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Gestión Sustentable Del Agua Subterránea

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Gestión Sustentable Del Agua Subterránea Briefing Note Series GW MATE BriefingBriefing Note Note Series Series BANCO MUNDIAL Groundwater programa asociado de la GWP Groundwater• world bank Management GW MATE Briefing Note Series global water partnership associate program Advisory Team Management Advisory Team 38808 SustainableGestión Sustentable Groundwater del Agua Management: Subterránea Concepts Leccionesand Tools de la Práctica Public Disclosure Authorized Colección de Casos Esquemáticos Caso 8 China: Hacia el Uso Sustentable del Recurso Hídrico Subterráneo para Riego Agrícola en la Llanura Septentrional China Diciembre 2004 Public Disclosure Authorized Autores: Stephen Foster y Héctor Garduño Gerentes de Proyecto: Douglas Olson y Liping Jiang (EAP) Organismos Contraparte: Ministerio de Recursos Hídricos (Ministry of Water Resources, MWR), Instituto de Recursos Hídricos y Energía Hidroeléctrica (Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower, IWRH) y la Oficina de Recursos Hídricos del Condado Guantao (Guantao County Water Resources Bureau, GCWRB) GW•MATE provee asistencia en el proyecto para la Conservación de Agua del MWR, financiado por el Banco Mundial y cuya meta es promover “ahorros reales de agua´ en la agricultura de riego y reducir así la actual extracción excesiva de las reservas de agua subterránea de la Llanura Septentrional China. Los esfuerzos para la gestión del agua subterránea se concentran en proyectos pilotos a nivel nacional. El Condado Guantao Public Disclosure Authorized es uno de estos proyectos, representativo de regiones que explotan tanto acuíferos someros como profundos de agua dulce. La agencia local ejecutiva del proyecto es la GCWRB, apoyada por institutos de investigación nacionales. Estas agencias e instituciones facilitaron la información básica y aportes clave para el presente caso esquemático; sin embargo las opiniones vertidas son de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores. CONTEXTO GENERAL DEL CASO ESQUEMÁTICO El Reto de la Gestión de los Recursos Hídricos Subterráneos ● La sustentabilidad de la extracción intensiva de agua para la agricultura de riego desde el extenso sistema acuífero cuaternario de la Llanura Septentrional China constituye uno de los asuntos más Public Disclosure Authorized importantes de gestión de recursos hídricos en el mundo. La región tiene una población mayor a 200 millones de habitantes y es el centro nacional predominante para la producción de maíz y trigo, así como una región industrial de extrema importancia. Los enfoques para la gestión de los recursos hídricos subterráneos que se discuten representan un intento por compensar los poten- cialmente serios impactos socio-económicos que probablemente experimente el área si continúa la extracción no-controlada de agua subterránea. ● Los continuos y muy extensos abatimientos, tanto en el acuífero libre somero como en el acuífero profundo semi-confinado (Figura1) y sus efectos secundarios asociados, dan lugar a serias preocu- 1 BriefingBriefing Note Note Series Series GWGW MA MATETE BriefingBriefingBriefingBriefing Note Note Note Note Series Series Series Series BANCO MUNDIAL GroundwaterGroundwater GroundwaterGroundwater globalprograma water partnership asociado associate de la GWP program ManagementManagement AdvisoryAdvisory TeamTeam ManagementManagement AdvisoryAdvisory TeamTeam Figura 1: Mapa esquemático de la Llanura Septentrional China mostrando la distribución de áreas con marcado abatimiento del acuífero. MONTAAS DAMAGUN SHAN I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I N I I I Qinhuangdao Condado de I Fangshan I Tangshan BEIJING I I I I N I A I Tianjin H I S I I O Baoding Ha I i He G I N I I M a r d e A I H I X I I X B o h a i A I I T I Cangzhou I S I A I I Shijiazhuang A I T I N I Dezhou O I I o) M rill I a Xingtai Am I o (R I e H I g n I a u I H I Condado de rea con abatimientos >40m en HandanI Guantao el nivel piezomtrico del acufero I confinado profundo de agua dulce I desde 1960 I I rea con abatimientos >20m en O el nivel fretico del acufero somero de agua dulce desde 1960 I I I lmite del acufero aluvial lnea de la seccin hidrogeolgica X X (Figura 2) 0 km 100 lnea de la seccin del nivel del O O agua subterrnea (Figura 4) paciones. Se requiere que las reducciones de las extracciones de agua subterránea incluyan la introducción a gran escala de “medidas de ahorro reales de agua” (con los incentivos apropiados y monitoreando su efectividad), junto con el eventual incremento de la recarga del acuífero con los excedentes de escurrimiento superficial y (de ser posible y cuidadosamente manejado) con agua residual urbana. En particular, se ha recomendado considerar el agua dulce del acuífero profundo como una reserva estratégica de agua potable, que en el largo plazo se debería de explotar solo para: • usos de alto valor y baja demanda de agua, donde no existe una fuente alternativa fácil • la mitigación de condiciones de escasez en el abastecimiento de agua en condiciones de sequía extrema. Aún cuando hay presión por la adaptación de este tipo de políticas, su implementación no es directa; y a largo plazo no es muy probable que resulte en cambios fundamentales de la actividad económica en parte de la región. ● Durante los últimos 25 años el marco legal e institucional de China en materia de los recursos hídricos ha estado evolucionando desde una gestión fragmentada a un enfoque integrado de gestión, y se estima que hoy en día se cuenta con los elementos suficientes que permitan enfoques complementarios “top-down” (de arriba hacia abajo) y “bottom-up” (de abajo hacia arriba). Pero, la gestión del agua subterránea en particular todavía tiene que superar ciertos obstáculos e inercias 2 Briefing Note Series GW MATE BriefingBriefing Note Note Series Series BANCO MUNDIAL Groundwater Groundwater programa asociado de la GWP Management Advisory Team Management Advisory Team institucionales, mediante el establecimiento de un sistema de derechos de agua realista, la consoli- dación de herramientas económicas, una participación cada vez mayor de los grupos interesados, la consideración conjunta de las fronteras administrativos con la realidad hidrogeológica, y superando las “inercias institucionales”. Las lecciones aprendidas de este proceso podrían ser aportes valiosos para los esfuerzos nacionales en el diseño de un sistema de derechos de agua operacional en la implementación de la nueva Ley de Agua de Agosto de 2004. Estructura Hidrogeológica de la Llanura Septentrional China ● El presente caso esquemático cubre primordialmente la parte de la Llanura Septentrional China dentro de la Cuenca del Río Hai, incluyendo a los municipios de Beijing y Tianjin así como la mayor parte de la provincia de Hebei y de las provincias occidentales de Shangdong. Esta área semi-árida en el noreste de China se caracteriza por inviernos fríos y secos (diciembre-marzo) y veranos cálidos y húmedos (julio-septiembre). El área (y la región entera) comprende tres ambientes hidrogeológicos distintos (Figura 2): • la planicie de piedemonte, con pendiente suave y grandes abanicos aluviales abajo del escarpe de las montañas • la planicie aluvial principal (llamada Heilongang) con muchos lechos de ríos abandonados • la planicie costera en las orillas del Mar de Bohai. ● Por debajo de la mayor parte del Heilongang se encuentra una capa de agua salobre, cubierta por lentes de agua subterránea más dulces y por debajo, en su totalidad, se halla un acuífero profundo de agua dulce. Las observaciones siguientes se pueden generalizar sobre la hidrogeología del sistema complejo del acuífero Cuaternario de la Llanura Septentrional China (Figura 2): • la permeabilidad (conductividad hidráulica) y capacidad de almacenamiento (rendimiento específico) se incrementan hacia los escarpes que constituyen la frontera del sistema acuífero al oeste y al norte Figura 2: Sección transversal de la Llanura Septentrional China mostrando la estructura hidrogeológica general OESTE ESTE Montaas m Taihang Shan +1000 +800 +600 +400 planicie (inclinada) planicie de Inundacin franja de piedemonte (Heilongang) costera +200 Mar de Bohai 0 0 Q4 -200 -200 Q3 -400 Q2 -600 -800 agua salobre Q1 -1000 edad aproximada de los Q1 depsitos Cuaternarios 0 km 100 acuferos de agua dulce (se indica el tamao relativo de los granos) 3 Briefing Note Series GW MATE BriefingBriefing Note Note Series Series BANCO MUNDIAL Groundwater Groundwater programa asociado de la GWP Management Advisory Team Management Advisory Team • la capacidad de infiltración y las tasas de recarga natural (por agua de lluvia y ríos) tienden a incre- mentarse en la misma dirección • a cierta distancia de los escarpes existen acuitardos con espesor y continuidad suficientes para delimitar el acuífero en capas, lo cual provoca un comportamiento hidráulico de tipo confinado del acuífero profundo de agua dulce • por debajo de gran parte de la planicie de inundación Heilongang y la franja costera, la secuencia incluye un acuífero suprayacente salobre de gran extensión, y también pueden existir intrusiones locales de agua de mar más recientes • este acuífero salobre está cubierto por lentes de agua subterránea más dulce, asociados a la gran cantidad de cauces de agua superficial existentes históricamente y de grandes canales de riego. ASUNTOS Y PREOCUPACIONES RELACIONADOS CON LOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS SUBTERRÁNEOS ● La población y la actividad económica han crecido en forma importante en los últimos 25 años, y gran parte de este desarrollo ha estado dependiendo fuertemente de los recursos hídricos subte- rráneos. La enorme explotación del agua subterránea (estimada en 27.000 Mm3/a en 1988 en la Cuenca Hai He) ha traído grandes beneficios socioeconómicos en términos de empleos agrícolas, alivio de la pobreza, producción de granos, así como el abastecimiento de agua potable e industrial, pero también ha encontrado dificultades cada vez mayores. Las principales preocupaciones caen principalmente en las siguientes categorias: • abatimiento del nivel freático en el acuífero dulce somero • abatimientos en la superficie piezométrica del acuífero dulce profundo • riesgo de salinización como resultado del inadecuado control del bombeo.
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