Dottorato in Studi Linguistici, Letterari E Interculturali in Ambito Europeo Ed Extra-Europeo XXXII Ciclo

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Dottorato in Studi Linguistici, Letterari E Interculturali in Ambito Europeo Ed Extra-Europeo XXXII Ciclo Dottorato in Studi linguistici, letterari e interculturali in ambito europeo ed extra-europeo XXXII ciclo Dipartimento di Scienze della mediazione linguistica e di studi interculturali ANALISI CRITICA DEL DISCORSO LESSICOGRAFICO CINESE: UNO STUDIO DIACRONICO DELLO XIANDAI HANYU CIDIAN 现代汉语词典 L-OR/21 Tesi di Dottorato di: Chiara BERTULESSI Matr.: R11620 Tutor: Prof.ssa Bettina MOTTURA Coordinatrice del Dottorato: Prof.ssa Maria Vittoria CALVI A.A. 2018-2019 Sintesi Questa tesi propone uno studio, in prospettiva critica e diacronica, dello Xiandai hanyu cidian 现代汉语词典 (d’ora in avanti XHC), dizionario monolingue di lingua cinese moderna standard (putonghua 普通话), opera centrale nel panorama lessicografico della Repubblica popolare cinese. La compilazione di questo dizionario è affidata all’Istituto di linguistica, appartenente all’Accademia cinese delle scienze e, dalla sua fondazione avvenuta nel 1977, all’Accademia cinese delle scienze sociali, entrambe istituzioni di ricerca poste sotto il diretto controllo del Consiglio di Stato della Repubblica popolare cinese. Pubblicato ufficialmente per la prima volta nel 1978, e oggi giunto alla sua settima edizione (2016), lo XHC venne identificato dalla dirigenza come strumento per la promozione della standardizzazione della lingua comune, nell’ambito del più ampio progetto di riforma della lingua avviato nella seconda metà degli anni Cinquanta del XX secolo. Sul piano teorico, questo lavoro di ricerca si colloca nel campo di studi della lessicografia critica e si basa, inoltre, sulla premessa che i dizionari costituiscono delle forme di discorso, il discorso lessicografico, storicamente determinato (Benson 2001). Secondo tale prospettiva, i dizionari e, quindi, il discorso lessicografico, dovrebbero essere analizzati in relazione alla realtà extra-testuale di compilazione e di fruizione, quali prodotti di tale realtà e, al contempo, quali strumenti che agiscono nella ricezione, la costruzione, il consolidamento e, infine, nella trasmissione dei significati considerati come corretti e accettabili dall’ideologia dominante (Fairclough 1989; Fishman 1995; Hornscheidt 2008; Rodríguez Barcia 2012). L’obiettivo dell’analisi e dell’approccio adottato nello studio di questa opera è verificare se, e secondo quali modalità, il discorso lessicografico costruito dallo XHC rifletta e interagisca con il proprio contesto ideologico e, quindi, politico e sociale, di produzione, pubblicazione e utilizzo. La ricerca intende, inoltre, colmare una lacuna nella letteratura critica su questo dizionario, nell’ambito della quale gli studi che indagano il rapporto tra discorso lessicografico ed elementi ideologici risultano ancora molto limitati (Lee 2014; Hu H., Hai X. e Hao J. 2019). Questa tesi si suddivide in due parti. La prima comprende il primo, il secondo e il terzo capitolo, mentre la seconda è composta dal quarto e dal quinto capitolo. Il primo capitolo ha come oggetto la definizione del quadro teorico di riferimento per questo studio, ossia il rapporto tra lingua e ideologia e, più nello specifico, tra lessicografia e ideologia, elementi fondamentali per la realizzazione di un’analisi critica del discorso lessicografico. Il secondo capitolo mira alla ricostruzione della storia del dizionario oggetto della ricerca e, successivamente, vede la descrizione delle sue caratteristiche formali e lessicografiche. Il terzo capitolo è, invece, dedicato a una valutazione dello stato dell’arte della ricerca sullo XHC. La seconda parte della tesi è incentrata sul caso di studio. Più precisamente, il quarto capitolo descrive nel dettaglio la metodologia definita e seguita per la selezione dei lemmi da sottoporre all’analisi. L’analisi si focalizza, infatti, su ventuno lemmi selezionati a partire dall’interrogazione, con l’utilizzo del software AntConc, di un corpus (che nel corso del lavoro chiamerò corpus secondario, per distinguerlo dal corpus primario, costituito dalle voci dello XHC) appositamente costruito per questo studio. Tale corpus è composto dai Rapporti sul lavoro del governo (1964-2017), presentati all’Assemblea nazionale del popolo, e dai Rapporti al Congresso nazionale del Partito comunista cinese (1969-2017), testi politici che occupano una posizione di primo piano nell’ambito del discorso ufficiale della dirigenza della Repubblica popolare cinese. L’interrogazione del corpus secondario e la selezione delle parole e, quindi, dei lemmi, si sono basate su criteri di natura sia qualitativa (caratteristiche morfologiche e semantiche) che quantitativa (numero di occorrenze). Infine, il quinto capitolo è dedicato all’analisi, in prospettiva critica e diacronica, delle definizioni dei lemmi selezionati, che sono state raccolte attraverso la consultazione delle edizioni dello XHC. Il caso di studio prende in esame tutte le edizioni dell’opera, dalla prima alla settima (1978, 1983, 1996, 2002, 2005, 2012, 2016), insieme all’edizione definita ‘di prova’ (shiyongben 试用本), stampata nel 1973, e all’edizione supplementare (bubian 补编) del 1989. A ciascuna voce è dedicata una sezione che analizza sia la natura delle definizioni, inclusi gli eventuali esempi lessicografici, sia la loro evoluzione in prospettiva diacronica, valutando le modalità secondo cui le definizioni (accezioni ed esempi) costruiscono un determinato significato del lemma, anche in relazione al contesto ideologico, politico e sociale del dizionario. La parte finale è, infine, incentrata sull’elaborazione delle riflessioni conclusive, nelle quali si evidenzia, in primo luogo, come e con quali caratteristiche il discorso lessicografico costruito dalle voci dello XHC si relazioni con il contesto di compilazione e, in particolare, con la formulazione ufficiale e i significati che la dirigenza attribuisce a determinati concetti. La sezione conclusiva è, inoltre, dedicata alla discussione in merito all’approccio critico adottato in questo lavoro di ricerca. Parole chiave: Xiandai hanyu cidian 现代汉语词典; lessicografia cinese; lessicografia critica; discorso lessicografico; ideologia. Abstract This dissertation proposes a study, from a critical and diachronic perspective, of the Xiandai hanyu cidian 现代汉语词典 (hereinafter XHC), a monolingual dictionary of standard modern Chinese (putonghua 普通话) which plays a central role within the lexicographical field of the People’s Republic of China. The compilation of the dictionary is entrusted to the Institute of Linguistics belonging to the Chinese Academy of Sciences and, since its foundation in 1977, to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, which are both research institutions placed under direct control of the State Council. Officially published for the first time in 1978, and now in its seventh edition (2016), the XHC was conceived by the political leadership as a tool for promoting the standardisation and the popularisation of the common language, within the broader project for language reform in the 1950s. This research adopts the theoretical framework of critical lexicography, and it is based on the premise that a dictionary can be analysed as a form of discourse and, specifically, as a form of lexicographical discourse, which is also to be understood as being historically specific (Benson 2001). According to this perspective, the contents of language dictionaries and, therefore, their lexicographical discourse, should be considered in relation to the extra-textual reality where their compilation and their fruition take place. They can be seen both as products of their extra-textual reality and as tools playing an active role in the reception, construction, and consolidation, as well as in the dissemination of those meanings that are considered as correct and acceptable by the dominant ideology (Fairclough 1989; Fishman 1995; Hornscheidt 2008, Rodríguez Barcia 2012). The objective of the analysis is to verify whether and to what extent the lexicographical discourse constructed by the XHC reflects and interacts with its extra- textual, ideological, and, therefore, political and social context. The research intends to fill a gap in the critical literature on this dictionary, in which the studies investigating the relationship between lexicographical discourse and ideological elements are, at the present day, still very limited (Lee 2014; Hu H., Hai X. and Hao J. 2019). This dissertation is divided into two main parts: the first consists of the first, the second and the third chapters and the second includes the fourth and the fifth chapters. The first chapter centres upon the definition of the theoretical framework of the study and, specifically, on the relationship between language and ideology, as well as between lexicography and ideology. The second chapter aims firstly at reconstructing the history of the XHC and, subsequently, describing its formal and lexicographical features. The third chapter is dedicated to an evaluation of the state of the art of the research on the dictionary. The fourth chapter presents the methodology constructed and followed for the selection of the dictionary entries taken into analysis. The selection has been carried out through the use of the software AntConc for the analysis of a corpus specifically built for this study. This corpus comprises reports on the work of the government, usually presented to the National People’s Congress by the Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of China, and reports presented by political leaders to the National Congress of the Chinese Communist party (1964-2017). The analysis and the selection of the words (and, therefore, of the dictionary
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