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Phenology – Species Variability Crop Growth and Phenology – Species Variability K. Raja Reddy Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS Crop Growth and Development and Environment Species Variability Effects of multiple environmental factors on crop growth and phenology across many important crop species. Can we use environmental productivity index concept across the species to quantify the responses and to develop functional relationships? Crop Growth and Development and Environment Major Crops – Global Statistics - 2008 Crop Area, Production, Productivity, Million ha Million Mt. Mt. ha-1 Wheat 224 690 3.0 Maize/Corn 161 823 5.1 Rice 159 685 4.3 Soybeans 97 231 2.4 Barley 57 158 2.8 Sorghum 45 65 1.5 Millets 37 36 0.96 Seedcotton 31 66 2.1 Rapeseed 30 58 1.9 Beans, dry 28 20 0.73 Environmental and Cultural Factors Influencing Crop Phenology Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (indirect) Solar Radiation (indirect) Photoperiod (direct on flowering, no effect on modern cotton cultivars) Temperature (direct) Water (indirect) Wind (indirect) Nutrients (N, P and K) (direct & indirect) Growth Regulators (PIX) (indirect) Rice – Some Crop Statistics • Provides the dietary needs of 1.6 billion with another 400 million rely on rice for one-quarter or one-half of their diet. • 2004 stats are: Area = 151 Million ha, production = 606 Million Mt, and average yield = 4.02 t ha-1. • 53% Irrigated flooded-paddy • 27% Rainfed lowland • 12% Rainfed upland • 8% Deep-water Rice Production Statistics 200 200 Year 2004 Area 175 Production 175 150 150 125 125 100 100 75 75 50 50 MMt Rice production, Rice production area, Mha area, Rice production 25 25 0 0 USA India Brazil China Japan Vietnam Thailand Myanmar Indonesia Philippines Bangladesh Rice Production Statistics 35 35 Year 2004, Area = 151.3 Mha, Production = 605.8 MMt 30 Area 30 Production 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 % Rice production, Rice production area, % area, Rice production 5 5 0 0 USA India Brazil China Japan Vietnam Thailand Myanmar Indonesia Philippines Bangladesh Rice Production Statistics 8 World 2004 average = 3.97 t ha-1 USA, r2 = 0.90, 70 kg yr-1 7 Japan, r2 = 0.51, 32 kg yr-1 China, r2 = 96, 102 kg yr-1 6 -1 5 Indonesia, r2 = 93, 77 kg yr1 2 1 4 World, r = 0.98, 53 kg yr 2 -1 3 India, r = 0.92, 42 kg yr Rice yield, t ha yield, Rice Thailand, r2 = 0.82, 21 kg yr-1 2 1 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Phenology – Species Variability – Rice Phenology and Temperature – cv IR 30 12 A) 10 REPRODUCTIVE 8 -1 6 d leaf VEGETATIVE 4 Phyllochron Interval 2 B) 85 80 75 70 65 Days to 50 % 60 Panicle Appearance 20 25 30 35 40 TEMPERATURE, °C Phenology - Species Variability Temperature - Rice 700 IR 36 600 500 400 Carreon 300 200 Sowing to Panicle Emergence, d Panicle Emergence, Sowing to 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Temperature, C S.K. Leong and C.K.Ong. 1983. J. Expt. Bot. 34: 1551-1561. Phenology – Species Variability – Rice Phenology and Temperature –Photoperiod Corn or Maize, Zea mays L. Corn is the 3rd most important food crops globally in terms of energy and protein (FAO, 2004). Area: 147 Million ha Total production: 721 Million Mt Average yield: 4.93 t ha-1 Corn or Maize, Zea mays L. 350 350 Year 2004, Area = 147 Mha, production = 721 MMt World average = 4.93 t ha-1 Area 300 Production 300 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 Maize production, MMt Maize production, Maize production area, area, Mha Maize production 50 50 0 0 USA India Brazil China France Nigeria Mexico Romania Argentina Indonesia South Africa Corn or Maize, Zea mays L. 50 50 Year 2004, Area = 147.02 Mha, Production = 721.4 MMt 45 45 40 40 Area 35 Production 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 % Corn production, Corn production area, area, % Corn production 10 10 5 5 0 0 USA India Brazil China France Mexico Nigeria Romania Argentina Indonesia South Africa Corn or Maize, Zea mays L. 12 10 France, r2 = 0.88, 138 kg yr-1 USA, r2 = 0.84, 114 kg yr-1 -1 8 2 -1 6 Argentina, r = 0.87, 99 kg yr China, r2 = 0.96, 100 kg yr-1 World, r2 = 0.95, 62 kg yr-1 Maize yield, t ha t yield, Maize 4 Brazil, r2 = 0.83, 47 kg yr-1 2 India, r2 = 0.79, 24 kg yr-1 Nigeria, r2 = 0.29, 10 kg yr-1 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Phenology – Species Variability Phenology – Leaf Appearance Rates (Phyllochrons); Maize or Corn. • Notice the base temperature which is much different than that of cotton. • The rate of development is also linear across a wide range of temperatures. Phenology – Species Variability Phenology and Silking to Maturity: Maize or Corn • Notice the base temperature which is much different than that of cotton, but similar to maize leaf appearance rates. • The rate of development is also linear across a wide range of temperatures (10 to 30°C). Corn Growth – UV-B Radiation – Species Variability 1.0 0.8 0.6 UV-B Indices UV-B 0.4 Stem extension leaf area expansion Leaf development 0.2 Biomass 0.0 0 5 10 15 -2 -1 UV-B radiation, kJ m d Phenology – Species Variability Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Sorghum is the 4th most important food crops globally in terms of energy and protein (FAO, 2004). 2004 stats are: Area: 43.1 Million ha Total production: 57.8 Million Mt Average yield: 1.3 t ha-1 United States = 2.64 Mha, 4.4 t ha-1, 11 MMt India = 9.4 Mha, 0.8 t ha-1, 7.53 MMt Nigeria = 7.1 Mha, 1.13 t ha-1, 8.03 MMt China = 0.57 Mha, 4.1 t ha-1, 2.34 MMt Mexico = 1.91 Mha, 3.35 t ha-1, 6.4 MMt Sudan = 6.0 Mha, 4.33 t ha-1, 2.6 MMt Sorghum – Cultivar Differences Phenology – Panicle Initiation. • Notice the base temperature which is almost similar to corn. • The rate of development can be described by a bilinear model. Sorghum – Phenology – Cultivar Differences Phenology – Leaf development. • Notice the base temperature which is almost similar to corn. • The rate of development can be described by a bilinear models. Also, notice the genotypic variability. Sorghum – Vegetative Growth and Development A -1 B 700 mol CO2 mol ) -1 160 30 -1 350 mol CO2 mol 24 120 18 80 12 40 Plant height Plant (cm) 6 Nodes (no. plant 0 0 C D 20 4.0 15 3.0 10 2.0 5 1.0 Stem diameter (cm) Internode length (cm) 0 0.0 32/22 36/26 40/30 44/34 32/22 36/26 40/30 44/34 Air temperature (°C) (daytime maximum/nighttime minimum) Sorghum – Vegetative and Reproductive Growth and Development -1 A 700 mol CO2 mol B 80 -1 30 350 mol CO2 mol ) ) -1 -1 60 24 18 40 (g plant 12 (g plant Total dry weight dry Total 20 weightSeed dry 6 0 0 C D 0.4 20 ) -1 0.3 15 0.2 10 Seedsize (mg seed Harvest index 0.1 5 0.0 0 32/22 36/26 40/30 44/34 32/22 36/26 40/30 44/34 Air temperature (°C) (daytime maximum/nighttime minimum) Sorghum – Reproductive Growth and Development -1 7 00 mol CO mol -1 A 2 A 32/22°C 7 00 mol CO mol 2000 -1 30 2 ) 3 50 mol CO 2 mol -1 -1 3 50 mol CO 2 mol 1500 20 1000 ) (no. anther -1 Pollen production 500 10 0 B 0 100 B 36/26°C 30 75 (%) 20 50 Pollen viability 25 10 0 C 0 100 s (mg weightseed eed Individual C 40/30°C 30 75 (%) 50 20 pollen germination 25 10 In-vitro 0 32/22 36/26 40/30 44/34 0 0 10 20 30 40 Air temperature (°C) (daytime max imum/nighttime minimum) Time after tagging (d) Wheat – Some Crop Statistics • Provides 20% of the energy and 25% of the protein requirements of over 6 billion population. • 2004 stats are: Area = 217 Million ha Production = 633 Million Mt Average yield = 2.84 t ha-1. Wheat – Production Trends 100 100 Year 2004, Area = 215.8 Mha, Production = 627.1 MMt Area 80 Production 80 60 60 40 40 Wheat production, MMt Wheat production, Wheat production area, Mha Wheat production 20 20 0 0 USA India China N.a.N. Turkey France Ukraine Canada Pakistan Australia Germany Russian Fed. Wheat – Production Trends 20 20 Year 2004 Year 2004, Area = 215.8 Mha, Production = 627.1 MMt Area Production 15 15 10 10 Wheat production, % 5 5 Wheat production area, % 0 0 USA India China N.a.N. Turkey France Ukraine Canada Pakistan Australia Germany Argentina Kazakhstan Russian Fed. Wheat – Production Trends 10 8 Germany, r2 = 0.94, 111 kg yr-1 France, r2 = 0.93, 114 kg yr-1 -1 6 2 -1 4 China, r = 0.97, 87 kg yr USA, r2 = 0.81, 26 kg yr-1 Wheat yield, t ha t yield, Wheat World, r2 = 0.97, 42 kg yr-1 India, r2 = 0.97, 50 kg yr-1 2 Australia, r2 = 0.40, 18 kg yr-1 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Wheat and Phenology Temperature Effects on Flowering to maturity Soybean Production Statistics Soybean the most important protein and oilseed crop globally (FAO, 2004).
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