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Ivhs Roadway Environment IVHS ROADWAY ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION INSTITUTE FOR TELECOMMUNICATION SCIENCES BOULDER, COLORADO 2001 8 I I: II 1} 1 f I E 1 IVHS ROADWAY ENVIRONMENT J. R. Hoffinan E A. D. Spaulding t M. G. Cotton R 1 I c 1i ‘I s1 CONTENT’S Page List of Figures .............................................................. ..v List of Tabless............................................................... vii Abstract ................................................................... P 1. IVHS Roadway Environment..............................................1 I 1.0. Introduction ...................................................... 2. The Roadway Natural and Man-Made Noise Environment........................3 R 2.1. Introduction and Definitions.........................................3 2.2. Automotive Ignition Noise ......................................... 16 I 2.3. Power Transmission Lines ......................................... .37 2.4. Summary and Conclusions ........................................ .41 E 2.5. References..................................................... ..4 4 3. Radiodetermination Bands ............................................... .488 3.1. Introduction ................................................... ..4 8 3.2. Terms and Definitions ........................................... ..5 0 T. 3.3. Region: 5 MHz - 28 MHz ......................................... .51 3.4. Band: 420 - 450 MHz ........................................... ..5 2 t 3.5. Band: 902 - 928 MHz ........................................... ..5 5 3.6. Region: 960 - 1400 MHz.. ....................................... ..5 9 3.7. Region: 2.30 - 2.50 GHz .......................................... .71 3.8. Band: 2.70 - 2.90 GHz ............................................ .74 3.9. Region: 2.90 - 3.10 GHz .......................................... .78 3.10. Region: 3.10 - 3.70 GHz .......................................... .82 3.11. Band: 4.20 - 4.40 GHz ............................................ .89 3.12. Region: 5.20 - 5.925 GHz ......................................... .91 3.13. Region: 8.560- 10.55 GHz .........................................99 3.14. Band: 13.40 - 14.00 GHz .......................................... 111 3.15. Region: 15.70- 17.70 GHz ........................................ 111 ii 5 CONTENT’S (Cont.) 5 Page 3.16. References..........................................................116 %I 4. Broadcast.......................................................... ..117 4.1. AM (Amplitude Modulation) Broadcast Band......................... 117 1 4.1.1.AM Allocation Standards...................................117 I 4.1.2.Technical Standards for AM Broadcasting......................12 1 4.1.2.1.AM Broadcast Definitions...........................121 5 4.1.2.2.AM Transmission Standards..........................122 4.1.3.AM Broadcast Equipment...................................123 I 4.2. FM (Frequency Modulation) Broadcast Band..........................124 4.2.1.FM Allocation Standards....................................124 5 4.2.2.Technical Standards for FM Broadcasting.......................129 4.2.2.1. FM Technical Definitions............................129 I 4.2.2.2. FM Broadcast equipment standards....................130 4.2.2.3. Subsidiary FM Communications Authorizations (SCA)....131 1 4.2.2.4. Stereo Transmission Standards........................132 I- 4.2.3.FM Broadcast Equipment...................................133 ll 4.3. Television Broadcast............................................. 135 4.3.1.Television Broadcast Allocations Standards.....................135 5 4.3.2.Technical Standards of TV Broadcast..........................13 8 b 4.3.2.1.TV Broadcast Definitions............................138 4.3.2.2.Television Transmission Standards....................139 II 4.3.3.Television Broadcasting Equipment...........................142 4.4. Shortwave Broadcast Service (Power 50 kW)..........................144 % 4.5. References................................................... ..14 5 5. Summary.......................................................... ..14 6 I b 1 iii I CONTENT’S (Cont.) APPENDIX A. Spectrum Standards APPENDIX B. Spectrum Use Summary, 137 MHz - 5 GHz ( This document is currently unavailable ) APPENDIX C. Spectrum Use Summary, 2 - 25 GHz iv 5 LIST OF FIGURES R Page Figure 1. The receiving system and its operating noise factor, f......................9 I Figure 2. Naturalradionoise, 1 Hzto 1 THz...................................12 t‘ Figure 3. Fa versus frequency (100 MHz to 100 GHz)............................14 Figure 4. Lighting emission peak field strength, 1 mile distant.....................15 I Figure 5. Estimates of man-made noise levels and their variation within an hour for interstate highways.................................17 E Figure 6. Average automotive-traffic-noise power for two traffic densities, as a function of frequency..................................18 Figure 7. Fa versus frequency for urban man-made noise % (Skomall978)................................................... 19 Figure 8a. Distributions of peak field strength from individual vehicles 5 at 300 MHZ, 300 kHzz........................................... ..2 1 Figure 8b. Distributions of peak field strength from individual vehicles I.- at4 GHZ, 300 kHz bandwidthh .......................................21 Figure 9. Ignition field strength from individual vehicles..........................22 1 Figure 10. Distribution of radio noise power at 48 MHz radiated from 958 individual vehicles. Values measured at 50 ft. From vehicles...........23 Figure 11. Incidental urban radio noise power measurements. Upper curve for E data from 1951-1970, and lower curve for data from 1975-1983.............25 Figure 12. Average man-made incidental noise power.............................26 5 Figure 13. Amplitude probability distribution (ADP) of system noise and ignition noise......................................27 a Figure 14. Amplitude probability distributions for 1 and 12 vehicles, . 3 meterdistant,900MHz.......................................... .29 c Figure 15. Amplitude probability distribution of ignition noise at 250 MHzz................................................... ..3 0 5 Figure 16. Amplitude probability distribution of ignition noise at 102MHz, 10 kHz bandwidth . ..31 Figure 17. Amplitude probability distribution of ignition noise on an 5 interstate highway at 48 MHz . .32 Figure 18. Randomly selected 200 ms sample of noise envelope from a I 6-minute, 250 MHz central Colorado Springs recording . .34 5 V 5 I I Figure 19. Power line noise measurements taken moving parallel to a 115 KV line in rural Wyoming, both under and one-fourth mile from the line . .38 I Figure 20. Decrease in power line noise with distance at 102 MHz. ..39 Figure 21. Average noise power approximately underneath selected power lines........ 40 I Figure 22. FM Broadcast Zones........................................... ..12 4 Figure 23. Modulating frequencies for FM stereo transmissions....................132 1 Figure 24. TV Broadcast Zoness .............................................13 6 I Figure 25. Idealized picture transmission amplitude characteristics..................139 1 II 5 I I I % I I I I I I vi a TABLES 8 Page Table 1. Mean and median business Fa,.......................................24 1 Table 2. Radio noise measurements..........................................28 Table 3. High voltage transmission line noise at 1 GHz..........................41 1 Table 4. Radars in the 420 - 450 MHz band ...................................5 4 Table 5. Radars in the 902 - 928 MHz band...................................58 I Table 6. Radar assignments in the 960 - 1400 MHz region. ..59 E Table 7. Spectrum allocation in the 960 - 1400 MHz region.......................60 Table 8. Radars in the 960 - 1400 MHz region. ..6655 I Table 9. L band radar (1000 - 2000 MHz)................................... .70 Table 10. Spectrum allocation in the 2.30 to 2.50 GHz region......................72 5 Table 11. Radar assignments in the 2700 - 2900 MHz band....................... .74 Table 12. Radars in the 2700 - 2900 MHz band ............................... ..7 5 I.- Table 13. Radar assignments in the 2900 - 3100 MHzband....................... .79 Table 14. Radars in the 2900 - 3100 MHz region ............................... .80 I Table 15. Spectrum allocation in the 3.10 to 3.70 GHz region......................83 Table 16. Radars in the 3100 - 3700 MHz region ............................... .86 II Table 17. S Band radar (2000 - 4000 MHz).................................... .88 Table 18. Radars in the 4.20 - 4.40 GHz bandd.................................. .90 J Table 19. Radar assignments in the 5200-5925 MHz region........................91 a Table 20. Spectrum allocation in the 5.20-5.925 GHz region)..................... .92 Table 2 1. Radars in the 5200 - 5925 MHz region .............................. ..9 5 & Table 22. C Band radar (4000 - 8000 MHz) ................................... .97 Table 23. Radars assignments in the 8500-10550 MHz region......................99 1 Table 24. Spectrum allocation in the 8.50-l 0.55 GHz region).....................100 Table 25. Radars in the 8500 - 10550 MHz region..............................104 I Table 26. Spectrum allocation in the 15.70- 17.75 GHz region)....................111 Table 27. Radars in the 15700 - 17700 MHz regionn.............................117 Table 28. X Band radar (9000- 12400MHz)..................................118
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