sie leben wie die Hunde« Rassismus ohne Rassen? »Paria war tot, Aria hatte gesiegt; gesiegt mithilfe seines Wissens und seiner Über- legenheit über die niedere Rasse.«1 Ein befremdlicher Satz aus einer historischen Erzählung, deren Schauplatz die Provinz Schonen kurz nach Beendigung des Dänisch-Schwedischen Kriegs von 1674 bis 1679 ist. Er soll den Schlusspunkt setzen hinter die Geschichte einer tödlichen Auseinandersetzung zwischen einem schwedischen Professor der Universität Lund und Bewunderer Descartes und ei- nem ›Zigeuner‹ – die schwedische Fremdbezeichnung lautet anders als die deutsche »Tattare« –, der ein heruntergekommenes Schloss verwaltet. Auf diesem Schloss auf dem Lande verbringt der Gelehrte nach schwedischer Tradition mit seiner Familie den Sommer. Anstatt die Erzählung abzuschließen, liefert der Satz über Sieg und Tod einen Schlüssel zur retrospektiven Deutung des Geschehens, das die Leser ver- mutlich bis dahin als unheimliche Kriminalerzählung im Stil Poes entziffert haben. Allerdings hätte er ohne das rassebiologische Wissensdispositiv der Entstehungszeit keinen neuen Deutungs- und Assoziationsraum aufzuschließen vermocht. Unver- ständlich oder rätselhaft wäre geblieben, weshalb der Magister Andreas Törner am Ende »Aria« und der Schlossverwalter »Paria« sein soll. August Strindberg hat diese Erzählung 1889 unter dem Titel Tschandala veröffentlicht. Rassenlehren gehör- ten zum intellektuellen Gepäck der Schriftsteller dieser Zeit. Wahrnehmung und Denken sind von diesen Lehren geprägt, wenn auch auf unterschiedliche Weise. In Tschandala bilden sie das Narrativ der Erzählung, das im Satz vom Sieg Arias über Paria auf eine allgemeine Formel gebracht wird. Überliefert ist, dass Strindberg in der Tat zunächst an Arya und Pariah als Überschrift gedacht hat, sich später jedoch für den merkwürdigen Titel Tschandala entschied. Doch genau dieser fremdartige Begriff führt mitten hinein in die De- batten um Vererbung, Degeneration, Eugenik, Zuchtwahl und Über- und Unter- menschentum.2 Strindberg übernimmt nicht nur diesen Begriff, sondern Wort für Wort gleich eine ganze Passage aus Nietzsches Götzen-Dämmerung oder wie man mit dem Hammer philosophiert. In diesem Abschnitt seines Spätwerks referiert und 1 August Strindberg: Tschandala. Erzählung. Frankfurt am Main 2001, S. 162. 2 Die politischen und ökonomischen Implikationen der Erzählung werden ausführlich dargestellt in Klaus-Michael Bogdal: Schmarotzer und Nichtsnutze. ›Zigeunerwirtschaft‹ in August Strindbergs historischer Erzählung Tschandala. In: Nicole Colin/Franziska Schößler (Hg.): Das nennen Sie Arbeit? Der Produktivitätsdiskurs und seine Ausschlüsse. Heidelberg 2013, S.125–148. 406 KLAUS-MICHAEL BOGDAL kommentiert Nietzsche die indische Gesetzessammlung des Manu.3 Dort stößt er auf die Bezeichnung »Tschandala« für eine Gruppe von Menschen, die zu einem von Verbrechen, Schmutz, Verachtung, Elend und Nomadentum bestimmten Le- ben verdammt sei. Als unterste Kaste nennt Nietzsche die Sudras, die seit der Auf- klärung immer wieder im Zusammenhang mit den ›Zigeunern‹ genannt werden.4 Für Strindberg jedoch besteht kein Zweifel daran, dass die ›Zigeuner‹ die nach Eu- ropa gewanderten Nachfahren der Tschandala sind. Für ihn bilden sie keine Kas- te, sondern eine Rasse, eine »Rasse von Erniedrigten«5, wie er schreibt. Nietzsches Darstellung läuft hingegen darauf hinaus, sie als eine Nicht-Rasse zu klassifizieren, als »Nicht-Zucht-Menschen«6 oder »Mischmasch-Menschen«7, wie er betont. Ih- nen sind weder einheitliche Rassemerkmale zu eigen noch können sie wie Rassen auf eine Ahnenreihe verweisen. Gezeugt durch Ehebruch, Inzest und Vergewal- tigung, stellen sie für Nietzsche das zum ›Untermenschen‹ gewordene Ergebnis gesellschaftlicher Degeneration dar. Sie zählen nicht zu dieser oder jener Rasse, sie existieren jenseits der biologischen Gesamtheit aller Rassen als ein Drittes: als Rest und Abschaum. Nicht zuletzt verweist ihre Existenz in seiner Darstellung auf die bedrohliche Zukunft einer jeden Gesellschaft, die auf eine bewusste Zuchtwahl verzichtet. Um sich dieser »Mischmasch-Menschen« zu entledigen, schlägt Nietz- sche den Einsatz einer »Sanitäts-Polizei«8 vor und lobt die im Buch Manu vorge- schlagenen eugenischen Maßnahmen wie die Verweigerung sauberen Wassers und die bewusste Verbreitung von Krankheiten, um sich ihrer zu entledigen. Strindberg bringt in seiner historischen Erzählung die ›Zigeuner‹ seiner Ge- genwart in einen direkten biologischen Zusammenhang mit den Tschandala. Er schreibt ihnen auf diese Weise stabile negative Rassemerkmale und eine Ahnenrei- he zu, die über mehr als tausend Jahre nach Indien zurückführt. Für Foucault ist ein Umschlagspunkt innerhalb des Rassendiskurses erreicht, »sobald das Thema der Reinheit der Rasse jenes des Rassenkampfes ablöst«9. Dann werde »der Ras- sismus geboren, vollzieht sich die Umwandlung der Gegen-Geschichte in biolo- gischen Rassismus.«10 Das ist vor dem Hintergrund des Bedrohungsszenarios, das Strindberg aufbaut, der Fall. Seine rassistische Konstruktion legt als Handlungs- konsequenz die Vernichtung nahe. Aber kann man das ebenso von Nietzsches Lesart des Buchs des Manu sagen? Ohne Zweifel konzipiert Nietzsche hier eine radikale und militante Theorie der Ungleichheit. Aber ist sie auch ›rassistisch‹? Die biologischen Rassenlehren des aus- gehenden 19. Jahrhunderts argumentieren anders als Nietzsche mit Indikatoren 3 Unter dem Titel Das Gesetzbuch des Manu 1863 in deutscher Übersetzung erschienen. 4 Noch der Titel einer Erzählung von Maxim Gorki, Makar Tschudra, ist ein Echo darauf. 5 Strindberg, Tschandala (Anm. 1), S. 163. 6 Friedrich Nietzsche: Kritische Studienausgabe. Bd. 6: Der Fall Wagner, Götzen-Dämmerung, Der Antichrist, Ecce Homo, Dionysos-Dityramben, Nietzsche contra Wagner. 2., durchges. Aufl. hg. v. Giorgio Colli und Mazzino Montinari. München 1988, S. 100. 7 Ebd. 8 Ebd., S. 101. 9 Michel Foucault: In Verteidigung der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main 1999, S. 95. 10 Ebd..
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