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Distinction Without Separation: Challenging Contemporary Yoga-Christian Praxis Dialogue Through a Comparison of Striving and Personal

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Distinction Without Separation: Challenging Contemporary Yoga-Christian Praxis Dialogue Through a Comparison of Striving and Personal Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Religious Studies Theses Department of Religious Studies 5-3-2007 Distinction without Separation: Challenging Contemporary Yoga- Christian Praxis Dialogue Through a Comparison of Striving and Personal Transformation in the Yoga-Sūtra and the Life of Moses Scott William Hodgman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/rs_theses Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Hodgman, Scott William, "Distinction without Separation: Challenging Contemporary Yoga-Christian Praxis Dialogue Through a Comparison of Striving and Personal Transformation in the Yoga-Sūtra and the Life of Moses." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2007. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/rs_theses/7 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Religious Studies at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Religious Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DISTINCTION WITHOUT SEPARATION: CHALLENGING CONTEMPORARY YOGA-CHRISTIAN PRAXIS DIALOGUE THROUGH A COMPARISON OF STRIVING AND PERSONAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE YOGA-SŪTRA AND THE LIFE OF MOSES by SCOTT W. HODGMAN Under the direction of Kathryn McClymond ABSTRACT In contemporary society, distinct traditions are bleeding into one another, blurring traditional lines of inquiry and historically significant boundaries. This phenomenon frames this project and creates the context for the Yoga-Christian praxis dialogue this study constructively critiques. Unfortunately, this dialogue exhibits an Eliadean concern for essentialism and universality. I challenge this trend by juxtaposing two distinct texts, Patañjali‘s Yoga-Sūtra and Gregory of Nyssa’s Life of Moses. These texts point to the similar idea that without striving and personal transformation neither the yogic practitioner nor practicing Christian logically subsists. More importantly, however, from this point of correspondence I constructively critique the Yoga-Christian praxis dialogue by concretely engaging these texts and paying particular attention to the differences inherent in them. My comparison, then, suggests how attention to particularity points to a more authentic dialogue: what I wish to call a dialogue of distinction without separation. INDEX WORDS: Yoga, Christian spirituality, Patañjali, Gregory of Nyssa, Yoga-Sūtra, Life of Moses, personal transformation, praxis, comparative study, Hindu-Christian dialogue, Early Church Fathers, patristic DISTINCTION WITHOUT SEPARATION: CHALLENGING CONTEMPORARY YOGA-CHRISTIAN PRAXIS DIALOGUE THROUGH A COMPARISON OF STRIVING AND PERSONAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE YOGA-SŪTRA AND THE LIFE OF MOSES by SCOTT W. HODGMAN A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2007 Copyright by Scott William Hodgman 2007 DISTINCTION WITHOUT SEPARATION: CHALLENGING CONTEMPORARY YOGA-CHRISTIAN PRAXIS DIALOGUE THROUGH A COMPARISON OF STRIVING AND PERSONAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE YOGA-SŪTRA AND THE LIFE OF MOSES by SCOTT W. HODGMAN Major Professor: Kathryn McClymond Committee: Timothy Renick Christopher White Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people whose help contributed to this project’s completion. Two in particular bear noting. Because this project is focused on texts, I wish to express my deepest appreciation to those individuals who opened my eyes to the Yoga-Sūtra and the Life of Moses. First and foremost I would like to thank Father Tom Francis, O.C.S.O. with whom I enjoyed numerous conversations on Yoga and Christianity. Father Tom was responsible for directing my attention to the Life of Moses after I expressed interest in Christian processes of purification and illumination. Through him the Life of Moses has not only entered my vocabulary, but become part of my work as a scholar. Without his encouragement over the years this project would never have seen the light of day. It was during a series of lectures given in Chicago that Gary Kraftsow first introduced me to the Yoga-Sūtra. Our shared interest in Yoga and religion opened avenues of inquiry that, otherwise, may not have been traveled down. The conversations that flourished because of our shared interest brought to light Patañjali’s thought in the form of process models. That paved the way for this project while his guidance in reading the text brought to light nuances without which this project would be the poorer. Within my department at Georgia State University three individuals stand out whose support and assistance were instrumental to this project. I would like to acknowledge Doctor Timothy Renick who first encountered my ideas with enthusiasm and whose encouragement was instrumental to entering the field of Religious Studies. Also, I would like to thank Doctor Christopher White and Doctor Kathryn McClymond. A year spent as Doctor White’s research assistant insured I did not lose sight of my inspiration, and it is Doctor McClymond whose direction insured that selfsame inspiration did not overwhelm my responsibility as a scholar. Last, though not in the least, I would iv like to thank my colleagues in the graduate program at Georgia State University, many of whom heard my thoughts and with their questions challenged me to seek ever harder for clarity in what I had to say. And, to those that read through this work in its initial stages, commenting and suggesting revisions, my sincere thanks. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………….. iv SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 1. Scope and Purpose of this Study ……………………...................... 1 2. Methodological Considerations ………………..……………………. 6 II. READING THE TEXT: THE YOGA-SŪTRA 1. Contextualizing the Yoga-Sūtra ……..………………………………. 12 2. Personal Transformation and the Yogic Practitioner ……………... 14 3. Striving and the Yogic Practitioner ………………………………….. 17 III. READING THE TEXT: THE LIFE OF MOSES 1. Contextualizing the Life of Moses ………………..……………….… 22 2. Personal Transformation and the Practicing Christian ….………... 25 3. Striving and the Practicing Christian ………………………………... 30 IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1. Striving and Personal Transformation …….………………………... 37 2. Further Considerations …………………….………………………… 42 V. CONCLUSION 1. Concluding Thoughts ………….……………………………………... 44 WORKS CONSULTED ……………………………………..…………………. 47 vi 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1. Scope and Purpose of this Study In contemporary society, distinct traditions are bleeding into one another, blurring traditional lines of inquiry and historically significant contextual boundaries. For instance, to a modern Christian audience Gregory of Nyssa might be an unknown figure from a distant past whose world and thought may seem irrelevant. That same audience might be well aware, however, of Yoga even though this practice is outside the historical boundaries of the Christian tradition. This socio-cultural phenomenon frames this project and creates the context for the Yoga-Christian praxis dialogue this study constructively critiques. This dialogue is a growing discourse due to recent studies focusing on practical methods for Christian appropriation of Yoga. However, these studies primarily focus on asserting a practical and dialogical compatibility between Yoga and Christian religious praxis.1 My study, on the other hand, focuses on differences as well as similarities. Take Thomas Ryan’s Prayer of Heart and Body (1995). Ryan depicts various yogic practices and metaphysical concepts as they might be appropriated by practicing Christians. In the process, however, he fails to contextualize Yoga, suggesting that a multiplicity of historically separate schools is a “universal science.”2 This unified trans- traditional Yoga is then easily harmonized with Christian thought, resulting in a practical if superficial manual for the Christian. Another example is Justin O’Brien’s A Meeting of 1 The Yoga-Christian praxis dialogue grows out of the unique practical and dialogical concerns of Western appropriation of Asian spiritual forms. It inhabits a different trajectory from comparative work such as Mircea Eliade’s The Sacred and The Profane. Nonetheless, the Yoga-Christian praxis dialogue exhibits an Elidean concern for essentialism and universality. This stands in stark contrast to other comparative discourses that have matured because of post-colonial and post-modern critiques. 2 Thomas Ryan, Prayer of Heart and Body: Meditation and Yoga in Christian Practices (New York: Paulist Press, 1995), 129. 2 Mystic Paths (1996). O’Brien targets a Western audience and asserts that Yoga can help recover the spiritual dimension lost by Christianity.3 In doing this, O’Brien privileges thematic compatibility over the historical or contextual concerns that inevitably arise in cross-cultural comparisons. As a result, his study feels like it is recovering a supra- historical wisdom common to both Christianity and Yoga. This is not to say that some scholarship is not engaging the topic critically or responsibly. Thomas Matus’ Yoga and the Jesus Prayer Tradition (1984) critically examines Eastern Orthodox hesychasm in a comparative discourse with tantric yoga. Matus draws on the thought of Symeon the New Theologian and that of Abhinavagupta, creating a comparison based on mystical experience. Because of the critical
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