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The Late Victorian Roman Catholic Periodical Press and Attitudes to the 'Problem of the Poor'

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The Late Victorian Roman Catholic Periodical Press and Attitudes to the 'Problem of the Poor' THE LATE VICTORIAN ROMAN CATHOLIC PERIODICAL PRESS AND ATTITUDES TO THE 'PROBLEM OF THE POOR' Catherine Berenice Merrell Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY DE MONTFORT ~IVERSITY LIBRARY: September 2001 ................................................ " .................................... .. Fund: Dato: ............................................. ".~ Sequence: '-r-he~~ ................................................................... " .................. Class: 07 J .. \ l )O~~'l1.. ............................................. " ....................................... .. Suffix: VV\ Erl ABSTRACT CATHERINE BERENICE MERRELL 2001 THE LATE VICTORIAN ROMAN CATHOLIC PERIODICAL PRESS AND ATTITUDES TO THE 'PROBLEM OF THE POOR' This thesis explores the attitudes of the Roman Catholic periodical press of the late Victorian period to 'the problem of the poor' and various responses to it, including Socialism and Trades Unionism. The study is confined to the English press and to five periodicals: the Tablet, a weekly newspaper and unofficial voice of the clergy; the Dublin Review, a prestigious quarterly; the Month, the organ of the Jesuits in England; the Downside Review, issued tennly and an important voice of old Catholicism; and Merry England, a social and literary monthly magaztne. The study, after briefly establishing the provenance of the periodicals against the background of wider press expansion, and 'the problem of the poor' as was brought before the reading public, examines the reactions of the Catholic writers to the new responses to poverty. The ways attitudes changed over the course of two decades, and the extent to which the writers reached a common response, are explored. In the course of this exploration, the great extent to which the Catholic writers, in their thinking on possible practical 'solutions' to the problem of the poor, were influenced by an idealisation of the charitable roles of the trades guilds and monasteries of the Middle Ages is demonstrated. It is shown how this formed part of a reluctance to realise fully and take into account the many significant ways in which society had changed - a fact also demonstrated here by an examination of the journals' attitudes to the rise of 'democracy' and 'levelling' attitudes. The study looks behind the reputation of Cardinal Manning - a spokesman of considerable prestige among wider English society and Catholics in other countries - to show how the urgency and radicalism of his message on the social question was muffled and diluted in the English Catholic journals. (ii) Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One Background 8 (i) The Roman Catholic periodicals of the late Victorian 8 period (ii) The problem of the poor as it emerged in the 1880s 24 and 1890s Chapter Two Merrie England - the Catholic preoccupation with Guilds, 35 Monasteries and the Medieval 'golden age' Chapter Three Devas, Groundwork, and Democracy: 52 the impact of C. S. Devas, the leading Roman Catholic political economist Chapter Four The 'Reasonable and the Practicable': attitudes to self-help, 83 co-operation and trades unionism Chapter Five 'Verbal confusion', Socialism and Social legislation: the 98 Catholic debate on the acceptable limits of state intervention Chapter Six The impact of Rerum novarum: the reception of the most 139 important Papal pronouncement on the problem of the poor Chapter Seven Mr Britten, Dr Barry and 'Civilization or Christianization': 148 the debate on the duty to the poor of the Catholic laity Chapter Eight Conclusion: attitudes at the end of the 1890s 190 Bibliography 204 (iii) Introduction (i) Any glance at the non-Catholic press of the late Victorian era would be liable to leave the reader with a wholly inaccurate view of the Roman Catholic attitude to the poor, because of the attention paid to the work and teaching of Cardinal Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, on the social question. Manning was not only far and away the most prominent Catholic writer and thinker on the 'the problem of the poor', but also a well­ known spokesman on the subject outside his own Church. This study, therefore, is first and foremost an attempt to get behind the views of Manning, and - by a scrutiny of five itnportant Catholic periodicals - to establish where and how far the writers arrived at a consensus, and the ways in which they differed from the views of their celebrated Cardinal Archbishop. It seeks to demonstrate that the majority of Catholic writers, far from sharing Manning's 'radicalism', lacked his sense of the urgency and centrality of the problem of the poor for their Church; that Manning's views, which aroused much controversy in the non-Catholic press, were muftled and diluted in the Catholic journals; and that in particular, Manning's optimism for rising democracy was not shared by the majority of the Catholic writers. The study also examines the great extent to which the Catholic writers, in their thinking on possible solutions to the problem of the poor, were influenced by an idealisation of the charitable roles of the trades guilds and monasteries of the Middle Ages. At the same time, changes and developments in attitudes across the two decades are explored. The study begins with a brief outline of the Catholic periodicals of this era. They are placed in the context both of English Catholicism forty years after Emancipation, and of the wider press expansion of the age. The provenances of the five journals under particular scrutiny here - the weekly Tablet, unofficial voice of the clergy; the prestigious quarterly Dublin Review; the Jesuit Month; the Downside Review, issued tennly by St Gregory's Abbey; and the social and literary monthly magazine Merry England - are established. Chapter One then concludes with a brief overview of the 'problem of the poor' and the way in which it was presented to the lniddle and upper-class public, especially with the alarm expressed over the 'housing crisis' of the 1880s and 'sweated labour' in the 1890s. The study then turns, in Chapter Two, to an examination of the Catholic preoccupation with the I social institutions of medieval 'Merrie England', particularly the trades guilds and monastic charity, and seeks both to show how this preoccupation arose from disquiet over increasing calls for state intervention, and how - while affording some unexpected common ground with English Socialism - it flourished at the expense of concentration on more modem aspects of the problem. Chapter Three explores the contribution made by Charles Stanton Devas, the only contemporary Roman Catholic political economist of real note, to the debate: shows how far his views were endorsed by consensus; and especially, how his views on immutability of the established order and his reaction to the advance of democracy mirrored the majority of the Catholic writers. In Chapter Four, Catholic attitudes to self-help, experimentation by enlightened employers, co-operation, and 'old' and 'new' trades unionism, are examined, in the light of the preoccupation with the Medieval age already explored in earlier chapters. The continuing narrowness of the debate, including the tendency of the writers to concentrate on large employers and especially on the 'factory model' - in all its contrast to the Medieval 'golden age' - is demonstrated. Chapter Five shows how the Catholic writers failed to keep pace in their understanding of the developments in Socialistic theory and, more importantly still, how they failed to engage in a clear and cogent debate: not least because of their failure to establish what was intended by terms such as 'Socialism' or 'the poor'. This failure undermined their arguments and contributed to the dearth of more constructive or forward­ looking debate, particularly on the crucial question of when social legislation became 'Socialistic'. In Chapter Six, it is argued that Pope Leo Xli's most important pronouncement on the problem of the poor, the 1891 Encyclical Rerum Novarum, rather than stimulating and concentrating Catholic social effort, in fact served to contribute to the stagnation of the debate. In Chapter Seven, the roles of an important lay social worker, James Britten, and a clerical writer and thinker, William Barry, are scrutinised in their context of the wider controversy over what has been called 'Christianization versus Civilization'. What, with regard to the poor, was the duty of the Catholic laity? Were lay Catholics under an obligation to demonstrate concern for the physical, as well as spiritual, well-being of the poor, and if so, could this duty be discharged by traditional almsgiving? Would better living and working conditions make the poor more likely or less likely to attend to their religious duties? 2 Lastly, the concluding chapter looks at the picture at the end of this period, and attempts to summarise the ways in which attitudes on the 'problem of the poor' had changed over the course of two decades, and where - as with lingering antipathy to state intervention on socio-economic matters - they were largely unaltered. (ii) In one sense, there was no 'problem of the poor' for the writers of the Roman Catholic periodicals in late Victorian England. Pauperism, urban slums, religious indifference, and socialism, had all been inflicted on the working classes by Protestantism and its creation - unbridled capitalism. When, and only when, there was a national and wholehearted return to Roman Catholicism, then mass misery and want would disappear. This
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