Appendix A Minimum Amenities for a Suburban Station

Sl. No. Amenities Norms 1 Booking facility (no. of counters) 4 2 Drinking water (no. of taps) 6 taps on each platform 3 Seating arrangement (no. of 10 seats/platforms) 4 Platform shelter (on each platform) 200 sq. m 5 Urinals 4 6 Latrines 2 7 Foot over-bridge 1 8 Water cooler 2 on each platform 9 Platforms High level 10 Lighting arrangement & fans As per Board’s letter no. 2004/Elec (G)/109/1 dated 18.05.2007 11 Timetable display As per instant instructions 12 Clock To be decided by zonal railways 13 Public address system/ computer-based As per instant instructions announcement 14 Parking-cum-circulatory area, with lights 15 Electronic indicator board 16 Public phone booth Source Ministry of Railways, GOI (2014, pp. 10–11)

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Location Cities Along the western bank of the Municipal Corporation, Municipal Corporation, , Hooghly–Chinsurah, Bhadreswar, Chapdani, , , , , , Bally, Along the eastern bank of the Hooghly River Municipal Corporation, Kalyani, Gayeshpur, , Halishahar, , , , North , Barrackpore, , , , , , , On the eastern periphery , , , North , Dum Dum, , Gopalpur, , (Salt Lake City) On the southern periphery Sonarpur–Rajpur, ,

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Categories Area (%) Population (%) Municipal Corporations 14.7 39.0 33.2 45.1 Census towns 10.8 7.2 Out-growths 1.0 – Rural area 40.3 8.7 Total 100 100 Source Developed from City Development Plan, KMA (2006)

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District Cities Eastern bank districts Nadia Kalyani, Gayeshpur North 24—Parganas Kanchrapara, Halishahar, Naihati, Bhatpara, Garulia, North Barrackpore, Barrackpore, Titagarh, Khardaha, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Barasat, Madhyamgram, New Barrackpore, , Dum Dum, Rajahat, Gopalpur, South Dum Dum, Bidhannagar (Salt Lake City) Kolkata Kolkata MC South 24—Parganas Maheshtala, Budge Budge, Piyali, Sonarpur–Rajpur, Baruipur Western bank districts Howrah Hoara MC, Bally, Uluberia Hooghly Chandannagar MC, Bansberia, Hooghly–Chinsurah, Bhadreswar, Chapdani, Baidyabati, Serampore, Rishra, Konnagar, Uttarpara

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Railway time Divisions of the Time interval No. of local trains Frequency density day (mins.) 01:45–5:59 Midnight to 254 6 0.02 dawn 6:00–8:29 Early morning 149 20 0.13 8:30–10:25 Morning peak 115 33 0.29 hours 10:30–14:59 Day 274 45 0.16 15:00–16:29 Afternoon 89 12 0.13 16:30–19:30 Evening peak 180 44 0.24 hours 19:31–21:00 Late evening 89 8 0.09 21:01–00:00 Night 179 14 0.08 Source Calculated from Eastern Railway, 2011–12

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Sl. ULBs Size-class distribution of ULBs No. 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 1 Bongaon III III II II II I I 2 Kharagpore II II II I I I I 3 Uttarpara Kotrung IV III II II I I I 4 New Barrackpore III III III II II II 5 – V IV IV III III III 6 Uluberia IV IV III III I I 7 V IV IV III III III III 8 – – V III I I I 9 Bally II I I I I I I 10 Bidhannagar – – – III I I I 11 Madhyamgram – IV III III II I I 12 Maheshtala – I I 13 Pujali – – – – IV III III 14 Raj – – – – – I I arhat—Gopalpu 15 Gayeshpur – IV IV III II II II 16 Kalyani – – IV III II II I 17 V V IV IV III III III 18 – – – – – I I Class I town/ cities: 100,000 and above; Class II town: 50,000–99,999; Class III town: 20,000– 49,999; Class IV town: 10,000–19,999; Class V town: 5000–9999 Data source Census of India 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011

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Utilities % of commuters How Doing some work 80 A time for reading newspaper, books, journals, magazines, etc 12 Scrutinizing answer sheets, preparing teaching notes 7 Making garlands 1 Displaying products 2 Stitching/ Craft design A process of knowledge gaining 85 Commuting provides the scope to meet many people It makes people social It is a space of public discussion Helps to grow confidence 45 Increases exposure and awareness Emancipatory 30 What someone thinks to be burden, can be turned into a gift Keeps privacy 3 ‘Living space should be located at certain distance from the workplace. Otherwise, the privacy is not saved.’ (Ms Biswas) Passion/ hobby/ side-profession 2 Encourages to write novels; to continue boutique A time for recreation 92 Chatting, playing cards, singing songs, listening to music, etc A time only for ‘me’ 11 ‘Both home and work are places of responsibilities where we work for others.’ (continued)

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(continued) Utilities % of commuters How Fashion One Commuter A scope to wear new dresses and matching jewellery Opportunities of Shopping 13 Everyday necessities from hawkers Scenic beauty along the railway 7 Rural landscape and green agricultural fields Atimeforrest 23 By maintaining body clock Physical fitness and mental freshness 17 Routine livelihood, an exposure, cycling/ walking in the morning to reach station Source Empirical Survey, 2014–2017 Appendix H Proposed Timetable

Stations (up/down) Existing departure schedule Proposed departure schedule Bardhaman–Howrah (Down) 8:46 8:46 10:02 9:30 11:22 10:15 11:15 12:24 12: 24 13:40 13:40 14:40 via 14:40 Sealdah via Bandel 15:15 15:00 16:30 15:30 16:30 17: 25 17: 25 18:00 18:00 18:40 18:30 19:52 19:00 19:30 20:00 Howrah–Bardhaman (Up) 12:30 12:30 14:20 13:30 14:20 Source Field Survey, 2014–2016 and again verified in February 2018

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Attributes Figures in percentage A. Marital status of women Unmarried 15.75 Married 73.23 Widow 7.87 Divorced 0.79 Separated 2.36 B. Mothering Women having child 51.18 C. Family types (excluding of those who are unmarried) Joint Family 69.16 Nucleus 28.97 Single 1.87 D. Both husband and wife commuters Per cent 39.37 Source Field Survey, 2014–2016

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A Automatic Ticket Vending Machines Ability to move, 6 (ATVMs), 47, 48 Abstract space, 86 Auto-, 24, 67, 138 Abusive language, 95, 102 Average Annual Growth (AAG) of Accessibility, 6, 8, 9, 36, 50, 58, 77 commuters, 77, 78, 81 Acculturation, 117 Actual mobility, 6 B Added values, 61 Backward linkages, 59 Administrative boundaries, 8 Balli Khal, 38 Adwitiya,The,117 Bally Junction, 119 Affordability, 60, 138 Bamboo towers, 38 Aggregate population, 8 Bandel-Bardhaman section, 73, 74, 76, 77, Agrarian community, 58 79, 81, 126 Agricultural lands, 59 Bandh, 91, 94, 133 Air-pollution, 15 Bangles, 100 Akanda flower (Calotropis gigantean), 135 Bardhaman-Sealdah local train, 120 Alighting, 116 Bardhaman station, 74, 76, 77, 89, 95, 96, Alternating Current (A.C.), 40, 45 120–123, 125–127, 141 Anaemic growth, 16 Bardhaman station bazar market, 141 Anandamela,The,117 Barrackpore-, 50 Announcement system, 119, 127 Barrackpore Trunk (BT) Road, 50, 51 Anthropology, 1, 86, 87 Baskets, 67, 92 Apartment culture, 68 Bazaar Kolkata, 68 ‘B’ class line, 21 Areal differentiation, 74 Beauty-parlour, 141 Area pattern, 73 Beetle leaves, 44, 93, 120 Armchair spectator, 110 Bengali, 21, 25, 66, 80, 88, 91, 101, 111, 117 Army-base, 50 Bhagalpur station, 39 Arrival, 13, 89, 91, 99, 119, 125 Bi-cycle, 11, 67, 138, 139 Arthritis, 100, 112 Bicycling campaign, 139 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 138–140 Binary, 132, 151 As usual relation, 100 Binary options, 25 Auto-drivers, 25, 26 Biological difference, 132 Automated Teller Machine (ATM), 68 Biophilia, 95

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Bitter experience, 98 Chief Minister, The, 21, 139 , 98 Chief Public Relation Officer (CPRO), 47 Block Development Officer (B.D.O.), 99, Chikon embroidery, 66 108 Child rearing, 134 Blood donation, 118 Chronological, 37 Blouse piece, 100 Cinematic, 110 Blurring rural-urban boundaries, 8, 58, 60 Circular migration, 5, 60 Board of directors, 38 Class-I cities, 51 Body language, 142 Class-II towns, 43, 165 Boiled eggs, 101, 120 Class-III towns, 43, 51, 66, 165 Booking Supervisor General, 22 Cleanliness, 13, 119–121 Border-lying districts, 17, 46, 51 Close-ended questions, 25 Bori-Bunder, 21, 37 Club, 114, 118 Bottom-up approach, 60 Club on wheels, 114 Boutique, 111 Coaches, 18, 39, 40, 45, 47, 93, 94, 99, 110, Brake-van, 39 111, 119, 120, 126, 141, 142 Breadwinners, 137 Co-commuters, 96, 106, 107, 111, 115, 116, Break-point, 67 118 Bridges, 7 Code of conduct, 102 British, 44, 45 Cognitive, 15, 17, 86, 95 Budget, 123 Colonial India, 21, 44 Bunker, 91, 116 Colonial period, 21, 41, 44 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, 13 Commercial capital, 38 Bus riders, 115 Commercial employer, 38 Bus-stand, 81 Community Development Blocks (C.D.B.), 23 Community on wheels, 16 C Commute experiences, 14, 92 Cancer, 93, 101 Commuter friends, 26, 97, 101, 111–113, Canning line, 98 115–118, 152 Cantonment, 58 Commuter trains, 13, 18, 108, 150 Cape of Good Hope, 38 Commute time, 15, 106, 107, 110–113, 115, Capital, 4, 19, 21, 38, 44, 53, 57, 59–61, 67, 117, 128, 151, 167 152 Commuting, 2, 3, 5, 7–12, 14–18, 23, 24, Cartograms, 25 26, 35–37, 42, 44–53, 57–63, 67–69, Casual leave, 89 73, 74, 78, 79, 82, 85–88, 90, 91, 93, Catalyst, 42 96, 98, 102, 105–109, 111–115, 117, Cecilia Tacoli, 59–61 118, 120, 131–135, 137, 138, 141, Census of India, 2, 23, 43, 51, 52, 63, 137, 144, 145, 149–152, 167 165 Compartmentalised model, 59 Census Towns (C.T.s), 16, 42, 43, 57, 63–66, Compartmentalization, 59 69, 159 Complaint book, 124 Central Business District (CBD), 18, 39, 45 Confectionaries, 141 Central government, 63, 123 Connecting trains, 123, 126, 140 Central Indian Railway, 38 Connectivity, 4, 8–10, 36, 39, 51, 53, 58, 61, Chair-car, 94, 110 67, 68 Chaiwala, 101 Consumerism, 11 Chakka jam, 94 Continuous urban belt, 75, 79 Chartered bus, 99 Conurbation, 18–20, 39, 42, 45, 46, 49 Chatting, 88, 112, 113, 115, 152, 167 Coordinates, 85, 90 , 39, 45 Core cities, 17, 36 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, 21, 37 Core-periphery divide, 50 Chicago school of thought, 1 Cosmetics, 80, 109 Index 175

Cosmopolitanism, 5 Domestic duties, 111 Counter-urbanisation, 10, 11 Domestic space, 5 Country cheese, 120 Downstream, 67, 75 Countryside, 61, 64 Down-train, 120 COVID-19, 7 Downward social mobility, 5 Cropping intensity, 75 Drivers, 12, 106, 115, 124, 139, 140 Crystallized orb, 57 Dualistic background, 106 Cultural programmes, 44, 114 Dutch, 44 Cultural resonances, 8 Cultural resource, 14 Culture, 5, 15, 57, 58, 66, 68, 69, 79–81, 88, E 91, 95, 107, 108, 110 Earphone, 151 Customers’ satisfaction, 13, 118 Earrings, 101 Cycling, 110 Eastern bank of the Hooghly River, 42, 44, 157 Eastern India, 19, 21, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 97 D Eastern Railway, 19, 22, 23, 37, 45–48, 76, Daily identity, 15, 106, 113 98, 124, 163 Daily mobility, 1, 16, 116 Company, 21, 37, 38, 45 Daily oscillation, 8 East Indian Railway (EIR), 38 Daily Passengers’ Association, 123 Eco-friendly transport, 13 Daily practice, 112 Economic diversification, 16 Daily wage labourers, 94 Edward O. Wilson, 95 Danish, 44 Efficiency, 38 Himalayan Railway (DHR), 110 Electric Multiple Units (EMUs), 21, 39–41, Day-to-day experience, 14, 91, 93, 98, 102 45, 47, 124, 127, 144 Day-to-day lives, 111, 128 Electrification of suburban railways, 17, 36, Dead time, 3, 14, 150, 151 52 Decadal growth rate, 51 Elementary job, 10 Decentralisation policy, 17, 37 Emancipate, 113 Delay, 12, 15, 106, 119, 124 Emotion, 14, 86 Delhi gang-rape 2012, 141 Empirical research, 4, 17, 20, 22–24, 53, 62, Demography, 43 64, 68, 105, 106, 123, 131, 133, 145 Departure, 13, 22, 119, 125, 127, 169 Employee, 13, 38, 88, 97, 112, 114 Design of vehicles, 13 English-medium schools, 68, 80 Destination station, 89, 91, 111, 114 Ethnic styles, 80 Determinants of commuting, 9 Ethnographic, 5, 6, 25, 26, 85, 86 Deterritorialization, 4 European colonialists, 44 Developed countries, 2, 8, 10, 11, 13, 136 Evening peak-hours, 47, 48, 100, 163 Developing countries, 2, 8, 10, 11, 42, 64, Event-space, 91 82, 114, 138, 150 Ever fleeting, 14, 91, 151 Diagnostic centres, 68 Everyday life, 5, 73, 86 Dialogical approach, 25 Eviction, 5 Diffused urbanisation, 36, 53, 63 Expensive, 116 Digital society, 7 Experiencescape, 17, 85, 91, 92, 96, 102, Direct Current (D.C.), 40, 45 149, 151 Discounts, 101 Exposure, 12, 14, 53, 61, 96, 106, 108, 114, Distantiation, 4 115, 167, 168 Distant villages, 82 Express trains, 94, 99 Diurnal variation, 48 Divisional Railway Manager’s Office (DRMO), 23 F Dizzy, 111 Family, 112 176 Index

Fashion, 80, 168 Geometric space, 86 Feeder roads, 13 Ghughni, 101 Fees structure, 117 Gift, 112 Femininity, 131 Global, 4–6 Ferry, 39 Globalization, 4 First-class compartment, 39 Good-for-nothing, 58 First language, 80 Goods’ carriage, 37, 40, 89, 123–125 Fishermen, 120 Governmental entrepreneur, 123 Fishing net, 67 Government Railway Police (GRP), 97 Fishing rod, 67 Great Indian Peninsular Railway, 37, 38 Five-point scale, 25 Green flag, 39 Flexibility, 7, 12, 13 Green-technology, 13 Floating population, 8 Grooming, 141 Fluid space, 105, 149, 150 Gross earnings, 39, 48 Flyover, 125 Grounded research, 138 Focal points of growth, 64 Growth pole model, 59, 60 Focal song, 139 Gun-salute, 37 Focussed Group Discussion (FGD), 26 Gutkha, 93, 120 Football player, 118 Foot-binding, 133 Footprint, 12 H Forced migrant, 5 Haat, 66 Formal interviews, 26 Half-annual tickets, 94, 121 Formal space, 87 Hawker, 23, 25, 26, 85, 91, 99–102, 107, 110, Forward linkages, 59 122, 128, 141, 142, 168 Fragmentation, 106 Hawkers’ association, 100 Freedom, 4, 5, 108, 109, 131, 133 Head Post Office, 68 Freight trains, 40 Headquarter, 19, 45, 68 Frequency, 23, 48, 76 Health hazards, 143 Frequency density, 48, 163 Hearing inability, 6, 12 Friends’ circle, 118 Heterogeneity, 90, 117 Friendship, 118 Higher secondary school, 68, 111 Fringe areas, 36 Hindi, 80 Fun, 112–114 Hinterland, 53, 74, 81 Functional population, 8 Holidays, 92, 112, 113, 144, 152 Functional region, 36, 42, 53, 58 Holistic, 24 Homemakers, 6, 10, 137 Home-space, 58, 114 G Hooghly-Chinsurah, 44, 75, 157, 161 Galloping trains, 126 Hooghly River, The, 20, 42, 44, 46, 51, 75 Ganga River, The, 44 Hool Express, 94 Garlands, 21, 107, 109, 114, 135, 151, 167 Household responsibility, 134, 135 Garlic, 66, 102 Howrah-Bandel section, 73, 77, 80, 81 Gas lighter, 100 Howrah-Bardhaman Chord Railway Line, Gateway, 19, 67 98, 119 Gender, 3, 5, 6, 9, 18, 108, 113, 131–133, Howrah-Bardhaman Main Suburban 135, 138, 139 Railway Line, 18 Gender-blind, 132 Howrah-Bardhaman Super via Main, 125 Gendered mobilities, 3, 132, 134 Howrah division, 19, 22, 24, 37, 46–48, 78, General compartments, 98, 100, 101, 126, 97, 124, 125 127, 141, 142 Howrah-Memari local trains, 76, 77, 93 Geographical Information System (GIS), Howrah Municipal Corporation, 157 150 Howrah-Pandua local trains, 76 Index 177

Howrah station, 19, 21, 22, 38, 39, 45, 47, 48, Izzat monthly, 79, 82 74, 76, 95, 120, 122–125, 127, 142 Human geography, 73 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), 107 J Humidity, 111 Jeep, 138, 139 Hurry hours, 26 Jessore Road, 51 Hybrid, 88, 132 Job status, 10 Hypothesis, 53 Joint family, 115, 136, 171 Jostling, 116, 142 Journey-to-work, 11, 73, 74, 87, 134 I Junction station, 19, 20, 45, 125, 142 Imaginative mobility, 4 Junk jewellery, 80 Immigration, 46, 51 Jurisdiction limit, 45, 47 Immobile objects, 77 Jute-belts, 44 Immobile stages, 26 Immobility, 1, 6, 7, 81 K Incense sticks, 114 Kalyani, 49, 50, 157, 161 Independence, The, 41, 51 Kana Nadi, 66 India, 2, 8, 10–13, 16, 18, 19, 21–23, 36– Karmakshetra,The,117 46, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61–64, 66, 82, 96, Karmasangsthan,The,117 99, 102, 108, 110, 111, 118, 121, 123, Kaviguru Express, 94 136, 137, 139 Kettle, 102 Indian Rupee (INR), 51, 68, 79, 94, 125, 137 Kinetic city, 4 Indian sub-continent, 21, 37 Kinetic elite, 6 Indigenous tools, 67 Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), 17, 23, Industrialisation, 21, 44 35–37, 42–51, 53, 64, 65, 68, 73, 75, Informal conversation, 89 149, 152, 157, 159, 161, 165 Informal interview, 22, 23, 25 Kolkata Metropolitan Development Informal public transit, 139 Authority (KMDA), 23, 26, 36, 43, Informal workers, 94 45, 49, 51 Information and Communication Technolo- Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), 42, gies (ICT), 4, 109 50, 157 In-migrants, 66 network, 16–19, Inner belt, 152 39, 45, 46, 97 Inner cities, 36 Kurtis, 100 Innovation, 60 In-situ policies, 8, 59 Intangible, 14, 57, 91, 92, 151 L Integrated Child Development Scheme Labour market, 8 (ICDS), 97, 113 Ladies’ compartment, 92–94, 98, 100, 107, Intelligent environment, 4 112–114, 118, 127, 141, 142, 144 Intercity Express, 94 Ladies special local trains, 93 Interdepartmental connection, 114 Ladies toilet, 143 Intergenerational occupational mobility, 5 Lady attendants, 137, 140 Intermediary market centres, 62 Lakh, 20, 40, 51, 63 International migration, 3, 132 Landless poor, 16, 61 Intersectionality, 6 Land values, 16, 35, 36, 42, 50, 51, 68 Inter-station distance, 73, 77, 81 Large scale mobilities, 16, 150 Inter-train time difference, 73, 76, 81 Laundry, 140, 141 Inter-urban transit, 51 Layers of society, 108, 115 Interview, 23–26, 67, 92, 93, 108, 116, 143 Left Front Government, 17 Invisible, 2, 92, 151 Leisure reading, 109 IPods, 109 Liberating, 6, 15, 106 178 Index

Liberation War, The, 66 Metro cities, 16, 18, 36, 41, 42, 48, 49, 52, Lifeline, 11, 39 53, 74, 75, 77 Likert scale, 25, 119 Metropolitan cities, 12, 41 Line pattern, 73 Metropolitan expansion, 16, 17, 23 Liquid identities, 4 Metropolitanisation, 52, 53 Livelihood, 7, 17, 21, 46, 59, 75, 86, 101, Metropolitan region, 35, 41, 48, 73 136, 168 Metropolitan Tulsa Transit Authority, 115 Lively living, 113 Metro railways, 40 Livestock farming, 59 Michael Lipton, 60 Local, 2, 4, 16, 18, 39, 40, 43, 45, 48, 61, 67, Migration, 1–5, 8, 16, 36, 58, 60, 61, 133, 76, 78, 93, 94, 102, 110, 114, 121, 150 123, 124, 126, 127, 136, 141, 142 Milkman, 111 Local job centres, 36, 58 Mineral water, 127 Local train, 6, 18, 20–22, 35, 39, 45, 47, Ministry of Railways, 18, 39–41, 45, 121, 48, 50, 51, 53, 76, 82, 92, 94, 98– 155 101, 105, 107, 108, 114, 115, 120, Mixed masala, 100 124–128, 141–144, 150–152, 163 Mixed methods, 24 Locational fixity, 105, 128, 150 Mobile culture, 15 Lockdown, 7 Mobile practices, 8 Loneliness, 113 Mobile sense, 90 Long-distance commuting, 9, 135, 144, 152 Mobile space, 15, 86, 90, 99, 107, 151 Longitudinal approach, 37 Mobile stages, 26 Lord Hardinge, 37 Mobile subjectivities, 6 Lorry, 89 Mobile technologies, 4, 6 Lost time, 15 Mobile urbanites, 15, 113 Low-paid jobs, 137 Mobility, 1–9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 23, 36, 46, Luggage bags, 100 48, 60, 61, 64, 74, 75, 77, 81, 85, 86, 90, 94, 98, 108, 110, 112, 113, 116, 121, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, M 141, 144, 149, 150 Maa Tara Express, 94 Mobility marginalized, 6 Magazine, 100, 107, 109, 111, 117, 151, 167 Mobility patterns, 7, 8 Maid servant, 10 Models, 1, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 93, 151 Maintenance, 123 Modernization, 61 Mallick Ghat, 109 Monarchical security, 108 Man-land ratio, 78 Moods of feeling, 14 Manual announcement system, 119 Morality, 102 Marriage anniversary, 117 Morning peak hour, 47, 88, 108, 116, 163 Masala mixtures, 88 Mosaic, 85 Masculinity, 131, 133, 137, 144, 145 Motility, 6, 132 Mask, 125 Motion, 14, 90, 111, 140, 150, 151 Mat, 67 Motor bike, 13 Matchbox, 98 Movement, 1–5, 7, 8, 11, 14, 60, 85, 90, 91, Materialities, 14 102, 132 Matribhumi local trains, 143 Moving community, 112 Medical attendant, 107 Mr George Clark, 21, 37 Medium towns, 42, 52, 64 Mukhyamantri Valika Cycle Yojana, 139 Mega-serial, 109 Multi-disciplinary, 86 Memorable experiences, 96, 151 Multi-faceted phenomenon, 133 Menstruation, 139, 143 Multitasking, 107 Mental map, 86 , 18, 39, 40, 45 Mental strain, 15, 105 Municipal Corporations (M.C.), 42, 58, 159 Merchandise, 39 , 42, 43, 51, 58, 159 Index 179

Mutual transfer, 90 Out-going commuters, 74, 82 Out-Growths (OG), 159 Over-bridge, 93, 119, 121–123, 125, 126, N 155 Nagar panchayat, 58 Over-sweating, 111 Nail cutter, 100 Nap, 88 Narratives, 4, 25, 87, 92, 97, 118, 133 P Navigability, 75 Panchayat, 63, 69, 139 Nazrul Jayanti, 114 Pandemic, 7, 125 Negative experiences, 14 Panskura Line, 98 Negativities of commuting, 106 Papad, 100, 102 Neglected space, 151 Papadwalas, 102 Neighbourhood, 67 Paradigm, 1, 3, 24, 85, 149 Neither good nor bad, 143 Parasitic role, 60 New dimension, 105 Parking fees, 13 New mobilities, 1, 3, 24, 149 Participant observation, 87, 107 Node, 59, 60 Partition, 17, 51, 66 Noise pollution, 12, 15 Part-time jobs, 3, 137, 144, 145, 152 Nomadism, 1 Passenger-kilometre, 46, 118 Non-commute hours, 106 Passenger pressure, 76, 95 Non-commuting passengers, 24, 26, 97, 98, Passenger train, 19, 37, 40, 47, 98, 99, 125 110 Passenger volume, 18, 22, 143 Non-farm work, 36, 78 Non-municipal area, 66 Passion, 111, 167 Non-participant observation, 23, 88, 106 Pathologist, 101 Non-peak hours, 14, 91 Patriarchal society, 135 Non-pecuniary costs, 15 Pattern, 3, 16–18, 23, 24, 35, 36, 41, 44, 49, Non-places, 115 50, 63, 64, 73, 74, 90, 114, 132, 135, Non-reserved, 90 138, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152 Non-suburban passengers, 40, 46, 47 Pay and use toilets, 94, 144 Non-suburban section, 21 Peak hours, 9, 47, 48, 90, 124 North-Western Railway, 38 Pea-soup, 101 Novel, 109, 111, 167 Penalty, 125 Nudges, 142 Pendular movement, 8 Nursing homes, 68, 116 Perceived space, 17, 86 Perceptible space, 151 Perception, 16, 17, 23, 85, 90, 98, 100, 105, O 106, 118, 119, 132, 149 Obesity, 106 Perception of time, 80, 81 Objectives, 3, 16, 17, 22, 23, 25, 26, 74, 86, Peripheral, 17, 35, 41, 42, 49–51, 53, 152 121, 151 Personal bubble, 151 Obligatory, 5 Personalized network, 4 Observation method, 24, 26, 80 Personal judgements, 106 Occupational structure, 36, 58 Physical distance, 4 Ontological, 25 Physically disabled, 6 Open-ended questions, 25 Physical stress, 15, 105 Open spaces, 50 Physiological, 14 Operational costs, 78 Pick-pocketing, 95 Ordinal data, 25 Picnic, 117, 128 Organization, 2, 16, 17, 23, 118, 123, 149 Pilot survey, 22, 25 Originating traffic, 47, 65, 66, 74–76, 78, 81, Place, 2–4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17, 25, 26, 52, 122, 124, 125 58, 60–62, 66, 68, 74, 78, 81, 85–87, Outdoor recreation, 114 89–92, 96, 99, 102, 107, 111, 112, 180 Index

114, 115, 120, 125, 133–137, 141, Purchasing power, 9, 10, 62, 138, 139 149, 167 Push factors, 13 Placeless space, 150 Plastic space, 1, 150 Platforms, 127 Q Platform-toilets, 119, 122, 123, 144 Qualitative, 23–25, 98, 102, 150 Pleasant experiences, 120 Quantitative, 24 Pleasurable journey, 17, 105 Quantitative methods, 25 Point pattern, 73 Quarterly ticket, 79, 94, 121 Polarization policies, 59 Questionnaire, 23, 26, 93 Policy, 126 Queue, 48, 90–92, 95, 116, 121, 127 Polycentric urban growth, 62 Polythene paper, 143 Population density, 36, 42, 50, 51, 58, 67 R Population size, 36, 43, 51, 58, 65–67 Rabindra Jayanti, 114 Rail-gate, 125 Portuguese, 44 Railway corridor, 73 Positive experiences, 3, 14 Railway crossing, 89 Positive utilities of commuting, 107, 113 Railway gardeners, 95 Positive utility, 15, 106, 115 Railway landscape, 73 Post-Independence period, 21, 35, 42, 45, 49, Railway network, 18, 19, 74, 98 50, 152, 165 Railway platform, 26, 144 Post-positivist philosophy, 22, 102 Railway Police Force (RPF), 96 Potential mobility, 6 Railway Service Monitoring System, 119, Poverty, 5, 59, 62, 97 123 Power-car, 40, 45, 124 Railway station, 7, 19, 24, 47, 49, 65, 67, 74, Power geometry, 6 76, 77, 79, 90, 92, 93, 97, 121, 122, Power-relation, 98, 132, 138 131, 138 Practised place, 86 Railway time-table, 91, 125 Precious time, 107, 113, 152 Rainy season, 10, 67, 122, 127 Pre-colonial period, 44, 75 Raj Empire, 20 Primary data, 23, 24 Rakes, 40, 41, 45, 47, 93, 124 Primary place, 87 Readymade garments, 80 Privacy, 109, 143, 167 Real-estate Company, 51 Private niche, 151 Reciprocal changes, 61 Private transport, 10–13, 138, 141, 144 Recordings, 25 Problems, 124 Recreation, 88, 152 Production, 61, 62, 85, 87, 102, 126, 132 Reduced Level, 120 Productive capacity, 152 Refreshment, 114 Productive time, 15, 106, 112, 151 Refugee camps, 66 Productivity, viii Refugee influx, 49 Professional identity, 113, 118 Refugees, 5, 17, 66 Pro-poor, 61, 79 Regional development, 9, 53, 60, 68, 82 Prosperous settlement, 75 Regional division, 73, 81, 149 Proverb, 107, 120 Regional economy, 63, 65 Psychological, 14 Regional geography, 74 Public library, 68 Regionalization, 73, 74 Public space, 5, 93, 107, 122, 128, 151 Regional planners, 11 Public transport, 11–13, 39, 45, 67, 108, 117, Rehabilitation, 66 138, 141, 144, 145, 150 Reliability, 13 Pull-car, 118 Relocation, 2, 4, 5, 35, 62, 150 Pull factors, 3, 13 Remittance flows, 7 Punctuality, 93, 124 Reorganization, 16, 17, 149 Punishment, 120 Repetitive movement, 16, 150 Index 181

Republican liberty, 108 Scooty, 139 Research participants, 23, 24, 26, 111, 118– Sealdah division, 19, 23, 37, 46 120, 122, 137, 138, 143 Sealdah Main Line, 50 Residential flat, 68 Sealdah North Line, 99 Residential shifting, 150 Sealdah South Line, 51 Residential transformations, 2 Seasonal fruits, 100, 141 Resource allocation, 7 Seasons, 9, 10, 111, 122 Respiratory troubles, 106 Season ticket, 79, 94, 121 Restrictive measures, 13 Seat availability, 13 Reterritorialization, 4 Secondary cities, 60, 61 Return journey, 101, 113, 114, 141 Secondary data, 23, 35, 124 Rice bowl, 19 Secondary examination, 68 Rickshaw-pullers, 24–26 Secondary wage earners, 137 Rigid boundary, 16, 57 Second class, 39 Road pricing system, 13 Second language, 80 Roasted chiwda, 100 Sectoral linkage, 59–61 Rondinelli, D.A., 60–62, 64 Security, 48, 86, 96, 124, 142 Roti-sabji, 134 Sedentary economy, 75 Route-length (km), 18, 39, 40, 46, 97 Self-reliant, 108 Rural, 2, 7–11, 13, 16, 17, 35, 42, 43, 52, 53, Semi-skilled, 64 57–64, 67, 68, 75, 78–82, 110, 149, Senior citizen, 127 152, 159, 168 Sensation, 85 Rural culture, 68 Sensations, 90 Rural development, 82 Sequential activities, 107 Rural economy, 2, 10, 81 Service holders, 94 Rural hinterland, 53, 61–63 Sewage, 127 Rural hospitals, 68 Sex, 9, 17, 105, 132 Ruralism, 61 Sexual harassment, 141, 143 Rural non-farm works, 59, 60 Shelter, 87, 92 Rural service centre, 8, 68, 75 Shoe-polishers, 102 Rural-to-urban commuting, 8, 16, 36, 58, 81 Shopping malls, 68, 69 Rural-urban dichotomy, 59 Short commute trips, 135 Rural/urban divide, 60 Short-distance commuting, 3, 135, 152 Rural-urban integration, 36, 58 Shuttle local trains, 47, 76 Rural-urban interaction, 57–62, 64, 67–69, Signalling system, 95, 119 152 Single journey, 106 Rural-urban linkage, 63 Single woman, 9, 112, 113 Sir Rowland Macdonald Stephenson, 38 S Size-class distribution, 51 Safe circle, 116 Skewed distribution, 135 Safety, 12, 13, 38, 78, 100, 119, 124, 141, Slum improvement, 59 143 Small towns, 17, 53, 57, 58, 62–64, 68, 152 Safety margin, 15, 106 Smart card, 48 Salt Lake City, 50, 157, 161 Smart phones, 102, 107, 109 Salwar kameez, 100 Smoking, 94 Sandesh, 114 Snacks, 88, 100, 102 Sanitary napkin, 143 Snatchers, 90, 91, 99, 101, 117, 142 Sanitation, 143 Snowball sampling, 24 Sanitizer, 100 Social backgrounds, 107 Satellite town, 49, 50 Social interaction, 152 Scapes, 4, 102 Socialization, 107, 113, 115 Schedules, 25, 88, 89, 107, 126, 127, 140, Social network, 117 169 Social networking sites, 109 182 Index

Social solidarity, 85, 97 Summer, 10, 26, 95, 111 Social trips, 11 Support system, 111 Society, 87 Swachh Rail Mission, 121 Son River, The, 39 Symbiotic relation, 64, 85, 99, 100 South Eastern Railway, 19, 22, 23, 37, 45–47 Symbol of status, 12 South Indian Railway, 38 Space, 3, 4, 8, 12, 14, 16–18, 36, 58, 60, 61, 74, 85–88, 90–93, 95, 98, 100, 102, T 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 120– Tangible, 57, 92, 102 122, 124, 128, 131, 136, 140, 141, Tea-belts, 44 149–152, 167 Teaching-learning system, 117 Space-making, 115 Tea-stall, 97 Space negotiation, 98 Technocentric approach, 6 Spatial fluidity, 17, 128, 150 Temporalities, 8, 91 Spatialities, 16, 17 Temporal mobility, 4, 91 Spatial linkages, 60, 61 Temporal scale, 60, 149 Spatial mobility, 4, 5, 8, 57 Temporary jobs, 62 Spatial pattern, 51, 73 Temporary toilets, 143 Spatial scale, 37, 149 Tenants, 112 Spatial signatures, 88 Terminal stations, 19 Spectacles, 102 Territory, 5, 73, 74 Spill over, 60 The Anandabazar Patrika, 99 Spit-marks, 93 Theories, 1, 3, 5, 57, 59, 61, 73, 111, 152 Subjective reality, 3 The Pal Empire, 66 Staff quarter, 112 Threshold population, 58 State government, 17, 63 Ticket-window, 48, 91, 92, 116, 121 Stationery goods, 100 Time distance, 36, 45 Station Manager, 89, 124 Tin-shade, 95 Station master, 23, 99 Toll tax, 13 Statutory towns, 63, 64 Toto, 138, 139 Stimulus, 46 Tourist, 5 Stratified sampling, 24 Traditional dress, 80 Stressful journey, 14, 17, 105 Traffic, 12, 13, 23, 39–41, 45, 76, 122, 126 Strike, 74, 91, 94, 133 Traffic congestion, 13, 15 Structural methods, 25 Traffic volume, 40, 45, 76 Structure of feeling, 6 Train, 6, 18, 21–23, 25, 26, 37, 39, 45, 47, Subjective experiences, 23, 151 48, 51, 52, 67, 76, 77, 81, 82, 88– Subjective sensations, 86 96, 98–102, 105–112, 114–127, 135, Subjectivity, 85, 86, 105 136, 138, 140–142, 149, 155 Substitution, 8, 36, 58 Tramways, 6 Suburbanisation, 35, 52, 62, 149, 152 Trans_, 7 Suburban passengers, 35, 40, 46–48 Trans-disciplinary, 3, 24, 86 Suburban railway, 17–19, 35, 37, 39–41, 44– Transformational power, 5 46, 48, 49, 58, 65, 69, 73, 74, 81, 97, Transgressive, 6, 15, 106 98, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 141, 152 Transhumance, 1 Suburban section, 21, 40, 48 Transit, 3, 10, 14, 26, 40, 89, 124, 131, 138 Suburban trains, 6, 17, 18, 21, 23, 35–37, 39, Transition time, 117 45, 46, 73, 76, 86, 92, 93, 99, 127, Translation, 15, 25, 107 141, 150, 152, 163 Transnationalism, 5 Suburbs, 8, 18, 36, 39, 42, 45, 63, 76 Transport, 1–3, 5, 6, 9–16, 18, 23, 36, 38, 39, Subway, 97, 119, 121, 122, 127 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 51–53, 59, 60, 62, Suez Canal, 38 64, 76, 77, 82, 92, 94, 112, 118, 122, Sulabh shouchalayas, 143 125, 126, 138, 139, 150 Index 183

Transport mode, 138, 139 U-turn, 63 Transport quality, 11 Trauma, 96 Travel demands, 21 V Travel fever, 90 Valuable time, 96 Travelling ticket examiner, 124 Vehicular emission, 12 Trekker, 67, 138–140 Vendors, 92, 94, 110, 117, 126, 135, 141, Trend styles, 80 142, 151 Trickle-down approach, 59 Vendors’ compartment, 92 Trip chaining, 140 Vernacular, 80 Tropical country, 111 Vertical mobility, 5 Two-wheeler stand, 67 Vicious cycle of poverty, 78 Village artisans, 67 Village-based property, 16 U Virtual mobility, 4, 7 Underemployment, 62 Virus, 7 Unidirectional influence, 58 Voluntary, 5 Union budget, 123 Unskilled, 64 Unwanted situations, 141 W Up-train, 120 Waiting room, 123 Urban, 2, 7, 9–11, 14, 16, 18, 35, 36, 40, 41, Walking, 11, 12, 85, 107, 110, 131, 138, 168 43, 44, 51–53, 57–64, 66–69, 74, 75, Wastage of time, 15, 152 77, 78, 80–82, 86, 152 Wasteful journey, 15 Urban agglomeration, 44, 53, 80 Water-borne transport, 44 Urban agriculture, 60 Weak-ties, 4 Urban bias, 62 Weekdays, 13, 22, 26, 47, 140 Urban-centric development models, 59 Weekends, 26, 92, 128, 141 Urban culture, 17, 58, 68 Western bank of the Hooghly River, 42, 157 Urbanisation, 9–11, 17, 36, 37, 43–45, 49– Women Help Desk, 142 53, 61, 63–65, 67, 95, 152 Work from home, 7 Urban landscape, 149 Working hours, 48, 109, 121 Urban lifestyle, 61 Work opportunities, viii Urban pollution, 35 Workspace, 8, 15, 116 Urban-to-rural commuting, 9, 10, 59 Urban travel, 15, 108 Urinary infection, 106 Z Uttarpara Kotrung, 49 Zero output, 105