Nietzsche's Notebooks in English
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Early Pyrrhonism As a Sect of Buddhism? a Case Study in the Methodology of Comparative Philosophy
Comparative Philosophy Volume 9, No. 2 (2018): 1-40 Open Access / ISSN 2151-6014 www.comparativephilosophy.org EARLY PYRRHONISM AS A SECT OF BUDDHISM? A CASE STUDY IN THE METHODOLOGY OF COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY MONTE RANSOME JOHNSON & BRETT SHULTS ABSTRACT: We offer a sceptical examination of a thesis recently advanced in a monograph published by Princeton University Press entitled Greek Buddha: Pyrrho’s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. In this dense and probing work, Christopher I. Beckwith, a professor of Central Eurasian studies at Indiana University, Bloomington, argues that Pyrrho of Elis adopted a form of early Buddhism during his years in Bactria and Gandhāra, and that early Pyrrhonism must be understood as a sect of early Buddhism. In making his case Beckwith claims that virtually all scholars of Greek, Indian, and Chinese philosophy have been operating under flawed assumptions and with flawed methodologies, and so have failed to notice obvious and undeniable correspondences between the philosophical views of the Buddha and of Pyrrho. In this study we take Beckwith’s proposal and challenge seriously, and we examine his textual basis and techniques of translation, his methods of examining passages, his construal of problems and his reconstruction of arguments. We find that his presuppositions are contentious and doubtful, his own methods are extremely flawed, and that he draws unreasonable conclusions. Although the result of our study is almost entirely negative, we think it illustrates some important general points about the methodology of comparative philosophy. Keywords: adiaphora, anātman, anattā, ataraxia, Buddha, Buddhism, Democritus, Pāli, Pyrrho, Pyrrhonism, Scepticism, trilakṣaṇa 1. INTRODUCTION One of the most ambitious recent works devoted to comparative philosophy is Christopher Beckwith’s monograph Greek Buddha: Pyrrho’s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia (2015). -
Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil (Selections)
Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil (selections) This is an excerpt from Beyond Good and Evil, a book written by Nietzsche in 1886, consisting of about three hundred aphorisms on various subjects. The central theme of this book is the problem of morality—how we should act. The startling conclusion Nietzsche draws in the book is that we ought to jettison the altruistic morality that society and religion has imposed on us, the morality in which we demonstrate care and concern for the welfare and well-being of others, and instead institute a new morality centered around the self, a new self unfettered by social norms and the “slave morality” of what Nietzsche calls the “herd.” The final culmination of this new morality which lies “beyond good and evil” can be found in the final chapter titled “What Is Noble?” According to Nietzsche, to be noble means to see oneself as the center and origin of all value. In fact, the terms “good” and “bad” originally designated simply what the aristocracy did and did not value. For Nietzsche, “life is precisely the will to power,” and historically members of the aristocracy exercised their will to power by exploiting common people and using them as they saw fit. Nietzsche calls the morality of the ruling aristocracy a “master morality. ” He contrasts this kind of morality with “slave morality,” which arose when common people tried to make their inferior and despicable lives more bearable by exalting as virtues such qualities as kindness, sympathy, selflessness, patience, and humility (the cornerstones of Christian morality). Slave morality gave rise to the pair of terms “good” and “evil,” which Nietzsche contrasts with the “good” and “bad” of master morality. -
Beyond Good and Evil—1
Nietzsche & Asian Philosophy Beyond Good and Evil—1 Beyond good and Evil Preface supposing truth is a woman philosophers like love-sick suitors who don’t understand the woman-truth central problem of philosophy is Plato’s error: denying perspective, the basic condition of all life On the Prejudices of Philosophers 1) questioning the will to truth who is it that really wants truth? What in us wants truth? Why not untruth? 2) origin of the will to truth out of the will to untruth, deception can anything arise out of its opposite? A dangerous questioning? Nietzsche sees new philosophers coming up who have the strength for the dangerous “maybe.” Note in general Nietzsche’s preference for the conditional tense, his penchant for beginning his questioning with “perhaps” or “suppose” or “maybe.” In many of the passages throughout this book Nietzsche takes up a perspective which perhaps none had dared take up before, a perspective to question what had seemed previously to be unquestionable. He seems to constantly be tempting the reader with a dangerous thought experiment. This begins with the questioning of the will to truth and the supposition that, perhaps, the will to truth may have arisen out of its opposite, the will to untruth, ignorance, deception. 3) the supposition that the greater part of conscious thinking must be included among instinctive activities Nietzsche emphasizes that consciousness is a surface phenomenon conscious thinking is directed by what goes on beneath the surface contrary to Plato’s notion of pure reason, the conscious -
Writings from the Early Notebooks Edited by Raymond Geuss and Alexander Nehamas Copyright Information More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67180-4 - Friedrich Nietzsche: Writings from the Early Notebooks Edited by Raymond Geuss and Alexander Nehamas Copyright Information More information FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE Writings from the Early Notebooks EDITED BY RAYMOND GEUSS University of Cambridge ALEXANDER NEHAMAS Princeton University TRANSLATED BY LADISLAUS LÖB University of Sussex © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67180-4 - Friedrich Nietzsche: Writings from the Early Notebooks Edited by Raymond Geuss and Alexander Nehamas Copyright Information More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ The selected material in this volume is used and re-translated from Friedrich Nietzsche, SÄMTLICHE WERKE, edited by Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari, by arrangement with STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS © Cambridge University Press, for this edition First published Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge World English Language rights to the complete critical edition of Friedrich Nietzsche, SÄMTLICHE WERKE, edited by Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari, are owned exclusively by Stanford University Press and the -volume Colli-Montinari Edition is being translated and published by Stanford University -
REVIEWS 393 Writings from the Late Notebooks Friedrich Nietzsche
REVIEWS 393 Writings from the Late Notebooks Friedrich Nietzsche; ed. Rüdiger Bittner, trans. Kate Sturge Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, xliv + 286 pp. $50 h.c., $18 pbk. 0521008875 DANIEL W. SMITH Nietzsche famously wrote most of his later books while he was out on long walks in the Swiss Alps or in the towns of the French and Italian Riviera. He carried notebooks with him, and would write down his thoughts as they occurred to him, often in an almost illegible handwriting that he (or his amanuensis, Peter Gast) would later have to decipher. These notes would then serve as the basis for his published works. “Give no credence to any thought that was not born outdoors while one moved about freely,” Nietzsche advised in his autobiography, Ecce Homo; “The sedentary life is the real sin against the holy spirit” (“Why I am So Clever,” §1). Many, if not most, of these notebooks have survived, and are currently housed in the Goethe- Schiller archive in Weimar, Germany. The existence of these unpublished notes (the Nachlass), however, has sparked controversy among Nietzsche’s commentators, largely over the question of whether it is legitimate to make use of the notes in interpreting Nietzsche, or whether one should rely exclu- sively on his published texts. In Writings from the Late Notebooks, editor Rüdiger Bittner has pub- lished a generous selection of excerpts (about one third of the total) from the notebooks Nietzsche kept between April 1885 and August 1888, shortly before his collapse in January 1889. In his introduction to the volume, Bittner has provided a persuasive justification for publishing a translation of these selections. -
Nietzsche's Revaluation of All Values Joseph Anthony Kranak Marquette University
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Nietzsche's Revaluation of All Values Joseph Anthony Kranak Marquette University Recommended Citation Kranak, Joseph Anthony, "Nietzsche's Revaluation of All Values" (2014). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 415. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/415 NIETZSCHE’S REVALUATION OF ALL VALUES by Joseph Kranak A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 2014 ABSTRACT NIETZSCHE’S REVALUTION OF ALL VALUES Joseph Kranak Marquette University, 2014 This dissertation looks at the details of Friedrich Nietzsche’s concept of the revaluation of all values. The dissertation will look at the idea in several ways to elucidate the depth and complexity of the idea. First, it will be looked at through its evolution, as it began as an idea early in Nietzsche’s career and reached its full complexity at the end of his career with the planned publication of his Revaluation of All Values, just before the onset of his madness. Several questions will be explored: What is the nature of the revaluator who is supposed to be instrumental in the process of revaluation? What will the values after the revaluation be like (a rebirth of ancient values or creation of entirely new values)? What will be the scope of the revaluation? And what is the relation of other major ideas of Nietzsche’s (will to power, eternal return, overman, and amor fati) to the revaluation? Different answers to these questions will be explored. -
Adiaphora, Luther and the Material Culture of Worship Andrew Spicer
Adiaphora, Luther and the Material Culture of Worship Andrew Spicer During the seventeenth and eighteenth century, English merchants and travellers to Germany and the Baltic were surprised by the pre-Reformation furnishings that remained in the Lutheran churches they visited, particularly commenting on the altarpieces, organs and statues.1 The survival of these aspects of late medieval worship has been attributed to the so-called ‘preserving power’ of Lutheranism. Significant numbers of images, ecclesiastical plate and vestments together with altarpieces remain even to this day through having been retained by Lutheran congregations.2 Recent scholarship, however, has acknowledged that this material culture has not always survived without some adaptation to accord with the needs of Lutheran worship.3 Furthermore, it has been questioned whether ‘preservation’ or ‘survival’ are the appropriate terms to refer to these items associated with pre-Reformation worship but with which the Lutheran faithful continued to engage.4 Adiaphora has become a convenient term to explain the retention of this ecclesiastical material culture, particularly in relation to religious art and images, within the Lutheran tradition.5 Adiaphora, a Greek term, had its origins in classical philosophy but had been adopted by the some of the Church Fathers. The meaning of the concept gradually evolved so that by the late middle ages, it had come to refer to things that were permitted because they had neither been divinely commanded nor prohibited, as determined by the New Testament. These were matters, which were not regarded as necessary for salvation. It was this understanding of the term that was applied by the Reformers in the early sixteenth century. -
Nietzsche and Aestheticism
University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship 1992 Nietzsche and Aestheticism Brian Leiter Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/journal_articles Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Brian Leiter, "Nietzsche and Aestheticism," 30 Journal of the History of Philosophy 275 (1992). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Notes and Discussions Nietzsche and Aestheticism 1o Alexander Nehamas's Nietzsche: L~fe as Literature' has enjoyed an enthusiastic reception since its publication in 1985 . Reviewed in a wide array of scholarly journals and even in the popular press, the book has won praise nearly everywhere and has already earned for Nehamas--at least in the intellectual community at large--the reputation as the preeminent American Nietzsche scholar. At least two features of the book may help explain this phenomenon. First, Nehamas's Nietzsche is an imaginative synthesis of several important currents in recent Nietzsche commentary, reflecting the influence of writers like Jacques Der- rida, Sarah Kofman, Paul De Man, and Richard Rorty. These authors figure, often by name, throughout Nehamas's book; and it is perhaps Nehamas's most important achievement to have offered a reading of Nietzsche that incorporates the insights of these writers while surpassing them all in the philosophical ingenuity with which this style of interpreting Nietzsche is developed. The high profile that many of these thinkers now enjoy on the intellectual landscape accounts in part for the reception accorded the "Nietzsche" they so deeply influenced. -
Eternal Recurrence and the Categorical Imperative Philip J
Santa Clara University Scholar Commons Philosophy College of Arts & Sciences 3-2007 Eternal Recurrence and the Categorical Imperative Philip J. Kain Santa Clara University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/phi Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Kain, P. J. "Eternal Recurrence and the Categorical Imperative," The outheS rn Journal of Philosophy, 45 (2007): 105-116. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Kain, P. J. "Eternal Recurrence and the Categorical Imperative," The outheS rn Journal of Philosophy, 45 (2007): 105-116., which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00044.x. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving. https://www.pdcnet.org/collection/ authorizedshow?id=southernjphil_2007_0045_0001_0105_0116&pdfname=southernjphil_2007_0045_0001_0109_0120.pdf&file_type=pdf This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Eternal Recurrence and the Categorical Imperative Philip J. Kain Santa Clara University I Nietzsche embraces the doctrine of eternal recurrence for the first time at Gay Science §341:1 The greatest weight.—What, if some day or night a demon were to steal after you into your loneliest loneliness and say to you: "This life as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more; and there will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought and sigh and everything unutterably small or great in your life will have to return to you, all in the same succession and sequence—even this spider and this moonlight between the trees, and even this moment and I myself. -
The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols, and Other Writings Aaron Ridley and Judith Norman Frontmatter More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81659-5 - Friedrich Nietzsche: The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols, and Other Writings Aaron Ridley and Judith Norman Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81659-5 - Friedrich Nietzsche: The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols, and Other Writings Aaron Ridley and Judith Norman Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Series editors KARL AMERIKS Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame DESMOND M. CLARKE Professor of Philosophy at University College Cork The main objective of Cambridge Textsin the History of Philosophy is to expand the range, variety and quality of texts in the history of philosophy which are available in English. The series includes texts by familiar names (such as Descartes and Kant) and also by less well-known authors. Wherever possible, texts are published in complete and unabridged form, and translations are specially commissioned for the series. Each volume contains a critical introduction together with a guide to further reading and any necessary glossaries and textual apparatus. The volumes are designed for student use at undergraduate and postgraduate level and will be of interest not only to students of philosophy, but also to a wider audience of readers in the history of science, the history of theology and the history of ideas. For a list of titles published in the series, please see end of book. -
Nietzsche and Psychedelics – Peter Sjöstedt-H –
Antichrist Psychonaut: Nietzsche and Psychedelics – Peter Sjöstedt-H – ‘… And close your eyes with holy dread, For he on honey-dew hath fed, And drunk the milk of Paradise.’ So ends the famous fragment of Kubla Khan by the Romantic poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He tells us that the poem was an immediate transcription of an opium-induced dream he experienced in 1797. As is known, the Romantic poets and their kin were inspired by the use of psychoactive substances such as opium, the old world’s common pain reliever. Pain elimination is its negative advantage, but its positive attribute lies in the psychedelic (‘mind- revealing’)1 state it can engender – a state described no better than by the original English opium eater himself, Thomas De Quincey: O just and righteous opium! … thou bildest upon the bosom of darkness, out of the fantastic imagery of the brain, cities and temples, beyond the art of Phidias and Praxiteles – beyond the splendours of Babylon and Hekatómpylos; and, “from the anarchy of dreaming sleep,” callest into sunny light the faces of long-buried beauties … thou hast the keys of Paradise, O just, subtle, and mighty opium!2 Two decades following the publication of these words the First Opium War commences (1839) in which China is martially punished for trying to hinder the British trade of opium to the Chinese people. Though opium, derived from the innocent garden poppy Papavar somniferum, may cradle the keys to Paradise it also clutches the keys to Perdition: its addictive thus potentially ruinous nature is commonly known. Today, partly for these reasons, opiates are mostly illegal without license – stringently so in their most potent forms of morphine and heroin. -
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Cork Open Research Archive UCC Library and UCC researchers have made this item openly available. Please let us know how this has helped you. Thanks! Title Towards a comparative process thought: from Nietzsche to ancient Chinese philosophy Author(s) Burke, Ruud Thomas Publication date 2019 Original citation Burke, R. T. 2019. Towards a comparative process thought: from Nietzsche to ancient Chinese philosophy. PhD Thesis, University College Cork. Type of publication Doctoral thesis Rights © 2019, Ruud Thomas Burke. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Embargo information Not applicable Item downloaded http://hdl.handle.net/10468/7783 from Downloaded on 2019-04-30T23:22:44Z Towards a Comparative Process Thought: From Nietzsche to Ancient Chinese Philosophy Thesis presented by Ruud Thomas Burke, BA, MA For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Dr. Jason Dockstader, Dr. Gerald Cipriani Head of Department of Philosophy: Prof. Don Ross Department of Philosophy Faculty of Arts National University of Ireland, Cork February 2019 1 Abstract The objective of this research project is to develop a preliminary examination of an heuristic process ontology derived from an east-west comparative methodology. It attempts to trace the similarities and discontinuities of an ontological perspective in Friedrich Nietzsche‘s philosophy and several different strands of thought in Warring States era Chinese philosophical thought, focusing on Daoism in particular. The project traces the conclusions of these comparisons from a basic theoretical ontology to a socio-practical consideration. It concludes that in theorizing process both perspectives do not rely on traditional dichotomies that are seen in Western philosophical thought, they see the world as non-deterministic and utilize correlative thinking.