IASCP 2006 Paper Name Kim Beazley Mailing Address Darwin College, University of Cambridge, CB3 9EU, U.K. Email
[email protected] ENCLOSING THE PRISTINE MYTH: THE CASE OF MADHAV NATIONAL PARK, INDIA 1. INTRODUCTION Indian national park (NP) policy is largely exclusionary. It seeks to preserve nature from the ‘ravages’ of human use by delineating an administratively controlled, ‘empty’ and ‘pristine’ space that denies any significant place for local people in the landscape. State governments are required ‘to…prevent [park] exploitation or occupation’.1 Considerable restrictions on local access have been imposed, extending in some cases to village relocation. This exclusionary policy increasingly faces widespread opposition, primarily from local people living on the peripheries of NPs. By the late 1980s, according to an Indian Institute of Public Administration survey, the majority of protected area (PA) authorities in India were filing cases against local people for various illegal activities such as hunting and setting reserves on fire, whilst also having to deal with ever more physical confrontations between such local communities and PA staff.2 Since then the scale and intensity of such local opposition has continued to escalate. In 1998, Lisu tribals attacked forest camps and injured foresters in Namdapha, Arunachal. In July 2000 police fired seventeen rounds to disperse villagers agitating over grazing rights in Ranthambhore, Rajasthan, and in August 2002, in the same reserve, villagers assaulted police personnel, resulting in retaliation through open fire. Exclusion has become a ‘hated term’3 that precipitates severe and relentless local animosity. Such problems came to a head earlier this year when reports emerged that the tiger had been totally exterminated from the well-known Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan.