Ten Theses for Seminaries The Reformation Beauty of Holiness THE April 14, 2013 LIVING CHURCH CATHOLIC EVANGELICAL ECUMENICAL
Episcopal Schools Go Global
Spring Education Issue $3.50 livingchurch.org THE LIVING CHURCH is pleased to announce the fourth annual Student Essays in Christian Wisdom COMPETITION The best essays will be published in THE LIVING CHURCH, and the top three essayists will receive cash prizes. 1st prize: $500 2nd prize: $250 3rd prize: $175
Any Anglican student enrolled in a master’s degree program (M.Div., M.A., or equivalent diploma; not Th.M. or other secondary degrees) in any seminary of the Anglican Communion or accredited ecu- menical equivalent may submit an essay of 1,500 to 2,000 words.
Essays may address any topic within the classic disciplines of the- ology (Bible, history, systematics, moral theology, liturgy). We also welcome essays written to fulfill course requirements. We will give special consideration to essays that demonstrate a mastery of one or more of the registers of Christian wisdom and radiate a love of the communion of the Church in Jesus Christ, the Wisdom of God.
Students may send essays (in Word or RTF) to [email protected] no later than June 15, 2013.
Entries should include the student’s full name, postal and email addresses, and the name and address of the student’s school. THE ON THE COVER “Asian student enrollments in U.S. religious schools are LIVING up 75 percent since 2008, from 10,611 to 18,591. Most of the growth has been CHURCH from China” (see “Anglican Schools Go Global,” p. 8). THIS ISSUE | April 14, 2013 Photo of bell choir courtesy of NEWS St. Timothy’s School, Stevenson, Maryland. 4 Marching for Chicago’s Young Victims
FEATURES 8 Episcopal Schools Go Global 4 By G. Jeffrey MacDonald
12 Ten Theses for Seminaries By George Sumner
REVIEW ESSAYS 14 Intellectual Appetite by Paul J. Griffiths Review by John Richard Orens 16 The Roots of the Reformation by G.R. Evans Review by John C. Bauerschmidt
BOOKS 18 Getting the Reformation Wrong by James R. Payton, Jr. Review by Benjamin M. Guyer 20 The Beauty of Holiness Edited by Benjamin Guyer Review by W. Brown Patterson
OTHER DEPARTMENTS 22 Cæli enarrant 26 Sunday’s Readings
We are grateful to the dioceses of West Texas and Mississippi [p. 27], ALIVING CHURCH Sponsor whose generous support helped make this issue possible.
The Living Church is published by the Living Church Foundation. Our historic mission in the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion is to seek and serve the Catholic and evangelical faith of the one Church, to the end of visible Christian unity throughout the world.
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 3 NEWS | April 14, 2013
Bishop Andrus on Marriage Twenty-nine bishops of the Episcopal distinction between religious and Church filed two separate Supreme civil marriage. For the Episcopal Court briefs Feb. 28 supporting Church at this time, what is this same-sex civil marriage. These bish- distinction? Is same-sex marriage ops, acting at the invitation of the Rt. considered a sacrament in the way Rev. Marc Handley Andrus, Bishop that opposite-sex marriage is? of California, have asked the High The distinction at this time between Court to overturn two laws that the sacramental and civil acts of mar- restrict civil marriage to heterosex- riage is ambiguous. The Episcopal ual couples. Bishop Andrus discussed Church is, in this triennium, currently the filings with TLC via email. studying our theology of marriage. What reaction, if any, have you This summer we approved a rite for received from the Presiding Bishop, or blessing same-sex unions that is her staff, or other Episcopal bishops? explicitly not a marriage ceremony, There has been no official reac- but could be used to bless a civil mar- tion from the Presiding Bishop or riage (similarly to the blessing of a her staff to the filings. We of course civil marriage in the Book of Com- kept the Presiding Bishop informed mon Prayer). Steve Waring photo prior to the filings. Currently some bishops do not CROSSwalk participants march beneath elevated- train tracks in the Loop district of Chicago. Is there any conservative opposi- allow their clergy to officiate at same- tion to these filings from within sex weddings and sign marriage the Diocese of California? If so, licenses, while others have modified how do you address their concerns? the Prayer Book rite of celebrating Marching We have received no negative and blessing a marriage so that the communications from within the full sacramental service may be used for Chicago’s Diocese of California. for same-sex couples. Has this filing created new diffi- For you, what is the theological Young Victims culties with those who are in ecu- difference between (a) a marriage About 1,400 people joined an evening menical or interfaith dialogue with between a man and a woman, and prayer vigil and marched through the Diocese of California? If so, (b) a same-sex marriage, as it downtown Chicago March 22 in how do you address these concerns? would be conducted in a state honor of the city’s 506 victims of gun As of yet, these filings have not where same-sex unions are legal? violence in 2012. created new difficulties with those In my opinion, and in my opinion CROSSwalk began in the evening with whom we are in ecumenical or alone, the sacramental quality of the at St. James Commons. The march interfaith dialogues and partner- marriage or blessing emanates from included a large turnout of support- ships. The Diocese of California’s God, is comprised of God’s divine ive police in squad cars, on foot, and participation in the amici curiae energy. It seems that God would on bicycles. Police stopped traffic as briefs is a continuation of the Dio- grant the grace of the sacrament to the procession completed a circuit cese of California’s ongoing partici- any who faithfully entered into the through some of the busiest down- pation and work for full inclusion sacrament seeking that blessing and town streets of the city. Marchers of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans- grace. “If you, then, though you are drew curious stares and occasional gendered people both in the church evil, know how to give good gifts to calls of support from bystanders. and civil society. Filing these briefs your children, how much more will The vigil made intermediate stops comes as no surprise to those with your Father in heaven give good gifts at Daley Plaza and Old St. Patrick’s whom we continue to be in ministry. to those who ask him” (Matt. 7:11). Roman Catholic Church. At St. The amicus filings reiterate the Lee Penn Patrick’s Julian Roman-Nunez, 11, read his somber account of the day in October 2010 when his older brother, Manuel, had been shot and killed. Visit livingchurch.org for daily reports of news about the Episcopal Church The final stop was a park across and the Anglican Communion. the street from Stroger Hospital,
4 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 where many victims of gun violence in Chicago are often treated. There the Rev. Carol Reese, a recently ordained priest appointed to serve as chaplain of Stroger’s trauma department, praised the marchers’ grassroots campaign to change laws and a culture of violence. CROSSwalk asked marchers to make three commitments: to lobby the state legislature for stricter gun laws on April 10, to join a citywide volunteer day on May 12, and to pro- vide summer jobs for young people. “Show up,” Chaplain Reese said. “Show that their lives matter.” The Rt. Rev. Jeffrey D. Lee said the idea of remembering all young victims of violence in Chicago came to him on All Saints Day 2011. Just as he was about to begin reciting the names of recently departed Episco- palians, he had asked for a moment of silence for victims of murder. Bishop Lee credits Jack Clark, director of CROSSwalk and a pos- tulant for ordination, with bringing 60 other denominations and civic groups together. “I think what an organization like CROSSwalk brings to the movement against gun violence is a group of The Saint James Conference 2013 people who up to this point heard with sadness of young people dying, June 14, 15, 16, 2013 but didn’t understand it was our Saint James School z Hagerstown, MD responsibility,” said the Rev. Bonnie Perry, rector of All Saints’ Church, where CROSSwalk is based. “It isn’t Participant Highlights: somebody else’s child. They are all our children.” Gain insightful information as Steve Waring it relates to the Humanities
7 Scholars will present their Bishops March latest research papers for Gun Control Undaunted by snow that turned to WorshipWorship and Fellowship Time rain, nearly 20 bishops led an esti- mated 300 clergy and lay people on Hospitality of historic Saint a Stations of the Cross prayer walk James School and its surroundings March 25 from the White House to the U.S. Capitol. The bishops, joined by the Rt. Rev. Dinis Sengulane of For complete details and to register online: Mozambique, protested a culture of gun violence in the United States www.stjames.edu/SJSConf2013 and urged Congress to pass tougher (Continued on next page)
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 5 NEWS | April 14, 2013
Bishops March for Gun Control
(Continued from previous page) bons to honor those who died in cans can reduce gun violence. gun-control laws. Marchers followed Newtown. The Rev. Judith L. Rhodes, She called for universal back- a large wooden cross held high. rector of St. Paul’s Church in Fair- ground checks for all Americans “The cross is a very powerful sym- field, Connecticut, told TLC that who want to buy guns. “This is a bol; we as Christians are not going raindrops falling during vigil seemed simple thing to institute,” she said, to go away,” said the Rt. Rev. Ian T. like God’s tears. including at gun shows. Douglas, Bishop of Connecticut. “We’ve had enough of violence,” Budde said she was “very disap- Douglas said the idea for the said the Rt. Rev. Laura J. Ahrens, pointed” that a renewed ban on prayer walk emerged about four days Bishop Suffragan of Connecticut. assault weapons has been dropped after Adam Lanza killed 27 people, “We serve the Prince of Peace. I’m from pending legislation in the Sen- including his mother and 20 children proud to be an Episcopalian today.” ate. But “the cross lobby is stronger at Sandy Hook Elementary School in “This is not a question about other than the gun lobby,” she said, and Newtown, Connecticut, last Dec. 14. people. This is about us,” said the Rt. “for the first time in 20 years we “We knew we were called upon to Rev. James E. Curry, also a Bishop have gun control legislation.” do something,” Douglas said. “Isn’t Suffragan of Connecticut. “[Gun There is a groundswell of support Holy Week a time when we can stand violence] has to stop. … Jesus Christ for gun control from “moms, PTAs,” up and say, ‘No, that is not the end’?” faced down violence and died be- and “people of faith who don’t Marchers traveled from several cause of it.” always agree,” Budde said. “We need states, including Connecticut, Mary- The Rt. Rev. Mariann E. Budde, to change things. We are praying land, New Jersey, and Virginia. Some Bishop of Washington, said there are with our feet.” walkers wore green and white rib- “common sense ways” that Ameri- Peggy Eastman
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2. Take a June Course. 3. Consider a degree. Join us from June 3-14 for one of the following: Episcopal Divinity School is a respected and pro- Introduction to Islam gressive center for study and spiritual formation in R Cambridge, Massachusetts and is a member of the R Prophetic Literature the Boston eological Institute (BTI), a consortium R Jews and Christians: e First 100 Years of ten theological schools in the greater Boston area. Come join our forward-looking, inclusive community R e Role of the Debates of Human Sexuality in Global Christianity and Mission and receive an extraordinary education grounded in the Anglican tradition. Visit www.eds.edu/academics R e Social Gospel and the New Social Creed R Evangelism for Liberation Visit www.eds.edu EPISCOPAL DIVINITY SCHOOL
6 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 8ZDMJGGF$PMMFHFBUUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG5PSPOUP JTQMFBTFEUPBOOPVODFUIFBQQPJOUNFOUPG 5IF3FW$BOPO%S0MJWFS0h%POPWBO BT Humble 7JTJUJOH1SPGFTTPSPGUIF$PMMFHF Pageantry in Canterbury After a morning jog in the otherwise empty precincts of the 900-year-old Canterbury Cathedral, the 105th Arch- bishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby tweeted, “Out early this morning, Can- terbury is beautiful, human scale and history falling out of the walls every- where. Grateful to be here.” Tweeting his thoughts was just one of many personal touches mark- ing a memorable day in the life of the Anglican Communion and its new primus inter pares. No longer was the occasion labeled a regal-sound- THE ONE-YEAR online (26 issues) $35 ing “enthronement”; a more down-to- ONE-YEAR print (26 issues) $45 earth “inauguration” sufficed. For the first time an Archbishop LIVING Call 1-800-211-2771 of Canterbury was accompanied by Articles, reviews, and commentary a female chaplain, the Rev. Jo Bailey by North Americans and global Anglicans from catholic, evangelical, Wells, and the first female Archdea- CHURCH and ecumenical perspectives con of Canterbury, the Ven. Sheila Watson, seated him on the throne for the Diocese of Canterbury. This was the first Canterbury installation streamed via the internet. When the archbishop knocked on the great west door of his Cathedral, instead of being greeted by a posse of dignitaries, he was met by a 17- year-old girl of Sri Lankan heritage. Evangeline Kanagasooriam, a regu- lar worshiper at the cathedral, asked, “Who are you?” and “Why are you here?” The reply took the under- stated tone that is already a trade- mark of the new archbishop. He was Justin Welby and he had “come know- ing nothing except Jesus Christ and him crucified, and in weakness and fear and in much trembling.” From the start he nevertheless C S T | E U looked as though he was enjoying C E S + Prepares students for ordained parish ministry the occasion. He wore a cream-with- Real under bishop supervision gold cope and mitre with fish sym- +Includes liturgical studies, Anglican theology bols. It is a gift from the widow of and spiritual practices, plus three years of one of his former theological col- parish training lege teachers, the late Rt. Rev. Ian +Directed by the Rt. Rev. Keith B. Whitmore
(Continued on page 25) Preparing real people to make a real difference in the real world. www.candler.emory.edu
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 7 Students at St. Timothy’s School, Stevenson, Maryland, celebrate their cultures (above and right). Photos courtesy of St. Timothy’s School Episcopal Schools Go Global
By G. Jeffrey MacDonald
erving families in northeast Florida, the Episcopal School of Jacksonville has S860 day students but no boarders or dormitories. But that has not stopped the school from enrolling youngsters from China. In fact, the school aims to more than double its Chinese student enrollment, from 9 to 20 in the next two years, with help from local host families who would provide accommodations. Screening and settling foreign nationals is labor-intensive, but the goal is so important that the school has hired an outside firm to manage it. The school wants more Chinese students in order to build ties across the Pacific, such that Episcopal School of Jacksonville students could spend weeks each year with host families in China, said Peggy Fox, admissions director. There’s also a not-so-fringe-benefit: Chinese families always pay the full tuition bill, nearly $20,000, and receive no financial aid.
8 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 “Whatever countries they come from, we need One of several driving factors behind internation- them to be able to pay,” Fox said. “We have enough alization has been the economic downturn. Though need right here in Jacksonville that we need to spend Episcopal schools largely weathered the hard times the financial aid here in town.” without calamity, many saw endowments and budg- Like many of the 1,198 Episcopal schools, Epis- ets shrink, said Daniel Heischman, executive direc- copal School of Jacksonville is adjusting to realities tor of NAES. At the same time, more parents with of a post-recession world and finding that interna- enrolled children came to need financial aid. Schools tional students have a pivotal role to play. Having have adjusted to meet the need, Heischman said, as more nationalities, languages, and religions repre- virtually all Episcopal schools came to devote a sented on campus makes for unprecedented learning larger portion of a shrinking resource pie to financial opportunities, administrators say, both formal and assistance. informal. It also challenges schools, they add, to Had full-paying international students not matric- pursue their Episcopal missions with new, vigorous ulated in growing numbers, schools likely would intentionality. have had to eliminate more staff or make cuts else- As America’s economy faltered after 2007, reli- where. Yet because internationals helped keep cof- gious schools saw enrollments drop 10 percent, fers sufficiently filled, schools have for the most according to data from the U.S. Department of Edu- part been able to maintain expected levels of service cation. But international students and quality. have helped fill the gaps. Asian America’s economic woes student enrollments in U.S. reli- do not fully explain, however, gious schools are up 75 percent why one might hear German, since 2008, from 10,611 to 18,591. Mandarin, or Portuguese spo- Most of the growth has been from ken in prep-school dorms or China. day-school lounges these days. “If some of our schools wanted Strong economies in Brazil, to, they could fill up many times Germany, India, South Korea, over with full-pay Chinese alone,” and especially China have said Peter Upham, executive direc- enabled more families to afford tor of the Association of Boarding private education in the United Schools, which includes 37 Epis- States. Governments, includ- copal schools. “There’s an enor- ing those of the United States mous demand in China for schools and China, have also become in the U.S., and it’s far in excess of less restrictive with visas as the students that are actually en- years have passed since the rolled today.” terrorist strikes of September The trend is reflected in Epis- 2001. Eager to educate global copal schools. They have seen citizens, schools have relished steady growth in international students since the the chance to turn their classrooms into microcosms recession began, according to the National Associa- of the world. tion of Independent Schools. Schools are embracing the new landscape. Con- On average, Episcopal boarding schools now draw sider Virginia Episcopal School in Lynchburg, Vir- about 20 percent of their students from abroad, ginia, where one year for boarders costs $44,100, according the National Association of Episcopal most of the 200 students are boarders, and almost 25 Schools (NAES). Some, including St. Timothy’s percent come from overseas. Before the recession, School in Stevenson, Maryland, and St. Margaret’s the school had 250 students. But the economy took School in Tappahannock, Virginia, draw closer to 30 a toll, and now administrators see 225 as an ideal percent of their students from foreign countries. number, including a few internationals who take Others are deciding it’s time to take the interna- classes without seeking a diploma. Casualties of the tional plunge. St. Thomas Episcopal School, a day recession include such non-essentials as a fencing school in Houston, announced in February it would team, afterschool cycling, and a Russian history begin accepting international students for the first class, said Garth Ainslie, director of admissions. time this year. (Continued on next page)
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 9 Episcopal Schools Go Global
(Continued from previous page) Foreign students, however, are very much here to stay. Adjusting to smaller numbers, at least for the time being, has been a major storyline of late at Episcopal School of Jacksonville, too. As hard times squeezed household budgets, the school saw enrollment levels shrink by 5.5 percent, from slightly more than 900 before the recession to about 860 today. Times are somewhat better now, Photos courtesy of St. Stephen’s Episcopal School but Jacksonville area families still St. Stephen’s Episcopal School in Austin recently sponsored an international struggle to afford full tuition. To keep festival (above and right). students enrolled, the school nearly doubled its financial aid budget from $1.4 million resentatives from St. Stephen’s Episcopal School in before the recession to $2.4 million today. Tuition- Austin, Texas, have traveled recently with NAES to paying international students are more important Latin America in a bid to ensure its substantial inter- than ever to the school’s economic model and to its national population reflects the world, not just Asia. ambition to restore enrollments to 900. Virginia Episcopal School officials made a recruiting Challenging times have forced some hard choices, trip for the first time this year to Saudi Arabia. Heischman said. Oversight boards have needed to “It seems natural and normal to want to diversify identify what is central to their mission and what is [the international student population], but it’s hard extraneous. Educators are learning to weave more because that requires an investment” to travel and and more international students into Episcopal recruit, Ainslie said. “The demand coming out of school communities. China especially is strong, and [enrolling those stu- “What the recession did was help a great number dents] doesn’t cost us very much.” of our Episcopal schools identify and articulate their Once international students have enrolled, today’s Episcopal mission better, rather than to water it new intentionality about Episcopal mission comes to down,” Heischman said. “It forced our schools to shape how they engage campus communities. Exam- understand their niche. … That led them to re-exam- ple: at Virginia Episcopal School, post-recession ine and be able to articulate what it means to be an changes include meals with assigned seating twice a Episcopal school.” week. Adults are present at every table. And because Fostering healthy diversity in these settings, it seating charts change regularly, students expand turns out, is not as easy as admitting more students their social circles by getting to know more of their from overseas. Because demand from China and peers. South Korea is so strong, private schools find they “You get to meet new teachers and new students,” must be careful when shaping new classes, lest Ainslie said. “There’s not going to be Chinese spoken entire sub-communities take root and become insu- at those tables.” lar. It’s all part of learning social skills, sustaining “The school doesn’t want to create a situation polite conversation, and showing respect for those where there are these language islands, which hap- who are different — all values and abilities that VES pens sometimes if there are too many international aims to foster. Having a large percentage of interna- students who speak the same language,” said Myra tionals has helped catalyze the school to assure this McGovern of the National Association of Independ- type of character formation happens with thoughtful ent Schools. guidance and is not left to chance. To help schools strike an optimal balance in their Religious differences, which inevitably come with student bodies, the National Association of Episco- internationalization, are not causing schools to pal Schools has been bringing school representa- change their worship practices. Most of those that tives along for recruiting fairs, not only in Asia but have chapel require attendance for students and fac- elsewhere, such as Turkey and Latin America. Rep- ulty, though some offer an alternative activity that
10 THE LIVING10 THE CHURCH LIVING CHURCH• APRIL 14, • MARCH 2013 31, 2013 students must do if they opt out is that some might come to of chapel. Schools usually require faith in Christ. at least one religion course. And “We just hope that by in the spirit of bearing authentic being associated with the witness, if international students Christian community and come to faith in Christ, that step going to chapel they may is — at least on some campuses at some point learn more — regarded as cause for cele- about Christianity and per- bration. haps decide that they’d like St. Thomas Episcopal School forbids Muslim head to become Christians,” Fox said. coverings on the grounds that they make individuals To be sure, schools welcome religious diversity in stand out in a setting where students wear uniforms. these post-recession days and make a point not to Students must attend daily Episcopal worship serv- pressure students about faith. Some provide access ices regardless of their religious affiliation. And to Jewish and Muslim chaplains, for instance. although they do not have to pray or sing, the hope But one effect of the recession is renewed resolve is they will, said Donna Cropper, the school’s com- to own the tradition of Episcopal education. That munications director. includes sharing all the tradition has to offer, from At Virginia Episcopal School, an African student liturgical worship to communal values, and hoping last year got baptized and the community celebrated some of its wisdom rubs off. with him, Ainslie said. At Episcopal School of Jack- sonville, no one tries to change a student’s beliefs G. Jeffrey MacDonald is a TLC Correspondent and all faiths are respected, Fox said. Still, the hope based in Massachusetts. Ten Theses for Seminaries
By George Sumner principal of an Anglican theological college which, by God’s grace, has managed gradual growth, finances in lmost half a century ago, the Episcopal Church the black, and a lowered median age. Still we share AFoundation’s Pusey Report foretold, among other with all our siblings the fragility of the industry. It is things, consolidation and radical change among the said that if Moses had come down from the mountain denomination’s theological seminaries. Such change is into the Episcopal Church, he would have promulgated finally upon us. Several schools in the United States and the Ten Suggestions. My Decalogue for seminaries is in Canada have closed, a number are alive in name only, of this lighter kind. and others in each country approach their demise. 1. Once again, the voluntary society has its Several years ago I was surprised to hear that a moment . In Canada Anglican colleges sometimes majority of Episcopal ordinands had attended none decry their lack of support from the denomination. But of the established 11. it is clear that this has been a blessing; there is nothing In the face of this dire climate, the Episcopal from which we must be weaned. Like the missionary seminaries’ effort at cooperation did not touch on core groups in the 19th century, seminaries as voluntary tasks; similarly in 2010 in the Anglican Church of societies are part of the Church’s life, yet free of its Canada, when all the stakeholders were gathered in matrix. They can move in its interstices. In a church Montreal, the life-and-death institutional issues had to becoming more diffuse, its structures more vexed, be bracketed and left aside. Simultaneous with a major the seminary as voluntary society can be nimble. reordering of our parishes and dioceses, this is a turning 2. Note both the collapsing roof and the open point for theological education, but we should not door . The Church’s reordering will mean rural expect some grand compromise or new deal. This is as parishes closing, the populace graying, etc. The it should be, since the network of schools was never seminaries need to add a theological dimension to planned systematically. The remedies sometimes float the worry about what comes next. At the same time, about as well-meaning generalizations: diversity, lay we continue to see impressive young leaders walking empowerment, the missional. True enough, but such the Canterbury Road. Bishop William Frey once said themes do not get to the heart of the matter. that the Church as the Body of Christ does what it I offer something more modest, local, “situated,” as knows: dying and being raised. they say nowadays. I have served for 14 years as the 3. Beware of Hal . In the Church, no less than other
12 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 indigenous leaders, and international partnerships. Schools should follow the Rawlsian rule-of-thumb that resources are justified by the wider good they do. One might compare the calling of the cathedral. 6. The watchword of the day is catechesis . If indeed we are moving to the outskirts of society, and the culture exerts pressures on us, and we need urgently to retain our own young, and yet others are coming to Anglicanism, then we need future shepherds who can catechize, disciple, and encourage formation. After a generation of talk about the centrality of baptism, we need to do the hard work that is the condition for its possibility. 7. Missionary priests need more formation, not less . We live in a changed situation in which our graduates must think of themselves as missionaries to the culture. But it would be a mistake to use this as a pretext for abandoning the more intensive training in community. The Jesuits were formed for more than a decade before they were sent out in their creatively contextualized ministries! Schools must and should show some flex in allowing on-site options, but only to launch or to supplement the experience. areas of our society, we see technology’s potential 8. The wise scribe trained for the kingdom of and risk. While it expands our reach, it compromises heaven brings gifts old and new. The conservative the formation possible without a common life. Not a side of the aisle has its own diversity, for which we few schools have supposed that being online would should be seedbeds. Various young students want at save them financially, only to find this hope to be once the most avant-garde Fresh Expression, ceremonial, chimerical. Meanwhile, bishops worried about clergy the traditional prayer book, the new monasticism, misconduct and its liability should think hard about green evangelicalism, and charismata. If the garden is programs which rarely have a chance to see their fenced doctrinally, let many flowers bloom. future graduates. 9. What do summer camps, youth ministry, and 4. Only the diversified will survive. Unless you campus ministries have in common? They often, are rich as Croesus or Virginia Seminary, you feel by the Holy Spirit, display young, devout, thoughtful some pressure in this environment. Simply cleaving to vocations. Real recruiting goes to the species’ natural our core business of training Anglican ordinands habitat. On this count, evangelicals have an advantage, cannot suffice. The trick is finding some new which is one more reason why our liberal church still endeavors that actually attract revenue rather than needs its conservatives. expend it, as well as making sure that the new work is 10. The renewal we seek must be ecumenical and consonant with the nature and mission of the school: global. The task of re-evangelization faces all churches, for us this has meant students from other evangelical and many of our young leaders are not “womb-to- churches and programs like a mission-related master’s tombers.” Furthermore, the Coming Anglicanism has degree in urban and international development. its center of spiritual gravity in the Global South. In Coherence matters, for many secular companies have spite of our financial constraints, we need to move foundered on diversification into businesses about beyond the occasional summer internship to making which they knew nothing. fellowship with, for example, our African and Asian 5. Residence-based schools are called to a brothers and sisters a truly essential part of our life. ministry of encouragement . It is from the center in its traditional formational work that schools should The Rev. George Sumner is principal and Helliwell branch out into endeavors like online offerings, Professor of World Mission at Wycliffe College, workshops for laypeople, programs designed for Toronto.
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 13 REVIEW ESSAYS Against Hoarding Knowledge
Review by John Richard Orens unlikely to seek it in this book. shall gain much from his account. Griffiths begins with a deceptively The curious, he tells us, seek knowl- aments about the state of simple observation: our desire for edge in order to possess it, as if they modern intellectual life are knowledge is an appetite as natural could make it their private property. L not new. “It is for lack of Intel- as our desires for sex, power, and The faithful studious, on the other lect that we have such a hard time creature comforts. But, he is quick hand, understand that knowledge is judging persons and ideas,” wrote to point out, this means that, like not theirs to own for it is a grace Jacques Barzun in 1959; “it is our other appetites, it can go astray, vouchsafed them, one they can only absence of Intellect that makes us hoarding facts while losing sight of receive by participating lovingly in so frightened of criticism and so the truth. And so it needs to be “cat- it. The gulf between curiosity and inept at conversation; it is disregard echized and disciplined.” To that studiousness is thus more than of Intellect that has brought our end, Griffiths promises to lay out a merely epistemological. It is onto- school system to its present ridicu- grammar of the Christian quest for logical and theological. The curious lous paralysis.” Intellect, he noted, is truth that will be nothing less than do not err just because their meth- more complex and more fragile than “the Christian account of intellec- ods are inadequate. They err because mere intelligence, for it is intelli- tual appetite.” There is no hubris they do not comprehend, as do the gence in its “capitalized and com- here. Griffiths disavows any claim to studious, that the world is a gratu- munal form … stored up and made originality and eschews the very itous, inexhaustible, and radiantly into habits of discipline, signs and notion of theological novelty. He beautiful gift that, in the end, is noth- symbols of meaning, begins each chapter, save the last, ing less than the gift of God himself. And since the cosmos and every- thing in it exist only insofar as they Intellectual Appetite participate in God, our knowing can never fully possess any of God’s A Theological Grammar creatures. When our curiosity lays By Paul J. Griffiths. The Catholic University claim to them, abstracting them of America Press. Pp. 235. $24.95 from their divine source, we corrupt the truth and diminish ourselves. As Wordsworth bitterly remarked, “We chains of reasoning and with a quotation from Augustine that murder to dissect.” spurs to emotion.” provides a kind of spiritual cantus This means, Griffiths argues, that Today those habits, signs, and firmus. But Griffiths’s claim is no less the curious misunderstand the very symbols are even more imperiled daring for his modesty, and despite purpose of knowing. To apprehend than they were when Barzun wrote. the brevity of Intellectual Appetite, the truth we must participate in the But our cultural malaise goes deeper the distinctly Roman Catholic caste gift, and that we can only do by par- than he suggested. As Paul J. Grif- of its theology, and its sometimes ticipating in the life of selfless giving fiths understands, we suffer less combative tone, he comes astonish- through which the gift is imparted. from the lack of intellect than we ingly close to making good on his The intellectual property for which do from its misdirection. Ours is at pledge. the curious long is thus an oxy- heart a spiritual crisis for which the moron. Even their well-meaning faith of the Church may hold the t the heart of his book is the attempts to stamp out plagiarism are answer, and the insight with which A premodern Christian distinc- largely misguided, Griffiths con- Griffiths diagnoses our condition tion between curiositas and studi- tends, for words and ideas, not and proposes a remedy makes his entas — curiosity being the great being property, cannot be stolen. book essential reading for believers affliction of the pagan intellect, and Here, I think, Griffiths allows theo- and nonbelievers alike. Alas, so studiousness the virtue of Christian logical abstractions and postmod- impatient is he with those he dubs scholarship. These are, of course, ernist theory to cloud his judgment. pagans, dismissing their ideas out only ideal types, although Griffiths’s Perhaps he does not have to wade of hand as “impoverished, parched, polemical language may suggest oth- through the mass of purloined and opaquely inadequate,” that erwise. But if we make allowance papers that many of us confront in those who most need his help are for his overdrawn dichotomies, we our undergraduate survey classes.
14 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 The gulf between curiosity and studiousness is more than merely epistemological.
Nevertheless, his underlying point holds true: the more precious our knowledge — and none is more pre- cious than knowledge of the gospel — the more we should give it away. “Freely you have received; freely give.”
s the studious heed this sum- 029,1*" A mons, Griffiths writes, they will %WOJSVEGPIVK]QSZMRKWTIGMEPMWXERH find themselves in an iconic world HMWGSZIV[L]XLSYWERHWSJGLYVGLIW whose depth is revealed in the mys- GPIVK]ERHWIQMREVMERWLEZIVIPMIHSR • Clergy Discount tery of Christ’s flesh. That world YWJSVRIEVP]X[SHIGEHIW • Guaranteed Dates holds no new truths for them to dis- • 3 Estimates with only 1 survey cover. Rather, as F.D. Maurice sug- A Division of • All Major Van Lines gested when he called himself a dig- ger, the studious experience the joy of delving into truths that have been [[[GPIVK]VIPSGEXMSRGSQMRJS$GPIVK]VIPSGEXMSRGSQ awaiting them from the beginning. The curious miss these altogether. Having squirreled away their illu- sory intellectual property, they The World's Best Piano Lamps sequester themselves from truth in the one-dimensional world of what Griffiths, like other postmodernists, calls “spectacle.” Its surface glitters with empty charades, conjuring up a thirst for novelty that can never be quenched. Public torture and the execution that follows is the grim example that Griffiths offers, but certain afternoon television pro- grams or ill-conceived liturgies might serve almost as well. This is not to say that our cultural landscape is as bleak as Griffiths imagines. After all, novelty, even when it is shallow, need not be cruel, and it can offer its share of innocent Wide Selections At: (Continued on next page) www.conocopianolamps.com
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 15 REVIEW ESSAYS
(Continued from previous page) charms. But Griffiths pays them no Clear Introduction heed, and although he acknowl- edges that eternal truths, when newly discovered, offer “experien- to the Reformation tial novelty,” he warns that this is a mere epiphenomenon. Yet if he is too Review by John C. Bauerschmidt Dix’s observation that the reform- severe, he is surely right to complain ers’ most robust attempts to end that the academy’s demand for “ground- Gillian Evans is professor emeritus abuses in the liturgy actually ended breaking transgressive works” is a of medieval theology and intellec- up perpetuating what was most sign that what Barzun called “the tual history at the University of Cam- peculiarly medieval. Sometimes the house of intellect” has become a bridge, and in addition to many best attempts at creating disconti- clamorous house of entertainment, books on medieval authors and sub- nuity only end up revealing and per- its denizens forever jabbering in jects has written works dealing with petuating a more fundamental con- their vain pursuit of intellectual pri- both Scripture and ecclesiology. The tinuity. ority. first edition of this book was with- More eloquent by far, observes drawn when a number of factual he place of the Reformation in Griffiths, are the stammers of the errors as well as editorial infelici- Tthe history of ideas is also a sub- studious. Because, as the familiar ties were uncovered by readers and ject of controversy. Jacob Burck- hymn tells us, the studious are “lost reviewers shortly after its publica- hardt famously argued that a new and in wonder, love, praise,” they speak tion. The new edition also changes modern way of looking at the world as liturgy speaks, celebrating their some matters of theological evalua- arose in Italy at the time of the Ren- intimacy with God and his creation tion, in some cases significantly. It is aissance, but he left largely unre- all the while acknowledging their slightly shorter and much more solved the place of the Reformation. own inadequacy. Theirs is the dis- tightly written and edited than the Peter Gay characterizes the Refor- course of “non-identical repetition,” first edition. mation as both heir and rival of the a sacred conversation to which we Professor Evans’s argument is Christian humanism that arose in the and the whole world are graciously summed up in her own words: “while Renaissance, but which undoubt- invited. the Reformation and its effects were edly cleared the way for the skepti- But will the world come? At times, in many ways something new, many cism and secularism of the Enlighten- Griffiths paints a portrait of the of the significant questions and con- ment in spite of representing the pagan intellect so dark that, for all cerns at its roots are as ancient as oppo site of both impulses. Roman his confidence in the Catholic faith, the church itself” (p. 10). This appraisal Catholic polemicists have been he seems to despair of the possibil- of the Reformation is part and par- known in the past to make a very ity. But if the Church could wrestle cel of the new paradigm in Refor- similar intellectual link between with the culture of the ancient world, mation studies. In its subject matter Protestantism and modern infidelity. transforming pagan philosophy even and treatment, assuming both con- By contrast, historian John Bossy as it appropriated its wisdom, could tinuity and discontinuity in the Ref- approaches the period 1400-1700 as it not do the same with the secular ormation period, Evans’s work touches a unity, with a strong family resem- thought of our own age? As Griffiths on some fundamental issues of both blance between both Reformation reminds us, the search for truth theology and history. A fairly straight- and Counter-reformation reformu- begins with wonder, and the capac- forward and familiar Protestant lations of “traditional Christianity.” ity for wonder has been bestowed account would make a direct con- C.S. Lewis testifies to this same con- on us all. Awaken it and we may yet nection between the Epistles of Paul tinuity in his treatment of 16th-cen- redeem the time and with it our frag- and the insights of Luther, discount- tury English literature, with his ile and precious intellect. ing everything in between and insightful observation that writers accentuating discontinuity; while like Thomas Malory and Edmund John Richard Orens is professor of Anglicans and others (including of Spenser had begun to return to the history at George Mason Univer- course many Protestants) have gen- Middle Ages almost before their age sity in Fairfax, Virginia, and the erally argued for more continuity in had emerged from it! There are author of Stewart Headlam’s Radical both ecclesial life and theological broader continuities at play in Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, method from medieval to Reformation Protestant and Roman Catholic and the Music Hall. periods. This includes Dom Gregory Europe, continuities between the
16 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 two worlds and also continuities used for guilds. Scholars progressed point on her argument for continu- with their earlier shared history. through the ranks of their guild, with ity. Evans treats the formulation Evans sails forthrightly into this masters determining what would be “Holy Scripture contains all things well-charted but multiply contested taught. Curricula developed based necessary to salvation” (familiar sea, placing the Reformation at the on the seven liberal arts of the clas- from the Articles of Religion) as a begin ning of the Modern Era, sical world, certain set texts with new Reformation insight, or at least acknowledging at the same time that commentary, and a teaching method as a peculiarly Protestant answer to contemporaries did not see them- centered on disputed quaestiones. a disputed question. The question selves as living at the end of the Mid- Within this framework the Bible was was not a new one at the Reforma- dle Ages (an echo here of Johan interpreted and questions of faith tion but was a subject of discussion Huizinga’s early groundbreaking addressed. during the Middle Ages, as she work, The Waning of the Middle The Renaissance saw a new flour- acknowledges at one point. But the Ages). If she assesses the Reforma- ishing of university study of the bibli- Reformers’ formulation is suspi- tion in terms of the earlier period, cal languages and the Greek and ciously close to that given by a num- the converse is also true: the Refor- Hebrew texts of the Bible, the eclips- ber of medieval Catholic teachers mation is the lens through which she ing of the study of canon law and and theologians. Yves Congar’s Tra- reads the earlier history.Evans focuses scholastic logic in Protestant univer- dition and Traditions draws upon on a number of themes to tell this sities, and the influence of humanism earlier scholarship story of continuity and change. The more generally in a new regard for and provides a num- Bible and its interpretation is a major one, as is ecclesiology: “the idea of the church” as well as “orga- nization, making decisions, and The Roots of the Reformation keeping together.” Evans looks to Tradition, Emergence, and Rupture the sacrament of the Eucharist, and Second Edition sacraments in general, as a continu- ous theme; she also touches on bap- By G.R. Evans. IVP Academic. Pp. 479. $30 tism within the theme of “becoming and remaining a member of the church.” “Penance and the recurring Greek and Latin classical literature ber of examples of teaching about problem of sin” figures as a third within the university curriculum. The the sufficiency of the Holy Scrip- sacramental theme. Faith and its rediscovery of the Greek Fathers by tures through the Middle Ages into theological articulation is another the Western Church is also men- the Reformation. major theme, as is the nature of the tioned. The impression one receives Evans also sees the Council of relationship between church and is of a remarkable continuity in uni- Trent as confirming the insufficiency state. versity culture and intellectual life in of Scripture, which is in need of the the midst of change. Disputation as a supplementing customs and tradi- vans also covers the develop- method remained popular, as well as tions of the authoritative Church. In E ment of the monastic tradition the drawing up of “articles,” certain this analysis Evans draws solely and the medieval universities, the truths determined by the masters of upon the contemporary polemical preaching orders and the lay move- the university. The method of writings of the reformer Martin ments of the Middle Ages. The story authoritative articles took on a life Chemnitz. Again, Congar provides a of the medieval universities and of its own outside the university as more subtle and balanced account their transition in the midst of the a hallmark of the Protestant Con- of Trent’s treatment of the issue, Renaissance and the Reformation is fessions. Though the methods of from a modern Roman Catholic a particularly interesting subject “the schoolmen” and its logic were viewpoint, that brings out the conti- that draws a number of the themes eschewed in Protestant universities, nuity that lies beneath the obvious together. Universities had their ori- Evans point out that Protestant discontinuities. gin in the earlier cathedral schools, scholasticism was alive and well. A smaller but niggling issue is refer- but Evans sees the driving force ence to “the Roman Catholic Church” behind them as intellectual and pro- hen Evans turns to the when speaking of the Church in the fessional and not pastoral. Universi- WReformers’ reclaiming of the Middle Ages. I found at least one exam- ties were corporations like medieval primacy of the Bible, however, she ple that survived the editor’s pen in guilds, universitas being the word misses an opportunity to put a finer (Continued on next page)
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 17 REVIEW ESSAYS On Golden Legends (Continued from previous page) the second edition. I contrast this with the less anachronistic refer- Review by Benjamin M. Guyer and Erasmus of Rotterdam. Payton ences to “the Catholic Church” or offers insightful summaries of the even “the Roman Church” in the n Getting the Reformation Wrong, major differences between reform- Middle Ages, and Evans usually con- James R. Payton, Jr., makes an ers (chap. 4), the meanings of sola forms to this usage. Yet she confus- I important contribution to popu- fide and sola scriptura (chaps. 5 ingly calls attention to the need after lar perceptions of the Reformation. and 6), and the radical and Roman Trent to now speak of the “Roman” His central concern is to explain the Catholic reformations (chaps. 7 and Church (her emphasis), which of complexities and nuances of 16th- 8). Regrettably, he offers no sus- course has been her own practice in century reform movements to con- tained overview of the development speaking of this church in earlier temporary American evangelicals. of Protestant confessions. These sections of the book. Surely Evans Because religion in the United States were of considerable importance in means here to call attention to the is heavily defined by evangelicalism, the 16th century for theological no appropriateness after Trent of ex-evangelicals and non-evangeli- speaking of “the Roman Catholic cals should also pay attention. Payton Church”! argues that the Reformation has been “carried along by misunderstand- his book demonstrates its chief ings” (the title of chapter three), par- Tvalue in the ability of its author ticularly those which either glorify to map the various developments of or demonize Martin Luther as a the period, illustrating continuous larger-than-life figure. Evangelicals themes in the midst of different flock to such an image while non- approaches and answers to ques- evangelicals and ex-evangelicals tions. As an introduction to the Ref- react against it — and yet, as Payton ormation that emphasizes its con- notes, the image is apocryphal. nections with the earlier period, The first two chapters set the both patristic and medieval, in such stage for what follows. Chapter one a clear fashion, it also serves a valu- concerns the medieval church and able purpose. The stumbles in the its calls for reform; chapter two Getting the first edition of the book continue to looks at the Renaissance. Readers give one pause, however, as one may be interested to learn that the Reformation Wrong approaches such varied topics and secular portrait of the Renaissance Correcting Some time periods. Professor Evans is a has nothing to do with the realities Misunderstandings distinguished scholar with a wide of the 15th century but much to do By James R. Payton, Jr. command of a variety of subjects who with the 19th century (pp. 58ff). Pay- InterVarsity Academic. Pp. 272. $23 is painting with some broad brush ton takes fairly complex historio- strokes, and those who approach graphical developments and makes the patristic and medieval periods them easy to understand. One might through the lens of the Reformation claim that Payton really begins his less than political reasons. Even if ought to be encouraged to go further arg ument in chapter three by address- many evangelicals today are indif- and deeper into these periods to let ing the person of Luther. However, ferent to them, we get the Reforma- them speak for themselves in their as the first two chapters make clear, tion wrong when we ignore the own terms. It is an additional virtue one cannot separate Luther from import of Protestant confessions. of Professor Evans’s book that she what came before him. I take exception to the argument encourages her readers to do so. Payton generally avoids focusing of chapter nine, which claims that on Luther and Calvin as paradigms. Protestant scholasticism broke with The Rt. Rev. John C. Bauerschmidt is Thus one also reads in these pages the methods used by the reformers. Bishop of Tennessee and a member of Phillipp Melanchthon, Martin This chapter is curious. Payton of the Living Church Foundation. Bucer, Johannes Oecolampadius, writes that Aristotelian logic was
18 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 Ancient Evangelical Future Conference The Word and the Creeds: Reading Scripture in Light of the Church’s Ancient Faith Payton generally Trinity School for Ministry, Ambridge, PA | June 5-7, 2013 avoids focusing Keynote Speakers: Richard Hays on Luther and Calvin Christopher Hall Peter Leithart as paradigms. Kathryn Greene-McCreight David Yeago with special guest David Ne Editorial Vice President, Christianity Today sponsored by used by the first generation of reform- e Robert E. Webber Center ers, Theodore Beza and Melanchthon For an Ancient Evangelical Future above all. Yet Payton also insists that For more information, or to register Luther and Calvin should be taken www.tsm.edu | 1-800-874-8754 as the great exemplars of Protestant theology, despite rejecting this approach earlier in the book. Raynal Studios, Inc. Although he fairly describes the contemporary revival of interest in Restoration Protestant scholasticism, Payton ³WKH&DWKHULQH:KHHO:LQGRZ´ 6W3DXO¶V(SLVFRSDO&KXUFK nonetheless claims that scholasti- Alexandria, VA Stained Glass Complete Restoration of cism killed the Reformation (p. 206). Stained Glass and Wooden This chapter shows little familiarity Frame ±2012 Wood with key Protestant scholastics such Stone as Johann Gerhard, and spends 1.800.305.0959 more time arguing against them. In www.raynalstudios.com email . [email protected] all fairness, Payton’s volume was Natural Bridge Station, VA published in 2010, one year after the first volume of Gerhard’s Theologi- cal Commonplaces was translated into English. We may therefore be on the cusp of a new appreciation of Protestant scholasticism, despite Payton’s claim that the Protestant scholastics were among the first to get the Reformation wrong. Payton concludes by describing the Reformation as both “triumph and tragedy” (p. 246). He encour- ages his readers to consider that the best way to honor the Reformers is to place them back in their context, recognize their dependence upon the early Church, and thus seek to embody the best elements of the 16th century. Such advice is salutary for every generation.
Benjamin M. Guyer is a doctoral student in British history at the University of Kansas.
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 19 BOOKS
Caroline Convergence
Review by W. Brown Patterson religious settlement of the Restora- tion in 1660-62 and following puts he Caroline Divines have long too much blame for the harsh treat- been understood to be a group ment of religious dissent on the dis- Tof English religious writers who senters themselves and too little on advanced Anglican principles in the a reactionary government and the reigns of King Charles I (1625-49) and reconstituted established Church. King Charles II (1660-85). Some of their Nevertheless, Guyer’s treatment of works were included in the volumes the Caroline Divines shows that of the Library of Anglo-Catholic The- their contributions to the intellec- ology (1841 and following), and excerpts tual and religious culture of the 17th were included in the influential an - century have not been adequately thology, Anglicanism, edited by Paul understood. Elmer More and Frank Leslie Cross Guyer greatly expands the con- (1935). Jeremy Taylor, George Her- ception of who the key writers were bert, John Cosin, and William Laud and what they wrote about. His are regarded as part of the group, as selection is based on three “deter- well as the pre-Caroline theologian minants”: popular and influential and preacher Lancelot Andrewes. writers, British (not just English) The name has distinctly literary as writers, and petitions and pamphlets well as theological associations. as well as pieces by lay writers not The character of the religious writ- well known today (pp. 25-26). He ings of the Caroline Divines as well uses the term “Caroline conver- as their contents have shaped the gence” (p. 25) to suggest that the way many Anglicans think about established churches of England, their identity as Christians and Scotland, and Ireland developed their relation to the wider Church. something of a common outlook Benjamin Guyer, in this strikingly and institutional form during the variegated collection of writings, period under review. This outlook, sets out to change the prevailing he contends, became “foundational conception of the Caroline Divines to the Anglican way of life until the and their significance. He sees mid-nineteenth century” (p. 25). them not within the framework of Then “it became more diffuse and 19th-century Anglo-Catholicism — overshadowed by new questions the offshoot of the Oxford Move- and arguments” (p. 25). His views ment originally led by John Henry on the “long eighteenth century” Newman — but as writers interest- seem consistent with those of J.C.D. ing in themselves and important for Clark in his English Society, 1660- an understanding of their times. 1832: Religion, Ideology, and Poli- tics during the Ancien Regime uyer provides a provocative (Cambridge, 2000; 2nd edn.). Gintroduction that needs to be The Caroline writers, according read with caution. His account exag- to Guyer, contributed significantly gerates the degree to which the to an integrated, coherent, religious reign of Charles I from 1629 to 1640 culture, one that combined theol- was a time of peace and harmony. ogy, piety, and a deep respect for the The revolutionary events of the monarchy. This culture, he argues, 1640s were the result of a more followed and was partly a response widespread discontent than his to the severe dislocations of the mid- analysis suggests. His account of the 17th century that included civil wars
20 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 in the three kingdoms, the trial and ten Word of God and that of the episcopacy in the crisis of the early execution of King Charles I, the book of Nature, the work of God (p. 1640s; John Preston, chaplain to introduction of a presbyterian sys- 153). Thomas Sprat, the historian of Prince Charles (later Charles I), a tem of church government, and the the scientific Royal Society, wrote popular preacher and a leading outlawing of the Book of Common that Christ himself, by his miracles, exponent of covenant theology; Prayer. performed “Divine Experiments of Richard Sibbes, a prolific writer and his Godhead,” and that Christ called popular preacher who was, like Pre- he strength of the book lies in its upon his followers to study “the ston, head of a Cambridge college; Tprovision of a wide range of Works that he did” (p. 164). Guyer and Thomas Fuller, the church his- sources to illustrate the religious lit- also shows that Robert Sanderson in torian, who wrote many popular erature of the period. Guyer his Ten Lectures on the Obligation books of sermons, meditations, and includes excerpts from devotional of Human Conscience (1647) found commentaries during the civil wars manuals, theology, religious poetry, conscience to be partly innate and and interregnum and called for a political documents, scientific writ- ings, and ethical treatises. Some pas- sages are likely to have a familiar ring: Herbert’s celebration of “The British Church” for its “fit array, / The Beauty of Holiness Neither too mean, nor yet too gay” (p. 79); Charles I’s declaration on The Caroline Divines and Their Writings the scaffold that he was devoted to Edited by Benjamin Guyer. the rule of law and to the “Liberty Canterbury Press Norwich. Pp. 220. $29.99 and freedome” of his subjects (p. 63); or John Evelyn’s description in his Diary of Oliver Cromwell’s funeral as “the joyfullest … I ever saw” (p. 91). partly acquired. Thus the under- conciliatory religious settlement at Many other passages, equally standing of good and evil found in the time of the Restoration. striking in content and style, are human beings was like seeds “which Despite these omissions, the book likely to be less familiar. Anthony grow up and are perfected by study succeeds in showing that the middle Sparrow defended the Prayer Book and institution” (p. 170). Sanderson decades of the 17th century were a in A Rationale upon the Book of and Jeremy Taylor drew on Aris- brilliant era for English religious Common Prayer (1655) by explain- totle, as Guyer shows, to urge that thought and writing. Guyer has per- ing that its author’s design was not human beings be educated in virtue. formed a genuine service by enabling “to Court the Affections” by rheto- readers to appreciate more fully a ric, but “by Reason to work upon his rich collection of passages panorama of religious thinkers and the Judgement, and leave that to Tfrom 17th-century writers illus- writers and the tumultuous times in deal with the affections” (p. 86). Her- trates the important work of these which they lived. bert celebrated not just the Church writers, who largely shared common in its outward state, but also the ideas and values. The readings are Bible as “the well / That washes from a much wider selection of writ- The Rev. W. Brown Patterson, pro- what it shows” (p. 123). Guyer ers than might be expected in a fessor of history emeritus at the uncovers the theological underpin- book of modest length, but the University of the South, is the nings of some of the scientific liter- selection should be even broader. author of King James VI and I and ature of the period. Sir Thomas Conspicuously absent are writers in the Reunion of Christendom (Cam- Brown, a physician, declared in his the moderate Calvinist tradition bridge, 1997) and of many articles Religio Medici (The Religion of a who were prominent in the reign of on early modern British and Euro- Doctor) (1642) that there were “two Charles I. They include Joseph Hall, pean history and religion. He is at Books from whence I collect my the poet, satirist, essayist, writer on work on William Perkins and the Divinity,” namely, that of the writ- cases of conscience, and defender of Making of a Protestant England.
APRIL 14, 2013 • THE LIVING CHURCH 21 Making Room for Conservatives
Revision of remarks on the question “Does the That is, we accept God’s ordering of the world in Episcopal Church Still Have Room for Conserva- this way: God, who “has put all things under tives?” made at Virginia Theological Seminary, [Christ’s] feet and has made him the head over all February 2012; first in a series things for the Church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all” (Eph. 1:22-23). In this sense, “conservative” Episcopalians, like will take the word conservatives in the question theological traditionalists elsewhere, begin with the posed to mean theological traditionalists, which catholic and apostolic shape and substance of the Istrikes me as a useful handle. Theological con- faith as itself divinely initiated and established. All servatism should be distinguished from various forms of cultural and political conservatism, not least in the contemporary American context; ortho- Traditionalists begin with the dox Christian doctrine, to employ an additional term, does not map perfectly onto any particular catholic and apostolic shape and party or platform in the secular world, and may depart significantly from the lexicon of our fleeting substance of the faith. moment in history. Moreover, theological conser- vatism admits of degrees and shades, as well as schools. Distinguish, for instance, the traditionally other business of the Church — her structures and Catholic and evangelical streams within Anglican- order, her moral teaching, her missiological and ism, and their varieties, converging and diverging in evangelistic endeavors — radiates from this divine one and another time and place. center and refers back to it: the God of Israel, who With that said, let me propose what I take to be a covenanted with the Jews to a universal end; whose useful hermeneutic for “conservative” self-reflec- aims and interests were fulfilled in Jesus of tion and -identification, in the form of a thesis: Con- Nazareth, the eternal Son of the Father and incar- servative Episcopalians will, or should, be those nated Word, in whose flesh “Israel” is formed as the who define and approach all things ecclesial in a reconciled body of Jew and Gentile “in one Spirit” steadfastly theological way, by asking first about (Eph. 2); and through whose unity the world will God’s character, his person and promises, his his- come to believe (John 17). tory and the record of his actions, so that all else is Accordingly, the answer to the question of whether tied to, interpreted in light of, and otherwise sub- there may still be room for conservatives in the jected in obedience to him. Episcopal Church will depend, in the first instance, Some non-self-nominated conservatives may on whether Episcopalians will be permitted at least, wish to do this, too! And arguably such an approach encouraged at best, to speak and teach along the is simply and straightforwardly Christian. Ruled foregoing lines, and to order the common life of out, however, is an approach that starts with or their parishes and dioceses in a congruent fashion. subsists in human wisdom and experience, which Can we bear witness to the body to which we were requires a fundamental retelling or reworking of called in hope — “one Lord, one faith, one bap- classic Christian doctrine in light of what may have tism, one God and Father of all, who is above all and happened to us lately — since, say, the Reformation, through all and in all” (Eph. 4:4-6) — holding our- the Enlightenment, the American Revolution, the selves accountable to its history and terms, across 1970s, or what have you. Conservatives may be the vicissitudes of churches and generations, so as more or less gothically Anglo-Catholic, buoyantly to make the one gospel of Christ our principal pas- evangelical, or determinedly progressive with sion and mission, in cooperation and collaboration respect to various liturgical, catechetical, or social with all Christians? commitments. But we take a revealed body of texts As long as the answer to that question is yes, as normative, across time and space — sacred there will be room for conservatives in the Episco- Scripture, and the creeds as its summary — and we pal Church. order “all things” with respect to this trust, in Christ. Christopher Wells
22 THE LIVING CHURCH • APRIL 14, 2013 a journal of religion, culture, and public life
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