Tribal Development Plan GARE PELMA SECTOR -I COAL MINE PROJECT of 15.0 MTPA of GSECL, RAIGHAR DISTRICT, CHHATTISGARH

Draft Report on Tribal Development Plan GARE PELMA SECTOR -I COAL MINE PROJECT OF 15.0 MTPA OF GSECL, RAIGHAR DISTRICT, CHHATTISGARH

Project by GUJRAT STATE ELECTRICITY CORPORATION LIMITED

Prepared by GREENC INDIA CONSULTING PRIVATE LIMITED QCI Reference No: NABET/EIA/1619/RA0058 GHAZIABAD, UTTAR PRADESH

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Table of Contents

Chapter-1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Background of the project 1-2 1.3 Project details 1-3 1.3.1. Project Size 1-4 1.3.2. Project Location 1-4 1.4 Study 1-5 1.4.1 Objectives of the Study 1-6 1.4.2 Scope of the Study 1-6 1.4.3 Methodology Used 1-7 1.5 Special Provisions for Tribal Communities 1-13 1.6 Chapter Plans 1-14 Chapter-2. Socio economic Profile of Study Area 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Socio Economic Profile of Study Area 2-6 2.3 Demographic Profile 2-6 2.3.1 Child Population 2-8 2.3.2 Gender Ratio 2-9 2.3.3 Social Group 2-11 2.4 Literacy Status 2-12 2.5 Work Participation Rate And Occupational Status 2-15 2.6 Available Facilities 2-17 2.6.1 Educational Facilities 2-17 2.6.2 Health Facilities 2-20 2.6.3 Drinking Water and Sanitation 2-21 2.6.4 Banking and Commerce 2-25 2.6.5 Accessibility and Transportation 2-26 2.6.6 Weekly Market 2-27 2.7 Observations 2-29 Chapter-3. Socio economic Profile of Affected Tribal Population 3.1 Introduction 3-1

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I ToC-i COAL MINE CONSULTANT: GCPL

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3.2 Population and Percentage of Total Population 3-1 3.3 Gender Profile of scheduled tribes 3-3 3.4 Tribal Groups In Study Area 3-4 3.4.1 Gond Tribes 3-4 3.4.2 Baiga Tribes 3-7 3.4.3 Agaria Tribes 3-7 3.4.4 Oraon 3-7 3.4.5 Kanwars 3-10 3.4.6 3.5 Cultural Profile Of Tribes Population 3-9 3.5.1 Housing Typology 3-9 3.5.2 Festival 3-10 3.5.3 Food Habit 3-13 3.5.4 Wearing Style 3-14 3.5.5 Languages 3-15 3.5.6 marriages 3-15 3.6 livelihood status 3-14 3.6.1 Agricultural Practices and Common Crops 3-14 3.6.2 Forest Producer 3-17 3.6.3 Livestock Rearing 3-20 3.6.4 MNREGA 3-22 Chapter-4.Extent on Impact on Tribal Population 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Impact on land 4-1 4.3 Impact on Economic Activities 4-5 4.4 Impact on Commercial Values of Property 4-7 4.5 Effect on Crops and Farmland Productivity 4-7 4.6 Psycho-social Impact 4-8 4.7 Impact on Education 4-9 4.8 Impact on Health 4-10 4.9 Impact on Infrastructure 4-10 Chapter-5. Community Consultation 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Technique Used For Community Consultation 5-2 5.3 The Process 5-2 TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I ToC-ii COAL MINE CONSULTANT: GCPL

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5.3.1 Group Consultation 5-2 5.3.2 One to one Interaction 5-5 5.4 Major issues from Consultation 5-5 5.4.1 Issues of Livelihood 5-5 5.4.2 Social & Cultural Issues 5-6 5.4.3 Other issues 5-6 5.5 Suggestions 5-7 5.6 Need Assessment Based on Consultation 5-8 5.6.1 Need for addressing Social Issues 5-20 Chapter-6.Tribal Development Plan 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Tribal Population In India 6-3 6.3 Plan Wise Fund Allocations 6-3 6.4 Educational Development 6-11 6.5 health care development 6-12 6.5.1 Infant & Child Mortality Rate 6-13 6.5.2 Maternal mortality & Maternal Health 6-14 6.5.3 Child Health 6-15 6.5.4 Morbidity and Health Care 6-15 6.5.5 Fertility 6-16 6.5.6 HIV - AIDS Knowledge: Knowledge, Attitude & Behavior 6-16 6.5.7 Nutritional status of ST Women, Men & Children 6-16 6.6 Sustainable Livelihood Development 6-16 6.6.1 Problems 6-18 6.6.2 Suggestive Measures 6-19

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I ToC-iii COAL MINE CONSULTANT: GCPL

List of Tables

Table Project Location 1-4 Table 2.1 List of Villages in 10km of Project Site 2-1 Table 2.2 Demographic Feature of Study Area 2-7 Table 2.3 Child population Sex ratio 2-8 Table 2.4 Gender Ratio 2-9 Table 2.5 Social Group in Study Area 2-11 Table 2.6 Educational Status 2-12 Table 2.7 Literacy rate of Study area 2-13 Table 2.8 Working Population in Study Area 2-14 Table 2.9 Occupational Pattern in Study Area 2-16 Table 2.10 Education Facilities 2-17 Table 2.11 Drinking Water Facility 2-20 Table 2.12 Medical Facilities 2-22 Table 2.13 Access to Health Facilities 2-23 Table 2.14 Post Office and Bank Facilities 2-25 Table 2.15 Accessibility & Transportation 2-26 Table 2.16 Details of weekly Haat/Market 2-28 Table 3-1 SC & ST in Study Area 3-1 Table 3-2 Gender Profile of Study Area 3-4 Table 4.1 Private Land Requirement for Project 4-1 Table 5.1 Location Wise Community Consultation 5-3 Table 5.2 Need Assessment Based on Consultation 5-8 Table-6.1 Tribal Population in India 6-3 Table-6.2 Details of Plan-wise Fund Allocation for Tribal Welfare 6-3

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GESCL GARE PELMA SECTOR – I T-v COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Table 6.3 Literacy Rate of Scheduled Tribe Population during 1961-2011 6-11 Table 6.4 Dropout rates of Scheduled Tribe Population 6-12 Table 6.5 Key health indicators as per NFHS-3 (2005-06) 6-13 Table 6.6 Budget 6-21

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GESCL GARE PELMA SECTOR – I T-v COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Chapter 1: Introduction

1. Introduction

1.1 INTRODUCTION India has the largest concentration of tribal people anywhere in the world except perhaps in Africa. The tribals are children of nature and their lifestyle is conditioned by the Eco-system. India, with a variety of ecosystems, presents a varied tribal population throughout its length and breadth. The site for proposed coal mine is located in Chhattisgarh. The project proposes to acquire land from Twnty villages namely Budiya, Bagbadi, Tehlirampur, Aamgaon, Tapranga, Tangarghat, Telaipara, Dhaurabhatha, Nagramuda, Jhinkabahal, Libara, Jhama, Raipara, Samkera, Mahloi, Khuruslenga, Bijana, Pata, Dolesara and Kunjemura. In the process of acquisition of land, existing socio-economic and cultural profile plays an important role in ensuring the livelihood of the affected persons. So it is essential to develop a proper understanding of the affected people, their capabilities and their aspirations from the project. In order to explore the above-mentioned aspects, data was collected from both secondary and primary sources. To evaluate tribal socio-economic dynamics detailed study has been taken up by the proponent so as to minimize the conflicts and design way forward for any involuntary development issues arising due to siting of the

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 1-1 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

1 industry. Evaluation plan focuses on the assessment of negative impacts on the habitant

particularly tribals by the project implementation.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited (GSECL) is a Government of Gujarat company, registered under the Company Act, 1956 with the responsibility of power generation in the state of Gujarat. The Company was promoted by erstwhile Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) as it’s wholly owned subsidiary in the context of liberalization and as a part of efforts towards restructuring of the power sector. As a part of the reform process, the Government of Gujarat has unbundled the various functions of GEB. As a result of this unbundling, Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited (GSECL) has taken up the responsibility of electricity generation. Electricity Transmission has been entrusted to the already existing company - GETCO. Distribution network in the state has been split up among four distribution companies, which cater to the northern, central, southern, and western parts of the state respectively. All these companies have been structured as subsidiaries of a holding company, Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL). GUVNL is also the single bulk buyer in the state as well as the bulk supplier to distribution companies. The Memorandum and Articles of Association of GSECL envisage a wide spectrum of activities to improve the electricity infrastructure of Gujarat. GSECL has initiated its activities in the field of power generation.

The Government of Gujarat (GoG) has also given to GSECL the status of Independent Power Producer (IPP) with approval to undertake new power projects. The Company commenced its commercial operation in the year 1998. However, the operations of GSECL were limited to Power Stations of Gandhinagar Unit 5, Wanakbori Unit 7, Utran GBPS and Dhuvaran CCPP till the complete unbundling of erstwhile GEB was undertaken, i.e. up to 31st March 2005. Presently GSECL is having existing power generation capacity of 6156 MW and proposals of

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 1-2 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

capacity enhancement by adding another 6400 MW coal based TPP. The present break-up of power plant based on fuel is given below.

Renewable Total Coal Based Lignite Based Gas Based Hydel Power Energy Capacity

4190MW 290MW 1105MW 547MW 24MW 6156MW

The Ministry of Coal (MoC), Government of India has allotted Gare Palma Sector-I Coal Block to GSECL under Section 5 of ordinance for allotment and clause (C) of sub-rule (2) of rule 7 and sub-rule (1) of Rule 13 vide order number 103/27/2015/NA dated 14.09.2015. The Gare Palma Sector-I Coal Block is located in Son-Mahanadi Gondwana Basin and is a part of in the south-eastern part of Mand-Raigarh coalfield. It is about 35 km north-east of district headquarters, Raigarh. The block covers an area of about 57.39 sq. km. and fall within Survey of India Toposheet Nos. 64 N/8 & N/12. The Ministry of Coal (MoC), Government of India, O/o the Nominated Authority has allotment order for Gare Palma Sector-I Coal Mine in favour of GSECL on 14.09.2015. The company being a socially aware and responsible organization believes that with the coming up of this coal mine in the area, although no inhabitants are directly affected, still there were people in the vicinity of the proposed project who lived a life of deprivation and poverty as a result, 26 villages spread across in Tamnar Tehsil of Raighar Districts in Chhattisgarh are covered. In these 26 villages Focused Group Discussion (say “FGD”) were conducted and all schools, Anganwadi Centres (say “AWCs”), Health Sub-Centers and SHGs were covered. Apart from this, detail information about the village was also collected.

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1.3 PROJECT DETAILS

1.3.1 Project Size

The total area of Gare Palma Sector-1 is 5738.75 Ha out of which Phase-1 (eastern part of Kelo river) block consists of 3583.81 Ha. Opencast mining method will be followed in the eastern part (Part A) of Phase-1 area while underground method of mining will be followed in western part (Part B). Underground mining will be done by long-wall method. It has been proposed that major portion of Part B will be covered by external overburden dump from the opencast mine at Part A. The peak production capacity of the mines will be 21.0 MTPA with opencast production of 15.0 MTPA and underground of 6.0 MTPA. A coal washery of capacity 21.0 MTPA is also proposed to be set up within the ML area.

1.3.2. Project Location

The proposed Gare Palma Sector-I coal block is located in Mand-Raigarh Coalfield, Tehsil- Tamnar, District-Raigarh of Chhattisgarh State. The total mine block area is spread over 26 villages while the Phase I along with ancillary units is located in 20 villages. This report has been prepared for Phase I of the coal block. Due to presence of power plant, ash dyke and other structures of JSPL in the western part of the Kelo River, only the part of the block in the eastern side of the Kelo River has been considered for mining in the Phase.1. The Raigarh - Sundargarh road is 3.5 km away in south direction and Ambikapur Highway (SH- 1) is 16.6 km in west direction from Phase-I site. The District headquarter is Raigarh which is aerially about 35 km from the site and the nearest town is Tamnar at a distance of about 1 km. The nearest railway station is also at Raigarh while the nearest airport is Raipur at a distance of 205 km. The inter-state boundary with Odisha is almost adjacent to the block on the eastern side, 0.25 km away. The details of the project site is given in Table 1.2. The location of the project is shown in Figure 1.1.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 1-4 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Table 1.1: Project Location Sl. No. Aspect Description Gare Palma Sector-I Coal Block (Phase I) with peak capacity of 1. Project 21.0 MTPA over 3583.81 Ha of Land 2. Location (i) State Chhattisgarh (ii) District Raigarh (iii) Taluka Tamnar

Budiya, Bagbadi, Tehlirampur, Aamgaon, Tapranga, Tangarghat, Telaipara, (iv) Villages Dhaurabhatha, Nagramuda, Jhinkabahal, Libara, Jhama, Raipara, Samkera, Mahloi, Khuruslenga, Bijana, Pata, Dolesara and Kunjemura

North: Gare Palma Sector II, Gare Palma Sectors IV/1, IV/2 & IV/3 North-west: Bhalumura North-east: Jamkani (v) Boundaries West: Kelo River East: Jharpalam, Thangarghat, Kesarchuan, Lamdand South: Gorhi-Mahloi East and West 0 0 (vi) Latitude 22 04’0.00” (N) to 22 08’51.4” (N) 0 0 (vii) Longitude 83 25’17.3” (E) to 83 33’47.7” (E) 3.Distance (i) Town Tamnar- 0.5 km from Phase I; Gharghoda-15 km for Whole Block (ii) District Headquarters Raigarh 35 km Raigarh-Ambikapur Highway (about 9.9 km in WSW direction) (iii) Major Roads Raigarh-Gharghoda Road via Tamnar (iv) Railway Station Raigarh 35 km (v) Airport Raipur 205 km

Source: Draft Mining Plan prepared by CMPDIL and Maps prepared by GCPL

1.4 STUDY The purpose of undertaking this study was to assess the current facilities and services available to the people of the area and also to estimate the current standards of living of these people.

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However, their current standard of living was in no way going to become the benchmark for the services and facilities that would be provided to them by the company. More than anything else, the intention was to assess the requirements and aspirations of the people so as to be able to provide a comprehensive package of support to assist them in leading a decent and fulfilling life.

1.4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Objective to improve or at least regain the previous standard of living for vulnerable group of tribal communities. This also ensures smooth accomplishment of organizations goals within the specified time schedule. Hence, it is imperative that a meaningful and purposeful Tribal Development Plan is prepared to attain the objective.

The objective of the plan is to achieve a sustainable economic uplift of the tribal population with a spread of benefits that would reach the weaker and most disadvantaged section of the community. It will achieve its objectives through an integrated programme of investments in agriculture production and natural resource development, human resource development, rural infrastructure, land survey and settlement and implementation management support.

1.4.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of Tribal Development Plan includes the social, cultural, economic, historical and political aspects. The economic base of the project affected households has also been established through primary and secondary surveys. The study will emphasize on the following broad aspects:  Obtain details for tribal PAPs identifying the total land to be acquired, loss of assets, income and livelihood

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 Focused Group discussions with specific target groups, government officials and local level leaders in the affected villages to identify the needs, problems and aspirations of the people not explicitly stated in the socio-economic survey.  Identify socio-economic indicators to help implement and monitor the Plan.

1.4.3 METHODOLOGY USED The pre requisite of the study is to understand the socio economics and cultural background of the villages in the study area. The required interaction with the villagers, opinion leaders, sarpanch, government officials, and community based workers. The data for the study was collected from both secondary and primary sources.

1.4.3.1 Sources of data The secondary sources used for the study included government documents, census of India data, and other reports available at various government departments. Secondary data was used to identify the villages within the study area, get the demographic features, social characteristics and economic condition. The main referred materials included the following:  Primary abstracts, census of India 2001 and 2011  Administrative atlas, census of India Chhattisgarh 2011:  Survey of National sample survey organization, New Delhi 2011  Livestock survey, Govt. of Chhattisgarh, 2012  Survey of schools, Govt. of Chhattisgarh, 2009 and  District Statistical Handbook, Raighar

1.4.3.2 Primary sources A team from GreenC India Consulting Private limited visited the project site twice to collect data from various primacy sources. The initial visit to make a reconnaissance survey was made by a team of two social experts in November 2017. The final data was collected in December 2017 by a team consisting of four members. The objective of the data collection through primary

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1 methods was mainly to identify the needs of the villagers: difficulties faced by the villagers and understand the socio cultural dynamics existing in the area.

1.4.3.3 Techniques Used for data collection

1.4.3.3.1 Village Level Survey Initially a village walkover was conducted in all the study villages to understand the physical lay- out of the villages, socio-economic stratification location-wise, common property resources and general infrastructure. A village-level survey format was prepared and administered for each study village in order to understand the overall socio-economic status of the village with respect to types of habitation, religion and social groups, livelihood options available, agricultural practices, sources of irrigation, availability of potential earning opportunities in the vicinity, community institutions (schools, anganwadi, health centers, community centers, places of worship, etc.), common property resources such as grazing grounds, availability of infrastructure, etc. The persons interviewed to get general information of the villages included the Sarpanch, Panchayat Secretary, members of Gram Panchayat, school teachers, etc. The usual practice was to seek appointment with the Sarpanch and organize a meeting with all the important office bearers of the Panchayat as well as the teachers of local schools. The survey for village information was carried out in different phases, depending on availability of the key- persons.

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1.4.3.3.2 Focus Group Discussion Group Discussion was carried out to get the qualitative data about the quality of life of the villagers. Group discussions were held with opinion leaders, SHG members, fishermen groups, etc. An effort was made to cover participants across caste, income and age, so as to get a comprehensive and complete picture of the area. Major issues pertaining to health, nutrition, hygiene, livelihood, income generating activities, access to safe drinking water, education, sports, etc. were covered. A general question checklist for all the discussion points was prepared for reference.

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The focused group discussion (FGD) is a rapid assessment, semi structured data gathering method in which a purposively selected set of participants gather to discuss issues and concerns based on a list of key themes drawn up by the researcher/facilitator. The questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group members. The major issues brought up are (i) occupation of the villagers and related issues; (ii) health, nutrition & hygiene related issues; (iii) school/education related issues; (iv) livestock related issues of the villages; (v) natural resources available in the villages & the benefits accruing from them; (vi) self help groups functioning in the villages; (vii) issues related to youth development & support and (viii) aspiration of the villagers from the government to improve their living condition.Focused Group Discussions (FGD’s) were conducted in almost all the affected villages with all segments of the community. Their viewpoints were captured and analyzed. The themes of FGDs were based on the aspects related to infrastructural condition of the schools, the role of education committee in panchayat, government schemes and policies and role of any other CSOs working in the area. Comparisons across the key group respondents indicate consistency in responses. The findings were taken into account of views from different stakeholders.

1.4.3.3.3 Informal Discussions Informal discussions were held in groups and individually. It was planned to have at least two informal group discussions in each surveyed village with different social groups. These meeting TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 1-10 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

1 were generally held on a spontaneous basis in common area such as markets, temples tea shops choupal etc. usually there were 5-10 participants in these meeting and had no particular focus in the interaction. The general problem of the villagers and their needs were discussed in these meeting.At individual level, the team interacted with Sarpanch, GP secretary, Aganwadi workers, school Teachers, Patwari, Rozgar Shayak (MNREGA), Asha worker, ANMs etc. the team had these interaction while visiting the facilities such as aganwadi centers, school and health centers.

1.4.3.3.4 Survey of Village Infrastructure Visits were conducted to schools, aganwadi centers and health sub centers in the study villages to capture detailed information of physical as well as social infrastructure, major areas of intervention required and to identify specific resource gap prevalent in these institution. In the schools and aganwadi, interaction was held with the teachers and helpers and their opinions

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1 were taken regarding the functional of the facilities. The team took a stock of all the facilities available in the schools health centers etc.

1.4.3.3.5 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) The information retrieved from this PRA/PLA were (i) location & typology of houses; (ii) livelihood & income of the households; (iii) caste and occupational structure of the villagers; (iv) Social group identification; (v) access & availability of amenities; (vi) cropping pattern; (vii) expectation from the government programmes and (viii) problem & potential of the villages.

1.4.3.4 Data Analysis and Processing As the study was qualitative in nature, the data/information collected from the field was analyzed in a systematic and methodological manner, scrutinizing the textual information for its

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1 primary as well as latent content. The following procedure was adopted for the content analysis of the qualitative data. Free Listing: The responses to a particular question were listed to obtain the range of responses for all open-ended questions. The responses that were considered irrelevant under a specific question were moved under the appropriate question for analysis. During this process, important statements or quotable quotes with their references were extracted for use in the report as reference material. Coding: In the final screening, for every open-ended question, responses were coded according to the domains. Some responses could be placed under more than one domain as a range of views were stated in a single sentence. After careful scrutiny, the responses found to be completely irrelevant were discarded. Summarizing: Similar information sought from different stakeholders was triangulated to arrive at a conclusion with greater degree of accuracy as also from the viewpoint of reliability and validity. The results were then summarized for each issue separately.

1.5 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR TRIBAL COMMUNITIES  ST, SC and OBC affected families must be resettled, as far as possible, in the same scheduled area in a compact block, so that they can retain their ethnic, linguistic and cultural identity.  The resettlement areas predominantly inhabited by the scheduled tribes would get land free of cost for community and religious gatherings.  In case of project involving land acquisition on behalf of a requiring body, the ST/SC/OBC affected families resettled outside the district would get 25% higher rehabilitation and resettlement benefits in monetary terms.  Restoration and preservation of tribal cultural and religious objects affected by the project.  Promotion of better education, better health care and institutional health services for the tribals.  Creation of alternate employment guarantee for tribal working age population including women (18-45 years age group) by means of vocational training, creation of employment opportunities and job stable placement.

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 Outsourcing various jobs for project where permanent recruitment is not required to the tribal on priority basis. 1.6 CHAPTER PLANS The Tribal Development Plan report is structured as follows: Chapter-1: Introduction Chapter-2: Socio-Economic Profile of Study Area (10km) Chapter-3: Socio-Economic Profile of Affected Tribal Population Chapter-4: Extent of impact on Tribal Population Chapter-5: Community Consultation Chapter-6: Tribal Development Plan

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Chapter 2: Socio-Economic Profile of Study Area

2. Socio-Economic Profile of Study Area

2.1 INTRODUCTION In the land acquisition process, existing socio-economic and cultural profile plays an important role in ensuring the livelihood of the affected persons. Therefore it is essential to develop a proper understanding of the affected people, their capability and their aspiration from the project. The study of socio-cultural, economic, religious and political institution provided the insight and synoptic view to the social structure, social organization and social system in project area. In this section the profile of the socio-economic conditions of the people in the 10km radius of project site has been described. There are 45 villages coming within the 10 km radius of the proposed project area. Table 2.1: List of Villages in 10km of Project Site S.No Name CD Block Name District Name A. Project Site (Core Zone) 1 Budiya Tamnar Raighar 2 Bagbadi Tamnar Raighar

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S.No Name CD Block Name District Name 3 Bijana Tamnar Raighar 4 Tihli Rampur Tamnar Raighar 5 Aamgaon Tamnar Raighar 6 Tangarghat Tamnar Raighar 7 Telaipara Tamnar Raighar 8 Tapranga Tamnar Raighar 9 Dhaurabhatha Tamnar Raighar 10 Nagramuda Tamnar Raighar 11 Jhinku Bahal Tamnar Raighar 12 Libara Tamnar Raighar 13 Jharna Tamnar Raighar 14 Raipara Tamnar Raighar 15 Samkera Tamnar Raighar 16 Mahloi Tamnar Raighar 17 Khurus Lenga Tamnar Raighar 18 Pata Tamnar Raighar 19 Dolesara Tamnar Raighar 20 Kunjemura Tamnar Raighar A. Within 10 Km radius (Buffer Zone) Raighar 1 Bangurakela - Sundarghar 2 Garjanbahal - Sundarghar 3 Bansibat - Sundarghar 4 Ujalpur - Sundarghar 5 Pandermal - Sundarghar 6 Kabanga - Sundarghar 7 Kainsara - Sundarghar 8 Jamtalia (J.B.) - Sundarghar 9 Jamtalia - Sundarghar 10 Kaintara - Sundarghar 11 Remenda - Sundarghar 12 Abankela - Sundarghar

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S.No Name CD Block Name District Name 13 Nadisuguda - Sundarghar 14 Jhimermahul - Sundarghar 15 Nialipali - Sundarghar 16 Telipali - Sundarghar 17 Nuadihi - Sundarghar 18 Anangapani - Sundarghar 19 Kumutimunda - Sundarghar 20 Khuntdarha - Sundarghar 21 Kutumora - Sundarghar 22 Bijadehi - Sundarghar 23 Bauridehi - Sundarghar 24 Kaputikra - Sundarghar 25 Kuanrmal - Sundarghar 26 Sikipani - Sundarghar 27 Rabanadihi - Sundarghar 28 Kheriakani - Sundarghar 29 Aulajore - Sundarghar 30 Kanika - Sundarghar 31 Tildega - Sundarghar 32 Kandarkela - Sundarghar 33 Bhalumar Ghargoda Raighar 34 Bhendra Ghargoda Raighar 35 Jhariyapali Ghargoda Raighar 36 Charbhantha Ghargoda Raighar 37 Jhankadarha Ghargoda Raighar 38 Kognara Ghargoda Raighar 39 Muskura Ghargoda Raighar 40 Salhepali Ghargoda Raighar 41 Tilaipali Ghargoda Raighar 42 Naya Rampur Ghargoda Raighar 43 Bichinara Ghargoda Raighar 44 Raikera Ghargoda Raighar

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S.No Name CD Block Name District Name 45 Jarhidih Tamnar Raighar 46 Lalpur Tamnar Raighar 47 Kharra Tamnar Raighar 48 Maduadumar Tamnar Raighar 49 Banjikhol Tamnar Raighar 50 Semijor Tamnar Raighar 51 Chirwani Tamnar Raighar 52 Sakta Tamnar Raighar 53 Bhalumuda Tamnar Raighar 54 Dholnara Tamnar Raighar 55 Bajarmuda Tamnar Raighar 56 Karwahi Tamnar Raighar 57 Khamahariya Tamnar Raighar 58 Milupara Tamnar Raighar 59 Lamdarha Tamnar Raighar 60 Kodkel Tamnar Raighar 61 Auraimuda Tamnar Raighar 62 Kerakhol Tamnar Raighar 63 Chirramuda Tamnar Raighar 64 Banai Tamnar Raighar 65 Rengalbahri Tamnar Raighar 66 Barkaspali Tamnar Raighar 67 Kolam Tamnar Raighar 68 Chitwahi Tamnar Raighar 69 Dakshin Regaon Tamnar Raighar 70 Salihabhanttha Tamnar Raighar 71 Deogarha Tamnar Raighar 72 Patrapali Tamnar Raighar 73 Mauhapali Tamnar Raighar 74 Padkipahri Tamnar Raighar 75 Gaurmudi Tamnar Raighar 76 Jivri Tamnar Raighar

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S.No Name CD Block Name District Name 77 Bhuikurri Tamnar Raighar 78 Kasdol Tamnar Raighar 79 Salihari Tamnar Raighar 80 Kanta Jhariya Tamnar Raighar 81 Ratrot Tamnar Raighar 82 Gorkamuda Tamnar Raighar 83 Traimal Tamnar Raighar 84 Bhainsgarhi Tamnar Raighar 85 Amaghat Tamnar Raighar 86 Kachkoba Tamnar Raighar 87 Jarekela Tamnar Raighar 88 Nawapara Tamnar Raighar 89 Basanpali Tamnar Raighar 90 Godhi Tamnar Raighar 91 Tamnar Tamnar Raighar 92 Kosampali Tamnar Raighar 93 Gare Tamnar Raighar 94 Mudagaon Tamnar Raighar 95 Saraitola Tamnar Raighar 96 Sarasmal Tamnar Raighar 97 Baljor Tamnar Raighar 98 Gourbahari Tamnar Raighar 99 Deogaon Tamnar Raighar 100 Padi Gaon Tamnar Raighar 101 Amalidhondha Tamnar Raighar 102 Pali Tamnar Raighar 103 Jobaro Tamnar Raighar 104 Karmagarh Tamnar Raighar 105 Kenani Bahra Tamnar Raighar 106 Auorajor Tamnar Raighar 107 Karra Pali Tamnar Raighar 108 Kesharchunwa Tamnar Raighar

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S.No Name CD Block Name District Name 109 Kusmel Tamnar Raighar 110 Chakabahal Tamnar Raighar 111 Barkachar Tamnar Raighar 112 Bhagora Tamnar Raighar 113 Hamirpur Tamnar Raighar 114 Natwarpur - Raighar 115 Gharghoda (NP) Ghargoda Raighar Source: Administrative Atlas, Chhattisgarh, Census of India, 2011 2.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA 1 & PROJECT IMPACT AREA2 In this section the profile of the socio-economic conditions of the people in the 10km radius of project site has been described. The demographic and socio-economic parameters i.e. population growth, density, gender ratio, health, work force participation, occupational structure, literacy etc, plays an important role in determining the impact of the proposed mining activity directly or indirectly on the human population of the study area. 2.3. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE The total population of the Study Area is 1,03,776 and 1,24,509 as per according to the Census of India, 2001 & 2011 respectively. The decadal growth of the area was 19.97% for the period 2001 to 2011, which is lower the 1991 - 2001 rate of 21.67%. This is higher than the national growth rate of 17.64% for the same period but lower than the state growth rate of 22.60%. The average household size in the study area was found to have reduced from 4.4 in 2001 to 4.1 in 2011. The project impact area is spread across the revenue boundary of 20 villages. The growth rate of these villages were found to be 28.11. The higher growth rate in this area is due to influx of migrants for industries set up around these villages since 2001. The household size of the impact area (4.1) was almost the same as the whole study area with mild variations (refer Figure 2.1). The population details of impact and study area are given in Table 2.2.

1 Project Influence Area is area within 10km radius of project site excluding the Project Impact Area 2 Project Impact Area encompasses all the villages within the project site. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SCTOR – I 2-6 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Table 2.2 Demographic Features of Impact and Influence Area Total Population No. of Households Household Size Name of Villages/Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 960 1119 200 260 4.8 4.3 Bagbadi 379 423 90 110 4.2 3.8 Bijana 1288 1486 272 385 4.7 3.9 Tihli Rampur 448 1962 107 528 4.2 3.7 Aamgaon 1441 1626 317 373 4.5 4.4 Tangarghat 1268 1513 308 354 4.1 4.3 Telaipara 57 64 9 14 6.3 4.6 Tapranga 593 725 142 194 4.2 3.7 Dhaurabhatha 1046 1395 250 343 4.2 4.1 Nagramuda 565 829 115 219 4.9 3.8 Jhinkabahal 599 905 134 258 4.5 3.5 Libara 1181 1418 276 352 4.3 4.0 Jharna 1265 1665 298 391 4.2 4.3 Raipara 466 511 93 117 5.0 4.4 Samkhera 1491 1671 300 409 5.0 4.1 Mahloi 2292 2706 509 651 4.5 4.2 Khuruslenga 1437 1660 310 382 4.6 4.3 Pata 1189 1358 273 307 4.4 4.4 Dolesara 1061 1326 244 305 4.3 4.3 Kunjemura 1054 1364 238 310 4.4 4.4 Project Impact Area (A) 20080 25726 4485 6262 4.5 4.1 Project Influence Area (B) 83696 98783 19126 24439 4.4 4.0 Study Area (A+B) 103776 124509 23611 30701 4.4 4.1 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001 and 2011

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2.3.1. CHILD POPULATION The child population (population between age of 0-6 years) in the study area was found to be 15964, with a decadal growth of 2.9%. The low growth rate is a positive trend from point of view of demography. In fact, in the project influence area, the growth of population in this age group was actually negative. The details of the child population is given in Table 2.3. Table 2.3: Details of Child Population in Impact and Influence Area Total Population (0- Male Population (0- Female Population Sex Ratio (0-6 Name of Villages/ Area 6 years) 6 years) (0-6 years) years) 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 142 114 78 55 64 59 821 1073 Bagbadi 49 50 26 27 23 23 885 852 Bijana 220 174 117 91 103 83 880 912 Tihli Rampur 73 328 39 172 34 156 872 907 Aamgaon 234 200 115 110 119 90 1035 818 Tangarghat 205 225 112 114 93 111 830 974 Telaipara 8 8 4 4 4 4 1000 1000 Tapranga 106 108 51 59 55 49 1078 831 Dhaurabhatha 135 205 64 105 71 100 1109 952 Nagramuda 76 131 40 74 36 57 900 770 Jhinkabahal 78 118 44 61 34 57 773 934 Libara 145 174 69 84 76 90 1101 1071 Jharna 192 218 95 122 97 96 1021 787 Raipara 74 57 38 42 36 15 947 357

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Table 2.3: Details of Child Population in Impact and Influence Area Total Population (0- Male Population (0- Female Population Sex Ratio (0-6 Name of Villages/ Area 6 years) 6 years) (0-6 years) years) 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Samkera 229 238 111 122 118 116 1063 951 Mahloi 332 375 183 192 149 183 814 953 Khuruslenga 195 223 95 120 100 103 1053 858 Pata 184 157 87 94 97 63 1115 670 Dolesara 150 179 71 89 79 90 1113 1011 Kunjemura 181 200 88 94 93 106 1057 1128 Project Impact Area (A) 3008 3482 1527 1831 1481 1651 970 902 Project Influence Area (B) 12504 12482 6293 6414 6211 6068 987 946 Study Area (A+B) 15512 15964 7820 8245 7692 7719 984 936 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001, and 2011 2.3.2. SEX RATIO3 This section highlights the sex ratio of the Project Influence and Impact Area. Table 2.4 reflects the details of the population distribution in the area. It is seen that the sex ratio of the Study Area is 1006 and 982 according to census 2001 and 2011 respectively, which is higher than the national average of 940. In the Project Impact Area, the sex ratio was found to have reduced from 993 in 2001 to 968 in 2011. However the Child Sex Ratio 4 was much lower and recorded 936 in the Study Area in 2011 as compared to 984 in 2001. The Child Sex Ratio in the Project Impact Area was very low and stood at 902. It is evident that the reduction in Child Sex Ratio has led to the decrease in the sex ratio of the total population.

Table 2.4: Sex Ratio in Impact and Influence Area Total Population Male Female Gender Ratio Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 960 1119 480 569 480 550 1000 967 Bagbadi 379 423 177 201 202 222 1141 1104 Bijana 1288 1486 648 746 640 740 988 992 Tihli Rampur 448 1962 221 1051 227 911 1027 867 Aamgaon 1441 1626 727 830 714 796 982 959 Tangarghat 1268 1513 650 745 618 768 951 1031

3 Sex Ratio is defined as the no. of females per 1000 males in the population and expressed as ‘no. of females per 1000 males’. 4 Child Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females in age group of 0-6 years per 1000 males in the same age group and is expressed in (number of females of 0-6 years per 1000 males of same age group’. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SCTOR – I 2-9 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Table 2.4: Sex Ratio in Impact and Influence Area Total Population Male Female Gender Ratio Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Telaipara 57 64 27 31 30 33 1111 1065 Tapranga 593 725 301 377 292 348 970 923 Dhaurabhatha 1046 1395 555 716 491 679 885 948 Nagramuda 565 829 290 426 275 403 948 946 Jhinkabahal 599 905 294 494 305 411 1037 832 Libara 1181 1418 598 720 583 698 975 969 Jharna 1265 1665 616 830 649 835 1054 1006 Raipara 466 511 229 274 237 237 1035 865 Samkera 1491 1671 726 824 765 847 1054 1028 Mahloi 2292 2706 1166 1369 1126 1337 966 977 Khuruslenga 1437 1660 722 848 715 812 990 958 Pata 1189 1358 595 688 594 670 998 974 Dolesara 1061 1326 513 644 548 682 1068 1059 Kunjemura 1054 1364 539 689 515 675 955 980 Project Impact Area (A) 20080 25726 10074 13072 10006 12654 993 968 Project Influence Area (B) 83696 98783 41662 49734 42034 49049 1009 986 Study Area (A+B) 103776 124509 51736 62806 52040 61703 1006 982 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001, and 2011

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2.3.3. SOCIAL GROUPS While assessing social impact of any area, it is very important to identify the population who fall under the marginalized and vulnerable groups such as Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. Although these groups are usually small farmers or landless, their livelihood is the worst affected and they get the worst compensation deals due to small land-holding and less properties. So, special attention has to be given towards these groups. Special provisions should be made for them and it should be seen that they get their compensation on time and without losing their livelihood. Table 2.5 depicts the distribution of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population in the Project Influence and Impact Areas. Table 2.5: Distribution of ST and SC Population in Impact and Influence Area Total Population Scheduled Caste Population Scheduled Tribe Population Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001(%) 2011(%) 2001 2011 2001(%) 2011(%) Budiya 960 1119 27 45 2.8 4.02 488 591 50.83 52.82 Bagbadi 379 423 0 0 0.0 0.00 233 268 61.48 63.36 Bijana 1288 1486 131 159 10.2 10.70 320 363 24.84 24.43 Tihli Rampur 448 1962 24 49 5.4 2.50 213 284 47.54 14.48 Aamgaon 1441 1626 58 79 4.0 4.86 697 821 48.37 50.49 Tangarghat 1268 1513 195 234 15.4 15.47 960 1143 75.71 75.55 Telaipara 57 64 7 9 12.3 14.06 40 51 70.18 79.69 Tapranga 593 725 42 61 7.1 8.41 155 141 26.14 19.45 Dhaurabhatha 1046 1395 67 68 6.4 4.87 315 336 30.11 24.09 Nagramuda 565 829 61 45 10.8 5.43 148 186 26.19 22.44 Jhinkabahal 599 905 66 116 11.0 12.82 189 237 31.55 26.19 Libara 1181 1418 98 135 8.3 9.52 636 742 53.85 52.33 Jharna 1265 1665 53 55 4.2 3.30 745 1058 58.89 63.54 Raipara 466 511 21 36 4.5 7.05 246 260 52.79 50.88 Samkera 1491 1671 242 279 16.2 16.70 621 656 41.65 39.26 Mahloi 2292 2706 316 375 13.8 13.86 1385 1621 60.43 59.90 Khuruslenga 1437 1660 334 316 23.2 19.04 643 740 44.75 44.58 Pata 1189 1358 124 147 10.4 10.82 474 576 39.87 42.42 Dolesara 1061 1326 216 344 20.4 25.94 408 450 38.45 33.94 Kunjemura 1054 1364 76 107 7.2 7.84 528 570 50.09 41.79 Project Impact Area 20080 25726 2158 2659 10.7 10.34 9444 11094 47.03 43.12 Project Influence Area 83696 98783 9141 11385 10.9 11.53 42768 47595 51.10 48.18 Study Area 103776 124509 11299 14044 10.9 11.28 52212 58689 50.31 47.14 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh, Census 2001, and 2011

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SCTOR – I 2-11 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

From the above table it can be observed that although the Scheduled Tribe population has increased from 2001 to 2011, the proportion to the total population have reduced from 50.31% (2001) to 47.14% (2011). The Scheduled Caste population of the study area is almost the same and stands at 11.28% (2011) as compared to 10.9% (2001). The tribal population is quite high in comparison to the tribal population percentage of 8.3% at National Level. 2.4. LITERACY RATE Literacy rate is one of the most significant indicators of social development. This is not only reflects on the educational attainment of the population but also reflects on the status of women, caste equation and economic condition of a particular area. It also shows the skill level of the people and their capability to get trained and work in various sectors. The literacy rate was found to have increased from 61.0% in 2001 to 64.9% in 2011 in the Study Area and from 64.1 to 65.3% in the Project Impact Area. The female literacy rate of the Project Impact Area has shown a large increase from 53.86% in 2001 to 74.37% in 2011. For the Study Area, the female literacy rate has shown a similar trend. In comparison the literacy growth rate of males have shown a low increase from 71.61% in 2001 to 73.45% in 2011. The details of literates and literacy rate of male and female are given in Table 2.6 and Table 2.7 respectively to describe the gender wise literacy rate of the people in the Study Area. The above literacy figures indicate that there has been a big leap in the development of women in the area, especially in terms of education. Table 2.6: Number of Literate in Impact & Influence Area Total Literates Male Literates Female Literate Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 690 739 370 439 320 300 Bagbadi 285 240 137 126 148 114 Bijana 901 1035 505 578 396 457 Tihli Rampur 330 1504 174 835 156 669 Aamgaon 909 1147 521 661 388 486

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Table 2.6: Number of Literate in Impact & Influence Area Total Literates Male Literates Female Literate Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Tangarghat 773 855 471 523 302 332 Telaipara 43 36 21 21 22 15 Tapranga 398 500 230 288 168 212 Dhaurabhatha 763 1031 448 570 315 461 Nagramuda 423 584 236 313 187 271 Jhinkabahal 430 625 234 378 196 247 Libara 875 933 500 532 375 401 Jharna 754 997 446 567 308 430 Raipara 295 392 173 217 122 175 Samkera 1044 1078 576 609 468 469 Mahloi 1068 1508 693 905 375 603 Khuruslenga 945 1010 558 581 387 429 Pata 685 864 432 505 253 359 Dolesara 677 830 396 461 281 369 Kunjemura 585 901 363 531 222 370 Project Impact Area 12873 16809 7484 9640 5389 7169 Project Influence Area 50415 63984 29565 36493 20850 27491 Study Area 63288 80793 37049 46133 26239 34660 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001 and 2011 Table 2.7: Literacy Rate in Impact & Influence Area Total Literacy Male Literacy Female Literacy Name of Villages/ Area 2001(%) 2011(%) 2001(%) 2011(%) 2001(%) 2011(%) Budiya 71.9 66.0 77.08 77.15 66.67 68.34 Bagbadi 75.2 56.7 77.40 62.69 73.27 90.48 Bijana 70.0 69.7 77.93 77.48 61.88 79.07 Tihli Rampur 73.7 76.7 78.73 79.45 68.72 80.12 Aamgaon 63.1 70.5 71.66 79.64 54.34 73.52 Tangarghat 61.0 56.5 72.46 70.20 48.87 63.48 Telaipara 75.4 56.3 77.78 67.74 73.33 71.43 Tapranga 67.1 69.0 76.41 76.39 57.53 73.61 Dhaurabhatha 72.9 73.9 80.72 79.61 64.15 80.88 Nagramuda 74.9 70.4 81.38 73.47 68.00 86.58 Jhinkabahal 71.8 69.1 79.59 76.52 64.26 65.34 Libara 74.1 65.8 83.61 73.89 64.32 75.38

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Table 2.6: Number of Literate in Impact & Influence Area Total Literates Male Literates Female Literate Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Jharna 59.6 59.9 72.40 68.31 47.46 75.84 Raipara 63.3 76.7 75.55 79.20 51.48 80.65 Samkera 70.0 64.5 79.34 73.91 61.18 77.01 Mahloi 46.6 55.7 59.43 66.11 33.30 66.63 Khuruslenga 65.8 60.8 77.29 68.51 54.13 73.84 Pata 57.6 63.6 72.61 73.40 42.59 71.09 Dolesara 63.8 62.6 77.19 71.58 51.28 80.04 Kunjemura 55.5 66.1 67.35 77.07 43.11 69.68 Project Impact Area 64.1 65.3 74.29 73.75 53.86 74.37 Project Influence Area 60.2 64.8 70.96 73.38 49.60 75.33 Study Area 61.0 64.9 71.61 73.45 50.42 75.13 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001, and 2011 2.5. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES The economy of an area is defined by the occupational pattern and income level of the people in the area. The Work Participation Rate5 and proportion of Main Workers are some of the main indicators of economic condition of the area. Table 2.8 shows the distribution of workers in the project influence and impact area. The Work Participation Rate in the Project Impact Area was found to have reduced from 49.1% in 2001 to 43.7% in 2011 while it reduced from 47.9% to 45.5% in the Study Area. The total main workers, who are engaged in nearby industries and mines as well as in agricultural sector as cultivators have showed an increase from 71.57% in 2001 to 80.82% in 2011. In the Study Area, the main workers have decreased slightly from 68.9% to 67.3%. Table 2.8: Sector-wise Distribution of Workers in Influence & Impact Area Total Worker Main Worker6 Marginal Worker7 Non Worker Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 474 501 363 344 111 157 486 618 Bagbadi 145 211 123 148 22 63 234 212

5 Work participation rate is defined as the percentage of total workers (main and marginal) to total population. 6 Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as main workers 7 Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as marginal workers. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SCTOR – I 2-14 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Table 2.8: Sector-wise Distribution of Workers in Influence & Impact Area Total Worker Main Worker6 Marginal Worker7 Non Worker Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Bijana 654 530 559 497 95 33 634 956 Tihli Rampur 274 776 8 647 266 129 174 1186 Aamgaon 717 791 618 643 99 148 724 835 Tangarghat 717 725 450 592 267 133 551 788 Telaipara 32 47 15 15 17 32 25 17 Tapranga 294 304 178 209 116 95 299 421 Dhaurabhatha 458 532 401 471 57 61 588 863 Nagramuda 315 310 293 307 22 3 250 519 Jhinkabahal 267 477 169 464 98 13 332 428 Libara 530 628 472 526 58 102 651 790 Jharna 757 861 416 790 341 71 508 804 Raipara 153 256 147 162 6 94 313 255 Samkera 690 850 486 845 204 5 801 821 Mahloi 1162 1178 720 474 442 704 1130 1528 Khuruslenga 687 777 547 720 140 57 750 883 Pata 644 508 528 413 116 95 545 850 Dolesara 353 436 187 412 166 24 708 890 Kunjemura 541 546 380 408 161 138 513 818 Project Impact Area 9864 11244 7060 9087 2804 2157 10216 14482 Project Influence Area 39876 45432 27228 29068 12648 16364 43820 53351 Study Area 49740 56676 34288 38155 15452 18521 54036 67833 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001 and 2011 From the above table it can be observed that the Work Participation Rate of the area is low. The major concern is that a negative growth trend in the WPR is seen, indicating there is reduction in jobs in the area. Thus setting up of large projects in the area will help in improving the job opportunity. While interacting with the people it was found that they get about 100 days of employment as agricultural labours and the rest of the time they have to search for jobs in nearby urban centers such as Gharghoda, Raigarh and Dharamjaigarh. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SCTOR – I 2-15 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

2.5.1.Occupational Pattern The occupational pattern8 in the study area was found to be varied. Due to water scarcity and poor soil quality, the option of agriculture is not lucrative. The occupational pattern in the study area and change during the last two decades are described in the section below. Table 2.9: Occupational Pattern Census Year Agricultural Labour Cultivator Household Industries Others 2001 21818 20579 1348 5995 2011 22491 16632 1035 16518 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001 and 2011

It can be seen from the above table, that there has been a shift in the occupational pattern in the area. Cultivators have reduced in the area, mainly due to large-scale acquisition of

8 As per census classification, the occupations are divided into 4 categories, viz Cultivator, Agricultural Labour, Household Industries and Other Workers. Cultivator: A person is classified as cultivator if he or she is engaged in cultivation of land owned or held from Government or held from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes effective supervision or direction in cultivation. Cultivation does not include the following plantation crops - tea, coffee, rubber, coconut and betel-nuts (area). Agricultural labour: A person who works on another person's land for wages in money or kind or share is regarded as an agricultural laborer. She or he has no risk in the cultivation, but merely works on another person's land for wages. An agricultural laborer has no right of lease or contract on land on which he works. Household Industry: It is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the household at home or within the village in rural areas and only within the precincts of the house where the household lives in urban areas. The larger proportion of workers in the household industry consists of members of the household. The industry is not run on the scale of a registered factory which would qualify or has to be registered under the Indian Factories Act. Household Industry relates to production, processing, servicing, repairing or making and selling (but not merely selling) of goods. Other Workers: All workers, i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic activity but are not cultivators, agricultural labourers or in Household Industry, are 'Other Workers (OW)'. The type of workers that come under this category include all government servants, teachers, factory and plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SCTOR – I 2-16 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

2 agricultural land due to large projects. Consequently, there has been an increase in the workers in the 'other' category as people who have lost their lands have either initiated small businesses or are directly or indirectly employed in the neighboring plants and mines. Proportion of agricultural labors have also decreased due to reduction of jobs in the agricultural sector. 2.6. AVAILABLE FACILITY The socio-economic analysis of the Project Impact Area shows that in terms of educational and other developments the area is moderately developed. The overall socio-economic status of the target population is low in terms of literacy, Work Participation Rate, access to facilities, etc. More attention and care should be taken so that the affected population can get more exposure

to modern facilities of education and development. 2.6.1.EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Education of the children plays a very vital role in the development of the society. The educated children will not only be able to look after themselves and their families but also will be able to bring change in the social environment by doing away with customary taboos that are actually a hindrance for the betterment of the society. The rural areas of India lag behind in educational status, not only because of lack of facilities but also due to inefficiency of available facilities. A numbers of factors such as poverty, children being engaged in various livelihood activities or household chores, girls being engaged in taking care of younger siblings, lack of awareness about value of education, social evils like child marriage, alcoholism, betting, etc are responsible for aversion towards education. Education is not only about enhancing skills or becoming employable. It is for getting equipped for a better quality of life. For example it has been observed from NFHS (National Family Health Survey) that the educated females prefer going to doctors than availing traditional health services. The women who mostly go for ante-natal checkups (ANC’s) are the ones who are educated at least upto Class 8. Proper education can help improve child mortality rate, maternal health, nutritional intake, etc of the people. The details of village-wise education facilities in the study area are described below in Table 2.10. Table 2.10: Education Facilities Primary School Middle School Secondary School Senior Secondary School Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0

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Table 2.10: Education Facilities Primary School Middle School Secondary School Senior Secondary School Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Bagbadi 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bijana 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Tihli Rampur 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 Aamgaon 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 Tangarghat 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 Telaipara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tapranga 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dhaurabhatha 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Nagramuda 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jhinkabahal 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Libara 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 Jharna 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 Raipara 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Samkera 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 Mahloi 2 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 Khuruslenga 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 Pata 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dolesara 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Kunjemura 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Project Impact Area 26 36 8 15 3 8 2 3 Project Influence Area 126 153 36 68 12 26 5 15 Study Area 152 189 44 83 15 34 7 18 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001 and 2011 There are a total of 36 Primary Schools, 15 Middle Schools, 8 Secondary School and 3 Senior Secondary School in the Project Impact Area. It can be seen that there has been an increase in the number of schools over the 10 years. A similar trend is also seen for the whole Study Area, where the developments of new schools have been substantial. However there are no facilities for higher education in this area and students generally travel to Raigarh or Dharamjaigarh for colleges or training. Although O P Jindal University is also located about 15km from the project area, the local population does not get access to its service.

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2.6.3.HEALTH FACILITIES Health is a pre-requisite for human development and is an essential component for the well- being of mankind. The health problems of any community are influenced by interplay of various factors including social, economic and political. The common beliefs, customs, practices related to health and disease in turn influence the health seeking behavior of the community. For basic ailments, people visit the sub-centers located in the area or goes to PHC at Tamnar or Gharghoda. For serious or chronic diseases they visit the District Hospital at Raigarh. The details of the health related facilities available in the study area is shown in Table 2.12. Table 2.12: Medical Facilities Mother-Child Primary Health Primary Health Name of Villages/ Area Welfare Centre Centre Sub-Centre TB Clinic 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bagbadi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bijana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tihli Rampur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aamgaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tangarghat 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Telaipara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tapranga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dhaurabhatha 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nagramuda 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Jhinkabahal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libara 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Jharna 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Raipara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Samkera 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Mahloi 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Khuruslenga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dolesara 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Kunjemura 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Project Impact Area 0 0 0 1 2 7 0 0 Project Influence Area 1 2 3 0 22 29 0 1 Study Area 1 2 3 1 24 36 0 1 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001 and 2011

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The common diseases reported in the study area are stomach ailments, fever, malaria, dysentery, diarrhea, anemia (women) and breathing problems. Cases of tuberculosis are also reported, although of less frequency. Another ailment found to be occurring frequently in the area is mal-nourishment among children, in spite of presence of requisite number of AWCs in the villages. As already mentioned health facilities are not available in all the villages and people have to travel to other villages for even treatment of minor ailments. The detailed description of health service available in the affected villages are given in Table 2.13.

Table 2.13: Access to Health Facilities Any dai or Any mobile mid wife in If Dai or mid wife Where do Any ICDS health clinic the trained Name of the people usually Distance centre in community village go for health (in km) the Tola Any training facilities If Yes Status Status No. Status centre/institute Mention in the vicinity Primary Health 5 Yes Yes Jindal Yes 4 Yes Tamnar Budiya Centre Tamnar Primary Health 3 Yes No - Yes 2 Yes Tamnar Bagbadi Centre Libra Primary Health 4 Yes Yes Jindal Yes 2 Yes Tamnar Tehli Rampur Centre Libra Primary Health Centre 4 Yes Yes Govt Yes 6 Yes Tamnar Aamgaon Dhaurabhatha Primary Health Centre 3 Yes Yes Jindal Yes 2 Yes Tamnar Tapranga Dhaurabhatha Primary Health Centre 7 Yes Yes Govt Yes 7 Yes Tamnar Tangarghat Dhaurabhatha Primary Health Centre 5 Yes No - Yes 1 Yes Tamnar Telaipara Dhaurabhatha Primary Health Centre 1 Yes Yes Jindal Yes 3 Yes Tamnar Dhaurabhatha Dhaurabhatha Primary Health Centre 9 Yes No - Yes 2 Yes Tamnar Nagramuda Dhaurabhatha Primary Health 2 Yes No - Yes 6 Yes Tamnar Jhinkabahal Centre Libra

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Table 2.13: Access to Health Facilities Any dai or Any mobile mid wife in If Dai or mid wife Where do Any ICDS health clinic the trained Name of the people usually Distance centre in community village go for health (in km) the Tola Any training facilities If Yes Status Status No. Status centre/institute Mention in the vicinity Primary Health 1 Yes Yes Govt Yes 12 Yes Tamnar Libara Centre Libra Primary Health 3 Yes Yes Jindal Yes 5 Yes Tamnar Jharna Centre Libra Primary Health 4 Yes No - Yes 2 Yes Tamnar Raipara Centre Tamnar Primary Health 5 Yes No - Yes 6 Yes Tamnar Samkera Centre Tamnar Primary Health 6 Yes Yes Jindal Yes 8 Yes Tamnar Mahloi Centre Tamnar Primary Health 8 Yes Yes Govt Yes 5 Yes Tamnar Khuruslenga Centre Tamnar Primary Health 10 Yes No - Yes 9 Yes Tamnar Bijana Centre Tamnar Primary Health 9 Yes Yes Govt Yes 3 Yes Tamnar Dolesara Centre Tamnar Primary Health 9 Yes Yes Jindal Yes 4 Yes Tamnar Pata Centre Tamnar Primary Health 10 Yes Yes Jindal Yes 5 Yes Tamnar Kunjemura Centre Tamnar

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2.6.3. DRINKING WATER FACILITIES One of the most important factors responsible for the emergence of a settlement is availability of water. Many water sources such as ponds, wells, streams, hand pumps, tanks, etc. is available in rural areas. In the villages under study, the main source of water is well, followed by hand pump and tanks. The water of the hand-pump is used for drinking, bathing and household purposes. The list of water sources is given in Table 2.11 below. Table 2.11: Drinking Water Facilities Taps Wells Tanks Hand-pumps Tube-wells Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Bagbadi 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Bijana 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Tihli Rampur 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Aamgaon 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Tangarghat 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Telaipara 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 Tapranga 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Dhaurabhatha 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nagramuda 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Jhinkabahal 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Libara 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Jharna 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Raipara 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Samkera 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Mahloi 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SCTOR – I 2-23 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Table 2.11: Drinking Water Facilities Taps Wells Tanks Hand-pumps Tube-wells Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Khuruslenga 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Pata 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Dolesara 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kunjemura 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Project Impact Area 1 9 20 20 15 19 19 20 5 13 Project Influence Area 2 30 104 101 61 100 19 114 110 50 Study Area 3 39 124 121 76 119 24 134 129 63 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001 and 2011 It can be seen from the above table that there has been a reduction of open-wells and tube- wells in the study area. So presently the population is more dependent on tap-water supply and hand-pumps for drinking water. For other domestic purposes, ponds and river water is used.

Well in Dhaurabhata village Hand-pump in Telaipara Village

Water tank in Kunjemura Handpump in Khurselenga

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2.6.4. POST OFFICE AND BANK FACILITIES As anywhere in the country the number of post offices in the area has reduced from 26 in 2001 to 18 in 2011. However post office facilities are still accessible to people of the area. Commercial banks have also increased in the study area. Various types of banking facilities available in the study area are illustrated in Table 2.14. Table 2.14: Post Office and Bank Facilities Post Office Commercial Bank Cooperative Bank Agricultural Societies Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Budiya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bagbadi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bijana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tihli Rampur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aamgaon 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tangarghat 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Telaipara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tapranga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dhaurabhatha 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Nagramuda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jhinkabahal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Libara 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Jharna 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Raipara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Samkera 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mahloi 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Khuruslenga 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dolesara 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kunjemura 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Project Impact Area 8 5 1 1 0 1 1 6 Project Influence Area 18 13 1 7 3 4 6 9 Study Area 26 18 2 8 3 5 7 15 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Orissa & Chhattisgarh Census 2001 and 2011 The socio-economic analysis of the Project Impact and Influence area shows that in terms of educational and other developments the area is moderately developed in spite of industrialization. It was found out that the study area is dominated by Scheduled Tribes which is

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2 considered as vulnerable groups. The overall socio-economic status of the target population is low in terms of literacy, Work Participation Rate, access to facilities, etc. More attention and care should be taken so that the needs and demand of these marginalized classes of the host and influence area population can get more exposure to modern facilities of education and development.

2.6.5.Accessibility and Transportation The connectivity plays a crucial role in the progress of any society or economy. The linkages connect people belonging to different physical, social and economic backgrounds between different villages. Further, the connectivity to the main roads leading to the urban areas is very important for the villagers to get access to various high order facilities and markets to sell their product. Hence, connectivity needs to be enhanced in a way to raise the standard of living of the people. Transportation facilities are not good for all villages and village-wise details which connect the road is given below Table 2.15. The internal roads of most of the villages are kuchha with some stretches having RCC surface. However all villages except Nagramunda and Raipara have one black top road connecting the village to a major road. Table 2.15: Details of Road Connectivity Black Topped Gravel (kuchha) S.No Village Name Road Roads State Highway Major District Road Internal Roads 1 Budiya Available Available Not Available Not Available Available 2 Bagbadi Available Available Not Available Not Available Not Available 3 Bijana Available Not Available Not Available Not Available Available 4 Tihli Rampur Available Available Not Available Available Available 5 Aamgaon Available Available Not Available Available Available 6 Tangarghat Available Available Not Available Not Available Not Available 7 Telaipara Available Available Not Available Not Available Not Available 8 Tapranga Available Available Not Available Not Available Not Available 9 Dhaurabhatha Available Available Not Available Available Available 10 Nagramuda Not Available Available Not Available Not Available Not Available 11 Jhinku Bahal Available Available Not Available Available Available 12 Libara Available Available Available Available Available 13 Jharna Available Available Not Available Not Available Available 14 Raipara Not Available Available Not Available Not Available Not Available 15 Samkera Available Available Not Available Not Available Available

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Black Topped Gravel (kuchha) S.No Village Name Road Roads State Highway Major District Road Internal Roads 16 Mahloi Available Not Available Not Available Available Available 17 Khurus Lenga Available Not Available Not Available Available Available 18 Pata Not Available Available Not Available Available Not Available 19 Dolesara Not Available Available Not Available Not Available Not Available 20 Kunjemura Available Available Not Available Available Not Available Source: Primary Survey & Consultation using PRA Technique by Greencindia Consulting Private Limited, 2016-17

Village Road Amagaon Village Road Bagbadi

Village Road, Dhaurabhata Village Road, Tangarghat 2.6.6. WEEKLY MARKETS (HAAT) The rural people need market access to sell their products and purchase household goods and services. Therefore, required infrastructure needs to be provided so that these villages can become self-sufficient in terms of availability of basic needs and facilities leading to their economic progress. People sale and purchase goods from weekly markets (haat) in these villages. So the weekly bazaars in these villages provide source of income as well as platform for trade i.e. buying and selling of goods.

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Table 2.16: Details of Weekly Market

Sl Panchyat Village Weekly Market Status

1 Budiya Budiya Not Available 2 JInkaBhal Bagbadi Not Available 3 Tihli Rampur Tihli Rampur Not Available 4 Aamgaon Aamgaon Not Available 5 Dhaurabhantha Tapranga Not Available 6 Tangarghat Tangarghat Not Available 7 Tangarghat Telaipara Not Available 8 Dhaurabhatha Dhaurabhatha Available 9 Jhanjir Nagramuda Not Available 10 JInkaBhal Jhinku Bahal Available 11 Libara Libara Not Available 12 Jharna Jharna Not Available 13 Samkhera Raipara Not Available 14 Samkera Samkera Not Available 15 Mahloi Mahloi Not Available 16 Khurus Lenga Khurus Lenga Not Available 17 Bijana Bijana Not Available 18 Dolesara Dolesara Not Available 19 Pata Pata Not Available 20 Kunjemura Kunjemura Not Available Source: Primary Survey by Greencindia Consulting Private Limited, 2016-17 Weekly markets are held in only two of the study area villages and the villagers from neighboring area use these markets for their trading. So in these villages required infrastructure needs to be provided and awareness needs to be spread among people about alternatives other than agriculture to earn their livelihood. 2.7. OBSERVATIONS In the study area continued decline in sex ratio is a matter of grave concern. The situation of study area is more distressing due to the fact that while the latest census of 2011 shows improvement of overall sex ratio in almost all the states, in case of Chhattisgarh a further decline is maintained. It seems all efforts taken by programme managers to improve sex ratio have not yielded the result. High infant and maternal mortality is still prevailing in study area is a

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2 point of concern. Its level of mortality indicators does not commensurate with its level of its socio-economical development .A high level of malnutrition and high proportion of anemic women and children are prevailing in study area. Means and ways are needed to be found out to improve their nutrition condition. Also, improvement in status of the women and discrimination against female children need to be addressed. More stress towards female education and employment are to be given. Primary school is supposed to be first accessible institution for every child to gain primary education. Schools were available in 135 villages. In fact, there were total 324 schools in these villages. In Project Area villages Raipara, Bagbadi, Nagramunda there was no upper primary school. This was a small village with very low population. Children of this village go to schools in the neighboring village. There were 8 villages (Kunjemura, Budiya, Samkera, Mahloi, Libra, Pata, Aamgaon and Khuruslenga) with large population and there were more than one school in these villages. Other than the above there are separate hostels for boys and girls belonging to schedule tribe in Tamnar. The medical facility in study area is very poor. In Study area, 135 villages were being covered by 36 health sub-centers and 2 Health centers in and around these villages as per their location. It is very difficult for the habitants of distant villages to travel for medical treatment.

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Chapter 3: Socio-Economic Profile of Affected Tribal Population

3. Socio-Economic Profile of Affected Tribal Population

3.1 INTRODUCTION While devising any development plan, it is very important to identify the population who fall under the marginalized and vulnerable groups. In India the vulnerable group are mainly schedule caste Schedule tribes, and are usually small farmers or landless. Their livelihood is the worst affected and they get the worst compensation deal. So, special attention has to be given towards these groups. Special provisions should be made for them and it should be seen that they get their compensation on time and without losing their livelihood

3.2 POPULATION AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION While assessing social impact of any area, it is very important to identify the population who fall under the marginalized and vulnerable groups such as Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. Although these groups are usually small farmers or landless, their livelihood is the worst affected and they get the worst compensation deals due to small land-holding and less properties. So, special attention has to be given towards these groups. Special provisions should be made for them and it should be seen that they get their compensation on time and without losing their livelihood. Table 3.1 depicts the distribution of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population in the Project Influence and Impact Areas. Ttable3.1: Distribution of ST and SC Population in Impact and Influence Area Scheduled Caste Population Scheduled Tribe Population Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001(%) 2011(%) 2001 2011 2001(%) 2011(%) Budiya 27 45 2.8 4.02 488 591 50.83 52.82 Bagbadi 0 0 0.0 0.00 233 268 61.48 63.36 Bijana 131 159 10.2 10.70 320 363 24.84 24.43 TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-1 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Ttable3.1: Distribution of ST and SC Population in Impact and Influence Area Scheduled Caste Population Scheduled Tribe Population Name of Villages/ Area 2001 2011 2001(%) 2011(%) 2001 2011 2001(%) 2011(%) Tihli Rampur 24 49 5.4 2.50 213 284 47.54 14.48 Aamgaon 58 79 4.0 4.86 697 821 48.37 50.49 Tangarghat 195 234 15.4 15.47 960 1143 75.71 75.55 Telaipara 7 9 12.3 14.06 40 51 70.18 79.69 Tapranga 42 61 7.1 8.41 155 141 26.14 19.45 Dhaurabhatha 67 68 6.4 4.87 315 336 30.11 24.09 Nagramuda 61 45 10.8 5.43 148 186 26.19 22.44 Jhinkabahal 66 116 11.0 12.82 189 237 31.55 26.19 Libara 98 135 8.3 9.52 636 742 53.85 52.33 Jharna 53 55 4.2 3.30 745 1058 58.89 63.54 Raipara 21 36 4.5 7.05 246 260 52.79 50.88 Samkera 242 279 16.2 16.70 621 656 41.65 39.26 Mahloi 316 375 13.8 13.86 1385 1621 60.43 59.90 Khuruslenga 334 316 23.2 19.04 643 740 44.75 44.58 Pata 124 147 10.4 10.82 474 576 39.87 42.42 Dolesara 216 344 20.4 25.94 408 450 38.45 33.94 Kunjemura 76 107 7.2 7.84 528 570 50.09 41.79 Project Impact Area 2158 2659 10.7 10.34 9444 11094 47.03 43.12 Project Influence Area 9141 11385 10.9 11.53 42768 47595 51.10 48.18 Study Area 11299 14044 10.9 11.28 52212 58689 50.31 47.14

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3.3 GENDER PROFILE OF SCHEDULE TRIBES The scheduled tribes in India have traditionally had the highest sex ratios - the number of women for every 1,000 men - among all communities. But, detailed data on individual tribal communities just put out by the census shows that the situation is worsening in almost each case. And the sex ratio in the population aged zero to six is significantly lower. This section highlights the sex ratio of Schedule tribe population in the study area. Table 3.2 reflects the details of the social characteristics of female prevalent in the area. According to the survey the overall sex ratio of study area are reduceing from 2001 to 2011 i.e 1017 to 1014. Table 3-2: Gender Profile of Study Area 2001 2011 Sl. No Village GENDER GENDER M_ST F_ST M_ST F_ST RATIO RATIO 1 Budiya 248 240 967.74 295 296 1003.39 2 Bagbadi 113 120 1061.95 132 136 1030.30 3 Bijana 164 156 951.22 177 186 1050.85 4 Tihli Rampur 106 107 1009.43 141 143 1014.18 5 Aamgaon 342 355 1038.01 408 413 1012.25 6 Tangarghat 493 467 947.26 564 579 1026.60 7 Telaipara 18 22 1222.22 24 27 1125.00 8 Tapranga 75 80 1066.67 73 68 931.51 9 Dhaurabhatha 172 143 831.40 166 170 1024.10 10 Nagramuda 81 67 827.16 92 94 1021.74 11 Jhinku Bahal 86 103 1197.67 116 121 1043.10 12 Libara 329 307 933.13 367 375 1021.80

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Table 3-2: Gender Profile of Study Area 2001 2011 Sl. No Village GENDER GENDER M_ST F_ST M_ST F_ST RATIO RATIO 13 Jharna 364 381 1046.70 522 536 1026.82 14 Raipara 119 127 1067.23 138 122 884.06 15 Samkera 289 332 1148.79 313 343 1095.85 16 Mahloi 704 681 967.33 820 801 976.83 17 Khurus Lenga 320 323 1009.38 383 357 932.11 18 Pata 228 246 1078.95 293 283 965.87 19 Dolesara 187 221 1181.82 206 244 1184.47 20 Kunjemura 269 259 962.83 299 271 906.35 Project Impact Area 4707 4737 1006.37 5529 5565 1006.51 Project Influence Area 21171 21597 1020.122 23599 23996 1016.82 Study Area 25878 26334 1017.621 29128 29561 1014.87 Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India, Chhattisgarh 2001 & 2011

3.4 TRIBAL GROUPS IN STUDY AREA

3.4.1 GOND TRIBES Gond Tribes tribe of the India is the largest group in the county and is also called the “face of India tribes” because of their population strength. This tribe of India has a district identify in terms of culture language costumes and different perspective on the ideologies of Indian tribes. Gonds settled in Gondwana, now know as eastern Madhya Pradesh between the fourteenth centuries. Gond dynasties ruled in four kingdoms (Garha mandla, Deogarh, Chandannnd Kheria) in central India between the sixteenth and mid eighteenth century. Gonds Live all over central India and in the states Maharshtra and Orisa. As hill people they traditionally have been associated with hills and uplands in the Deccan peninsula. Many gonds live around the satpura hills, maikala Range and son Deogarh uplands and on the baster plateau. The Upland area generally lies between 2,000 to 3000 feet (600 to 900 meters) with

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3 isolated peaks occasionally exceeding approximately 4000 feet (1200 meters). The region is drained by head waters of some of India s major rivers (such as the Narmada, Tapti, Son, Mahanadi, and Godawari). Forest cover is dense in places and communications are generally difficult.

Gond society has both its vertical stratification and its horizontal divisions and while the decline of the raja families the stratification based on the hereditary rank has been reduced in relevance‟s, the division of society into exogamous partilleal units has retained its importance. The Basic of social structure is a system of four castes each again divided into clans, and the origin of the system is attributed to a divine culture hero. The members of each clean worship a

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3 deity described as parsa pen. Today the clans are widely dispersed, but they still form a permanent framework which regulates marriage and many ritual relations. There are 65 clans of gond in Madhya Pradesh And Chhattisgarh. Parsa Pen is the most distinctive feature of gond religion. Like many other tribes, Gonds worship a high god known as Baradeo, whose alternate names are Bhagvan, Shri Sambu Mahadev and Parsa Pen. Baradeo oversees activities of lesser gods, he is respected but he does not receive fervent devotion, which is shown only to clan deities. Each gond clan has its Parsa Pen, who protected all clan member. Each village has its village Guardians and village mother who are worshipped when villagers celebrate regular festivals. Gonds also worship family and household gods, gods of the field and gods of cattle. Deities such as Shitala Mata, goddess of small pox, help ward of disease. Sprites are also believed to inhabit hills, rivers lakes and trees. Gond observes festivals which are influenced by Hindu tradition Nagoba are an important festival of gond tribes in which they worship a snake deity. Madai is another important festival when the gonds meet their relative settled in various other corners of the country. It is especially dear to the gods who come from far off places to meet their kith and kin and to purchase a year supply of items like salt and cooking oil. They sacrifices goat to appease the tribal goddess besides consuming liquor and engaging in tribal music and dance. Dusshera a popular hindu occasion is also celebrated by all tribes and non tribes in the study area. Gonds also organize communities feast during crop harvesting. They also sacrifices pigs and consume liquors made from Mahuwa followers and rice. The Gond usually speaks gondi language which belong to Dravidian family of languages and is related to Tamil and Kannada. The language offers a cultural connection between the many gond groups. Many gonds Speak hindi, Marathi or Telegu as per their residence. The Gonds are traditionally agriculturalists and some practice shifting cultivation even today. Other major activities of Gonds include collecting forest Produce, fishing and hunting, forging metal goods and artifact.

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3.4.2 BAIGA TRIBES The Baiga is one of the Primitive Tribal Groups (PTG) in the state of Chhattisgarh, who survives on collection of forest produce. The Baiga tribe is known as Panda, the term Baiga means priest. The Baiga are divided in to three sub-groups namely Bhinjhwar, Bharoti and Nahar or Narotia and these are further divided into various clans like Kukadia, Bania, Samdadia, Markam, Dhurwey, Dhotia, Bhotia, Jadawariya, Kurmil, Brijia et.al. Baiga Tribes Mainley dependednt upon agricultural and collection of forest produce. They consider earth to be their mother and hence they do not use to plough the land as they belived they ploughing will hurt mother earth. They used to practice shifting cultivation due to which the land became barren in many areas. Presently government has banned these practices. The Baiga are very good archer and use the skill to hunt animals and also do fishing. They use to collect things from forest and sell it in the market to earn their livelihood. Presently they are also started animal husbandry and are rearing cattle and goats.

3.4.3 AGARIA TRIBES The name Agaria is derived from ‘aag’ (fire), appropriately associated with the furnace used for smelting iron. They also call themselves Lohar (Blacksmith). The Agaria are considered to be an offshoot of the Gond Tribe. There are two endogamous sub-castes among the Agaria, the Patharia and the Khuntias. These two subgroups do not even share water with each other. The exogamous divisions usually have the same names as the Gonds, such as Sonureni, Dhurua, Tekam, Markam, Uika, Purtai, Marai, Bhoratia, Mangta, Koelari to name a few.

3.4.4 ORAON/CHRISTIAN Oraon is one of the main tribe communities found in study area, although they are less in Chhattisgarh. They are also known as Kurukh tribes. These tribes are mainly found in the states of Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Bihar West Bengal and Orissa. Oraon are further divided into sub castes like Kudas and Kisans who follow patrilineal family customs. There are a total of 14 clans

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3 in oraon tribal community like Gari, Larka.Kispotta, Runda, Tirky,Toppo,Linda, Ekka, Kujur, Bek, Kerketta, Bandi, Minz and Kalkho. Oraon converse with each other in Kurukh, Sadri and Hindi. The oraon are also nature worshippers. They are the most assorted people, borrowing freely from neighboring culture elements quite alien to their primitive tradition. The oraon religious system has been largely influenced by the munda and the kharia religious tradition. The oraon eclectic tendency is again manifest in their borrowing from Hindu beliefs. Oraon occupation is primarily agriculture and allied activities. Their culture is intimately related to the surrounding environment. The usual diet consists of rice, dal and vegetables. Fish and meat are occasionally consumed. The leaves flowers, Seeds roots procedure from the forest are integral part of oraon diets. In study area two distinct type of Oraon were found. One group is advanced and employed in urban area and government, and the other group staying in their traditional ways and are poor and cut off from mainstream society.

3.4.5 KANWARS Kanwars is a schedule tribe group inhabiting Jashpur, Raighar, Sarguja and Korba district of Chhattisgarh. Although they are notified as schedule Tribes in Chhattisgarh, in other state they are not notified. Kanwars are believed to be the descendants of the kauravas in the epic Mahabharata. There are 6 exogamous clans of kanwars namely Tilasi, Darpan, Bama, Sandur, Sagar and Sonvani. These people are generally monogamous. In order to converse with each other this group uses a language known as Kawari. This language belongs to the indo Aryan language family. Many believe that it is a dialect of habit. Other than this the other languages used by the kanwars include Chhattisgarhi, Hindi or native language of the area they stay in. Marriages are performed on the auspicious day of basant Panchyat. They are very selective in social interactions and connection with groups such as Gonds, Oraon and have no relationship with other caste groups. Their main occupation is agriculture and they are settled agriculturists. In most cases it was found that they are land owners and employee other tribal group in their fields as laborers. The

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Kanwars are also known as good bowmen and use their skill to hunt in the neighboring forest their dependency on forest is not only limited to animal hunting but also collection of forest produce for personal consumption and seedling the market.

3.5 CULTURAL PROFILE OF TRIBES POPULATION The Scheduled Tribe groups who were identified as more backward communities among the tribal population groups have been categorized as 'Primitive Tribal Groups' (PTGs) by the Central Government in 1975. So far seventy-five tribal communities have been identified as 'primitive tribal groups' in different States of India.

The tribal culture of India and their traditions and practices pervade almost all of the aspects of Indian culture and civilization. The cultural aspects of habitants are discussed in following section.

3.5.1 HOUSING TYPOLOGY Most of the people live in kachcha houses, made of mud, stones, bamboo and rag (locally name of khapparail). They have main door for entrance and windows are avoided as part of security measures. The ventilation for the houses is provided from the roof. The thickness of mud masonry wall is generally thick in order to keep the houses cold and range from 20-25 inch. In the study area 85 percent houses were found to be kutcha followed by 10 percent semi pucca structures. The rest of the houses are pucca and includes government structure such as schools, Aganwadi building, Dispensaries, Panchyat Bhawan etc.

Most of the houses have a courtyard in front followed by a varanda on a raised platform this is followed by the rooms. All the rooms open from the varanda. The large house have a big central courtyard, which have separate place for cooking food and two to three rooms for residence and storage. In centre of the courtyard they have a separate place for worship. Their houses

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-9 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

3 are normally found to be woven – plastered walls and thatched walls and thatched roof. In some of the houses they have meeting room where head of the house sits. Cattle shed are outside the house towards east. No proper attention for sanitation facilities is given for construction houses of tribal‟s in the village of study area. Most of the houses are having no draining system.

The pucca structures mostly in the villages are built under Pradhanmantri Awas Yojna scheme, some government building such as panchyat office, school, aganwadi centers and health centre also pucca. Very few private pucca structures were found in the area except for area near the main roads. Here commercial establishments such as banks, shops had pucca structure.

3.5.2 FESTIVALS Apart from the major festival like Dushera, Deepawali, Holi, Govardhan pooja, there are a few others that are predominant in this area. Festivals which are connected with agriculture are Hariyali, Kora is celebrated in month of September. Hariyali is celebrated in order to gain

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-10 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

3 agricultural prosperity. The festival of hariyali takes place in the month of Sharvan. During this time farmer worship farm tool as well as cow by placing branches and leaves of the Bhelwa tree in the field are implore for a good harvest. Navakhani celebrated in the month of October when new crops are harvested. Cherta is celebrated in January and is connected with eating of pulse. The raw urad pulse is offered to ancestors. The main festivals of study area are given below: Ganga Dashera: Ganga Dashera is celebrated on Bhimseni Ekadsi. It heralds the sowing of kharif crops. There are folk dances in which men, women, boys and girls dance together with singing romantic songs. Liquor is taken by the dancers and this leads to spirited and vigorous dancing. It is actually considered to be a festival of rejoicing. Charta: It is celebrated on the full moon day in the month of Paus (December-January). At this period of the year, the cultivator has harvested and brought home the produce. Every family has a sumptuous mid day meal according to their financial status. Children go out in the village and collect rice from every household. In the evening, the young maids of the village cook the collected food near the village tank or on the bank of rivers and then they have a community feast. Charta is celebrated by all the community. Karma: Karam is the worship of Karam-Devta (Karam-Lord/God), the god of power, youth, and youthfulness. The Karam festival is an agricultural festival celebrated by diverse groups of people, including:, Oraon, Kharia, speaking people. The festival is held on the 11th day of a full moon (Purnima) of the Hindu month of Bhadro, which falls between August and September. Groups of young villagers go to the jungle and collect wood, fruits, and flowers. These are required during the puja (worship) of the Karam God. During this period, people sing and dance together in groups. The entire valley dances to the drumbeat "day of the phases" Navakhai: It is a festival which is celebrated by agriculturists of all communities. When the paddy harvest start the new rice is offered to the family deity as part of the maha navmi proceeding of Vijaya Dashmi. This is a religious ceremony and after the family takes the Prasad. Only after this the family starts consuming the newly harvested rice. In the evening the village perform dance and take liquor.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-11 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Madai Festival: Madai Festival one of the popular festivals celebrated by the Gond Tribe. It reflects the rich culture and tradition of the area. This festival is always celebrated in a large ground where people from different regions gather to have great enjoyment and merriment. It is the most distinguishing feature among all the festivals celebration. Here are several customs which are observed when the Festival of Madai is celebrated. A goat is sacrificed in honor of the tribal gods. This ritual takes place beneath a sacred tree. Then amidst the beating of drums and bells, the goat is taken around the whole village. The Madai festival is celebrated month of March. At night also the merry making continues in full vigor. The men consume intoxicating drinks and dance to the tribal tunes. The sight of this unrestrained merry making is very enjoyable and it is difficult to resist the desire to be one of them and participate in the revelry. The ambience is very cheerful indeed.

Hariyali Festival Cherta Festival

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-12 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

3.5.3 FOOD- HABIT The main source of livelihood of project area is Agricultural and collection of minor forest products like Sal, mahua, gum, tendu leaves, amla, harra, bahera etc. In rainy season they gather some forest roots, leaves and vegetables. Fishing and hunting are practiced as occupation. Some People have no land work for cultivation as labour. During some season they get food grains to eat while during the odd season they satisfy their hunger on leaves, fruits, tubers (namely Gainth, Pitharu, Nakwa, katharu, kulthi, konge, charhat, bilar,) etc. between October and March they get better food which includes makai maize) arua/Madua a soil of paddy saturu, kutki, arhar (pigion pea),and other pulses etc. Rice is one food item that is eaten widely in various ways. Most of the traditional and tribe foods are made of rice and rice flour like Pakhal Bhat, Kosra, Angakar Roti and Rice Flour Chapati. The tribal and village people enjoys native delicacy brew made of small, creamy white fruit of a local tree called Mahuwa. Mahuwa is extremely popular across the width and breadth of Chhattisgarh ; other cuisines are rakhia badi, jalebis, bafauri and petha. 3.5.4. WEA RING STYL E It is the tribal wear of Project Area that bequeaths the clothing of the people of this area with their exclusive identity and style. The women love to dress up and flaunt their tribal designs in their traditional

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-13 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

3 as well as modern wear. There is certain uniformity in spite of the diversity in the way these women and men don their outfits, which makes their traditional attire and culture even more appealing. The women of Project area wearing `Lugda` (sari) and `Polkha` (blouse) along with attractive ornaments and jewels which was also an integral part of the culture and heritage The men and women of Project Area have evolved their traditional clothing and imbibed them with the modern take on fashionable attire. The Kachhora style sari which was worn originally by the tribal women is now adorned by the younger generations. It is being printed in fabrics which are easier to handle and are less on maintenance. Batik is now being used on shirts, salwar kameez and various other types of modern clothing as well. Women of Project area accessorize their clothing and attires extensively. They feel that their attire is incomplete without it. The use of Baandha- a type of Necklace which is made out of coins is a common embellishment. The women also adorn themselves with the following traditional accessories:  Silver necklaces such as „suta‟, a „phuli‟ as a nose ring and „bali‟ & „khuntis‟ as earrings.  Ainthi is also used as silver worn on forearm along with Patta.  Choora (bangles) and Kardhani – a belt like object made out of silver is worn around the waist.  Pounchhi, a ring worn on the upper arm  Bichhiya – traditional ring worn on the toe, which is a symbol of marriage. It‟s not just the women who love to dress and accessorize their garments, but the men also take a keen interest in various kinds of ornamentation‟s. The men wear Koundhi which is a neckpiece made of beads and sometimes Kadhah which is a bangle worn during traditional ceremonies and festivals. These accessories and ornaments are symbolic of their culture and tradition.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-14 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

3.5.5. LANGUAGES within the surroundings & including the project area ST peoples are in majority in villages. the local spoken language is Hindi & local Chhatisgadi. Oriya language also spoken by local people. 3.5.6. MARRIAGES Marriages are exogamous generally arranged with person from other kutumb. And a person cannot marry with member outside the tribe/community. Widow Remarriage is not permitted.

3.6 LIVELIHOOD STATUS

3.6.1 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND COMMON CROPS About 89% of the working population of the study area is dependent on agricultural, which 46 percent of working population is cultivators and about 43 percent are agricultural labors. Agricultural is directly connected with land and water resources. The agricultural in the study area is dependent on rainfall and the area falls under non irrigated region of the district. Majority of the families in the area are small farmer with limited resources due to lack of proper irrigation facility people were heavily dependent on rainfall. On the other hand at times 4-5 month of heavy rainfall inundates the fields, which also lead to loss in agricultural. The traditional agricultural practices and fragmented land in the area result in limited output of the producer.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-15 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Majority of the adult males in the villages were involved in agricultural activities. These people were mostly involved in cultivating their own field. However, the poorer people having very less agricultural land or no agricultural land of their own were engaged as agriculture labour. In other seasons, many of them were involved in various non-agriculture labour activities in the outskirts of their village. Many people were also involved in cattle rearing. Majority of the adult females in these villages were mostly engaged in household chores as well as agricultural activities especially working as agricultural labour in the field during cultivation season.

The cropping pattern in the area has two seasons, Kharif and Rabi. As the area is more dependent on rain, Kharif is the main seasons for cultivation. During the kharif season, the crops grown included rice followed by maize, pigeon pea, black gram, sesame, groundnut etc. the crops grown during winter included wheat pea and linseed. The vegetable grown in the

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-16 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

3 study area included potato, onions, brinjal, tomato, cauliflowers, cabbage, etc. fruit found in the area were guava, mango, pear, jackfruit, Lemon, Papaya etc.

Medicinal use Plant: The tribes use different part of plants viz roots tubers leaves fruits bark resin seeds latex etc as medicines. The plant based resource from a large share on which rural communities depend for food and medicines. The project area harbors several important medicinal plants whose extracts are used for Ayurvedic medicines such as Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellerica, Emblica officinalis, Aeglemarmelos etc.

Edible Plants: Wild edible plants are one of the prime sources of livelihood to the rural communities in the area. Various plant parts viz. fruit, leaf, flower, tuber, rhizome, root and seed are the source of food to the dwellers of the area.

3.6.2 FOREST PRODUCERS One aspects of the occupation, which is not covered in the normal classification of occupation, is collection of forest produces. The two main non-timber forest produces found in the area are mahuwa and tendu leaves collecting processing and marketing of mahuwa and tendu leaves are a major occupation and a steady source of livelihood of the people. It was found that the whole family is involved in the process of collection and marketing of forest produces. As per the people they earn an additional Rs. 5000-10000 annually from the non-timber forest produces.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-17 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Mahua: Mahua has a significant place in tribe culture every tribe household retains a part of the annual collection for various rituals. Apart from providing cash income it also plays a role in food security. Mahua tree is a family jewel which is passed on from one generation to the other: but is never sold. It is rich in sugar and protein and is a good source of nutrition for poor people. Current users of this product are food in raw and cooked from: conversion to alcoholic beverage and also used as cattle feed. The flowering of mahua usually occur during March to May with an average size tree providing yield of 50-70 kgs. Usually the people first collect from their own tree and then go for forest collection. It was found that about 35-40 percent of the produce comes from own tree and the balance from forest. On an average a family member collects about 10kg of mahua in a day. The collected mahua is then kept for sun drying for 3-4 day on the roof top, in the open area inside the house or in the front yard depending upon the sunlight. Sun drying may be followed by shade drying before it is finally stored or disposed. Each day‟s collections are dried separately so that there is no moisture transfer from one lot to another. Moisture retention in mahua often spoils the whole product.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-18 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

In the study area, it was found that on an average the villages sell mahua at 12-15/ kg if the fruits are sold after monsoon the price per kg increases to Rs. 25/kg dowagers due to no proper storage facilities and the immediate requirement of money by the villages due to poverty forces them to sell off their products immediately. The produce from this area are usually marketed through middlemen to Ranchi viz Ambikapur. Absence of any support price from the government and lack of proper marketing linkages, the people were found to be easy prey for the middleman. Tendu Leaves: Chhattisgarh is a pioneering state, producing the best quality tendu leaves. The Tendu leaves are mainly used to wrappers for Beedi. The collection season of tendu leaves is from the third week of April to last week of May. The procedure for collection and processing of tendu leaves has almost been standardized and almost the same procedure is used TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-19 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

3 everywhere. The tendu plats are pruned in this month of February and March and the mature leaves are collected after about 45 days. The leaves are collected is bundled of 50 to 100 leaves, which are dried in sunlight for about a week. The dried leaves are sprinkled with water to soften them and then filled tightly in jute bags and exposed to direct sunlight for 2 days. The bags, thus packed and cured can be stored till marketing. Great care is needed while plucking, curing and storage of tendu leaves. In the Study area, the tendu leaves are generally collected by the forest department. The standard price given to the villagers is Rs. 110 for 100 bundles of 50 leaves ach. It was found that a family of five members earn about – 3500-7000 per season.

3.6.3 LIVESTOCK REARING Animal rearing was not a common occupation in this part of the state mainly due to dominance of tribal population. However in the last decades or so, the practice of animal rearing has increased manifold. The practice of cattle and Goat rearing and also selling them in the market has now become a normal feature in this area. In all the three seasons (rainy, winter and summer), the main source of water for livestock in all the 45 villages taken together was hand pump & well. Although there were some ponds in the villages, majority of the ponds became dry during the summers and the major source of water in the area remained the hand pumps & wells for all purposes. In some villages, river water was also an important source of water for the inhabitants. Majority of the households had no separate space in the house for the livestock. The livestock in these households were tethered outside the house in the open. There is scarcity of grazing land in most of the villages and the cattle are sent to nearby forest for grazing. It was found that about 10 villages had proper grazing land demarcated in its revenue land use records.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-20 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

As land is mainly used for crops, green pasture is also a scarce commodity in these villages. During the summer season, it is difficult to get sufficient pasture for the animals even in the villages with pastureland. Presently there is a need for developing a fodder bank at the gram panchayat level as common property resource, so that proper fodder can be developed without putting additional burden on individual owners. Although there was large number of livestock in these villages, there was no arrangement for veterinary services to attend to these animals. There was no veterinary doctor available in the vicinity. The villagers said that adequate provision in terms of veterinary doctor, medicines, vaccines & equipment‟s should be made available to them to properly take care of their livestock.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-21 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

3.6.4 MNREGA Presently MNREGA has also become a source of income for the villagers. The prime employment to non-agriculture labor is provided through MNREGA. The usual work under MNREGA in this area is earthwork for embankments re lying of kutchha roads, trenching in forest area etc. It was found that most of the household have job cards and are getting jobs although the number of days varied between villages. In some villages the average generated job in last two years is around 45-50 mandays while it crossed 100 man days in many villages.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-22 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

This depended on the efficiency and sincerity of the Sarpach, Panchyat member and the Rozgar Sahayak. MNREGA was that the Panchayats were not interested in identifying jobs. However it was felt by the study team that the people also did not pressurize the panchayat for jobs. There were many card holders who had not applied for jobs and even did not know that they had to apply for job in written. There was a distinct lack of awareness regarding the scheme in many villages.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 3-23 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Chapter 4: Extent of impact on Tribal Population

4. Extent of Impact on Tribal Population

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Social impact assessment can be defined as the process of assessing or estimating, in advance, the social consequences that are likely to follow from specific policy actions or project development. Social impact include all social and cultural consequences to human populations of any public or private actions that alter the ways in which people live, work, play relate to one another, organize to meet their needs, and generally cope as members of society. Cultural impacts involve changes to the norms, values, and beliefs of individuals that guide and rationalized their cognition of themselves and their society.

4.2 IMPACT ON LAND 4.2.1. TOTAL LAND REQUIREMENT The total land presently to be used mining in Gare Palma Sector-1 coal block (Phase-1) is 3583.81 Ha area (including quarry excavation, external OB dump, future underground mining and coal washery, colony for opencast and washery, railway corridor for coal evacuation and other infrastructure). This includes 3513.81 Ha east of Kelo River for the main mines & washery area and 70.0 Ha on the west for coal evacuation infrastructure. The land break-up of the Phase 1 area during mining operations is already provided in Table 1.3 in Chapter 1. 4.2.2.1. PRESENT LAND-USE (AS PER SATELLITE IMAGE) Land-use of the Mine Lease area was determined by using GIS. It was found that the land-use of the mine-lease area as per satellite image is predominantly single-crop agriculture land TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GESCL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 4-1 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

(73.17%) followed by open scrub-land (18.79%) and built-up areas of 13 villages (4.34%). In addition to the above, there are some forest covers, waste lands, water-bodies, structures for a washery, conveyor belt of Jindal Steel & Power Limited, HT transmission line towers, etc. The land-use break-up as per satellite image is given in Figures 4.1 and 4.2 while the details are given in Table 4.1. Table 4.1: Land use of ML Area as per Satellite Area in Land-use Area in % Hectare Water-body 28.97 0.81 Waste Land 23.89 0.67 Sandy Area 1.65 0.05 Open Scrub 673.51 18.79

Industries 18.73 0.52 Forest 59.41 1.66 Built-up 155.53 4.34 Agriculture Land 2622.12 73.17 Total Area 3583.81 100.0

Figure 4.1: Land-use Distribution 4.2.2.2. PRESENT LAND-USE (AS PER REVENUE RECORDS) Revenue records of all the land proposed to be acquired was identified from the existing records of the Patwaris and updated with the assistance of the Tehsil Office, Tamnar. These records were subsequently cross-checked and verified by the Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Gharghoda. The consolidated land-use break-up as per the verified revenue records is provided in Table 4.2. Table 4.2: Land Use Plan Break-up for GP Phase I Sl. No Ownership Land-use Total Area 1 Tenancy Land Agriculture Land 3092.165 TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GESCL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 4-2 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Uninhabited Land (Industrial Land) 83.071 Settlements 77.710 Grazing / Other 44.410 2 Govt. Non-Forest Land Road 99.113 Water Body 29.302 Other 43.623 3 Forest Department Land Protected Forest 49.770 4 Revenue Forest Land Chote-Bade Jhad ke Jungle 64.640 Total Required Land 3583.804 Source: Revenue Records of Chhattisgarh Revenue Department From the above table it can be seen that major portion (86.3%) of the land to be acquired is tenancy land (revenue private land) followed by government non-forest land (10.5%) and forest land (3.2%). The government non-forest land consists of settlements, grazing grounds, road, water-bodies, etc while the forest land consists of 49.77Ha of Protected Forest land and 64.64Ha of Chote-Bade Jhad ke Jungle. Table 4.3: Land Use Plan Break-up of Revenue Land for GP Sector I (Phase I) Sl. Name of Adivasi Non Adivasi Industrial Nistar Govt Land Total Land No Village Land Land land Land 1 Aamgaon 270.251 74.962 - 14.215 36.733 396.161 2 Bagbadi 59.646 98.791 3.951 3.236 9.516 175.140 3 Dhaurabhatha 122.591 97.162 17.593 14.970 12.872 265.188 4 Khuruslenga 261.592 29.955 - 29.516 25.154 346.217 5 Bijna 199.709 15.597 - 8.006 11.234 234.546 6 Jharna 353.200 85.126 1.011 17.201 25.320 481.858 7 Jinkabhal 117.449 112.647 10.799 11.734 9.351 261.980 8 Libra 196.489 51.537 17.168 3.665 22.632 291.491 9 Raipara 79.614 19.172 - 1.786 9.653 110.225 10 Samkera 76.406 9.406 - 0.226 1.785 87.823 11 Nagramunda 32.658 3.593 2.249 0.032 1.525 40.057 12 Tehlirampur 25.956 6.089 6.298 6.650 9.234 54.227 13 Tapranga 0.318 0.347 4.972 0.365 0.017 6.019 14 Telaipara 8.288 - 0.752 - 0.000 9.040 15 Tangarghat 0.480 - - - 0.908 1.388 16 Pata 27.562 2.032 0.528 0.633 4.810 35.565 17 Kunjemura 11.605 14.652 0.802 0.882 3.551 31.492 18 Dolesera 3.021 0.029 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.050 19 Budiya 212.978 151.839 15.733 50.107 22.260 452.917 TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GESCL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 4-3 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Table 4.3: Land Use Plan Break-up of Revenue Land for GP Sector I (Phase I) Sl. Name of Adivasi Non Adivasi Industrial Nistar Govt Land Total Land No Village Land Land land Land 20 Mahloi 183.176 76.240 1.215 21.610 17.185 299.426 Total Land 2242.99 849.18 83.07 184.83 223.74 3583.81 Source: Revenue Records of Chhattisgarh Revenue Department As can be observed, about 63% of the total Mine Lease land is adivasi tenancy land followed by 24% non-adivasi tenancy land. Other than that 6% is government nistaar patrak land, 5% is government land including forest land and 2% industrial land. The tenancy land is mostly single- crop agricultural land with some patches of double crop land along the Kelo River and other water bodies. The nistar patrak land consists of all vacant government land such as crematorium, graveyard, grazing grounds, etc.

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4.3 IMPACT ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES The growth of industries in the study area will have both positive and negative impact on the livelihood in the area. As discussed above, there will be loss of livelihood generated from agriculture. However, the opportunity on employment in the tertiary sector in the area will increase manifold. The industrial growth is going to bring over-all improvement in the socioeconomic conditions of the people due to generation of various income opportunities. The flow of men, money and material will positively affect the socio-economic status of the people in the area. The positive impact may be the increase of employment opportunities for un-skilled and semi-skilled workers. Growth of shops, hotels and other allied services will also open up avenues for employment. The subsequent improvement in the status of the people will also help in increasing the health and education status of the people.

Generation of Direct Employment: The setting up of an industry will surely require more people generating direct employment, which will comprise of skilled and semi-skilled workers.

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The skilled workers will be highly qualified professionals who will be outsiders. However, the semi-skilled workers can be recruited from the local areas after imparting proper skill development training. It is calculated that approximately 1500-2500 un-skilled and semi-skilled workers will be employed in the area for all the projects combined.

Generation of Indirect Employment: It is usually found that indirect employment is generated in the ratio 1:1.5 to direct employment. So it can be said that approximately 4,000 people will be involved in economic activities in the tertiary sector. The activities will include employment in the ancillary units (such as grill and iron fabrication, construction, etc.) self-employment in small business units (petty shops, bicycle repairing etc.) supply of consumable goods such as vegetables and milks, etc.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GESCL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 4-6 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

4.4 IMPACT ON COMMERCIAL VALUES OF PROPERTY The value of land and properties around the mine area will increase substantially over the period. Although it was observed that there is an increase in land rates in the area by about 200% due to demand for industrial lands. The gradual increase in ancillary industries in the area will further push up the price of land.

4.5 EFFECT ON CROPS AND FARMLAND PRODUCTIVITY People of this area are mostly dependent on agriculture and they attach great value to land. Loss of land would mean losing the means of livelihood and in the process becoming unemployed. Even at times monetary compensation does not help as the people do not know the utilization of money and spends them in wrong things and finally loose both money and the means of live livelihood. It becomes a double burden for them. Loss of land also affects the agricultural wage earners, as they do not have any other job options in the villages after

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4 stoppage of agricultural activities. Food insecurity is another problem which the people are at the risk of facing.

There is going to be a considerable loss in agriculture production due to loss of agricultural and forestland. There will be risk of shortage of food grains in the local market. So the people have to earn cash in order to buy from the market. For the survival people would be forced to take loans from moneylenders and thus likely to get indebted. During setting up of the project, special care has to be taken to ensure that the affected population is not pushed towards marginalization and destitution. In the Study Area, 40% of the total population is tribal groups who have high dependency on forest produces, both timber and non-timber. It is known that the whole area will be completely de-forested due to mining activities. This will have a major impact on the dietary pattern and livelihood of the tribal population. 4.6 PSYCHO-SOCIAL IMPACT Influence of Outsiders: As mentioned before there will be migration of people from outside due to rapid industrialization of the area. Thus people from different culture and belief systems will be staying in single area, thus creating a cosmopolitan environment. It will be very difficult for the various tribal groups to adjust to this sudden change as they themselves have very close-knit cultural practices. It is obvious that the migrated population will be economically stronger than the original population as they will be having a regular source of income. Thus over a period of time they will become the dominant group in the area. Thus is bound to create social tension in the area. Disparity in wealth due to R&R Compensation: A major proportion of the population in this area will be getting compensation from R&R packages of one of the projects coming up in the area. Thus they will be having a good amount of cash which they will spend for either improving their standard of life, purchasing commodities or initiating small entrepreneurships. The crux of

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GESCL GARE PELMA SECTOR –I 4-8 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

4 the issue is that the disparity of money availability among the previously economically homogenous group will increase leading to negative feelings among the groups. Disturbances in Settlement Patterns: there will be a large number of displaced populations who will be made to resettle in R&R colonies of different projects. These colonies will be located near to existing villages. There will always be a chance of social and cultural conflict between the original settlers and the displaced population. It has to be taken care that the shifting of population is made as smooth as possible with cultural and social sensitivity. Distortion in tribal Culture: The study area is a tribal dominated area where various tribal groups stay in harmony with each other. However if takes a closer look at the villages in this area, one would find that each tribal group have their own closed system of cultural and religious practices, which they celebrate only endogenously. Even if one observes the settlement pattern, one would find that hamlets have developed according to social groups. However, after the major resettlement, which is foreseen in the area, takes place, people from different groups may be forced to stay together. This will dilute the strong culture existing in the different groups. In order to mitigate the above-mentioned problems it is essential that a strong cultural component is kept in all the development or welfare activities which will be planned in the times to come.

4.7 IMPACT ON EDUCATION The industrialization of the area will increase the need of skilled and semi-skilled workers for various activities related directly and indirectly to the plants. Subsequently, the requirement for training in various trades will increase and will necessitate refurbishing of training institutes. The existing schools and ITls have to be strengthened.

As part of the Tribal Development Plan, schools in the area will be provided with more facilities. This will attract more children to school and provide a positive attitude towards education.

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Introduction of new requirement-based trade’s in the neighboring training institutes will also increase the opportunity of youth to get technical training.

4.8 IMPACT ON HEALTH It is feared by the local people that setting up of the proposed project along with mine, will lead to increase in the pollution level of the area. This will subsequently lead to increase in the incidence of chronic disease related to lungs and heart. In order to avoid the same, diseases corresponding to labor influx and their impact on local community will be regularly monitored. Health status monitoring of labors and surrounding population shall be carried out with the mobile health care facilities as part of the TDP activities.

4.9 IMPACT ON INFRASTRUCTURE The infrastructure facility in the area is not well developed. The functioning of the service delivery systems such as schools, health centers, etc. is not good and leads to lot of problem for the villagers. Increased traffic movement, buildings and population will put pressure on the resources. Thus water supply, road structure, etc. has to be expanded. It is expected that increase in per capita income and overall economic uplift of the area will lead to improvement in

transport, communication, health and educational services.

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Chapter 5: Community Consultation

5. Community Consultation

5.1 INTRODUCTION Community consultation is an internationally and nationally proved and implemented practice to build a rapport with host community i.e. the people who are to be affected by the project. This eventually acts as a deterrent towards the development of the project. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to have consultation with the various stakeholders and project affected people from the planning stage of the project. Community consultation was carried out in this project to the extent possible in order to minimize probable adverse impact of the project on the project affected people which is useful during the stage of data analysis. The Community Consultation process was carried out with the following objectives:

 To develop an understanding of the quality of life of the people residing in the study area;  To ensure enhanced public cooperation due to creation of awareness about purpose and benefits of the project.  The discussion with the community was through Participatory Rural Appraisal and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) techniques  To solicit the views of affected communities/ individuals on social, economic and environment components and the significance of impacts;

To serve as an important tool for collecting information about the natural and the human environments, much of which would never be accessible through more traditional approaches of data collection.

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5.2 TECHNIQUE USED FOR COMMUNITY CONSULTATION Community Consultation was done in all 45 villages covered in Buffer Zone. Sarpanch was informed about the consultation process and permission was sought from each village. The project affected people were informed while doing door to door survey to gather in a place decided mainly by the Sarpanch for consultation venue. Techniques used for public consultation are discussed below

 Questionnaire Survey: One to One Consultation  Transect Walk: Along the project boundary with professional from multidisciplinary team;  Group Consultations: Social and gender group wise consultation;  On-site Rapid Consultation: Interaction with village elders, sarpanch, community leaders;  PRA Technique: Participatory Technique of appraisal for identification of problem and potential of project;  Communities meeting are playing a key role in consultation.

5.3 THE PROCESS Information disclosure and discussion on the feasible options were undertaken with the various stakeholders to incorporate the views of community regarding the project. The objective consultation was to disseminate information and get public view on the project design. In order to get view of maximum population and cross section of the society the consultation was conducted are described below:

5.3.1 GROUP CONSULTATION The group consultation was undertaken with owners of residential properties (including Patta holders, BPL (Below poverty level) households, titleholders, women groups, youth groups et. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR-I 5-2 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

5 al), and commercial establishments (shops and small household industries), cultivators and agricultural labourers. The group consultation was conducted at two levels and is described in the following sections.  Level 1-Interaction with Community Groups: The interaction with community groups were conducted in all core zone villages of project site. The location wise consultations are presented in Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Village wise Consultation Date Sr. Village Consultation Date Sarpanch Name Contact No No. 1 Budiya 27 September 2016 Parmeshwar Singh 9589710325 2 Bagbadi 30 September 2016 Babulal Khondei 8103143022 3 Bijna 23 September 2016 Meena Sidhar 8889976581 4 Tehlirampur 05 October 2016 Santosh Rathiya 7879909928 5 Amagaon 22 September 2016 Ajumbar 9993934107 6 Tangarghat 23 September 2016 Abhimanyu Rathiya 9407752443 7 Telaipara 23 September 2016 Abhimanyu Rathiya 9407752444 8 Tapranga 03 October 2016 Sukanti Sidhar 9981484455 9 Dhaurabhtha 03 October 2016 Sukanti Sidhar 9981484456 10 Nagramunda 22 September 2016 - - 11 Jinkabhal 30 September 2016 Babulal Khondei 8103143021 12 Libra 04 October 2016 Jamunabhai rathi 9907242726 13 Jharna 28 September 2016 Sunil Kumar patel 9770533344 14 Raipara 26 September 2016 Rishikesh patel 9589296015 15 Samkera 26 September 2016 Rishikesh patel 738999075 16 Mahloi 27 September 2016 Gopika Rathiya 9589541539 17 Khurushlenga 28 September 2016 Rajkumari Rathi - 18 Pata 01 October 2016 Premshila Rathi 7724080856

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19 Dolesera 29 September 2016 Ramnath Penkra 7225838842 20 Kunjemura 01 October 2016 Umesh singh Sidhar 9301582969 Source: Primary Survey & Consultation using PRA Technique, Green India Consulting Private Limited Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh

 Level 2- On-Site Rapid Consultation: On-site rapid consultation was also conducted at many locations throughout the project villages. The discussions were conducted with the community groups (women and vulnerable groups) in an informal manner. The general conversation and discussion evolved around their social and cultural practices. The basic objective of this type of interaction was to develop a perspective on the quality of life of the people and their general practices.

5.3.2 ONE-TO-ONE INTERACTION In order to gain insight into the daily life cycle of the people and their perception of the project, informal one to one interaction was undertaken with members of vulnerable groups (includes SC/ST population, agricultural and non-agricultural labourers, et.al.), cultivators, representative

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5 of governments and owners of the commercial, residential and public establishments.These interactions were done in an informal and unstructured manner and were conducted throughout the data collection period.

5.4 MAJOR ISSUES FROM CONSULTATION

5.4.1 ISSUES OF LIVELIHOOD  The titleholders were more or less willing to part with their property in lieu of proper compensation. As already discussed previously, the productivity of the area is low due to land fragmentation. As a result of which people are unable to sustain themselves from its income.  The section of the population who are agricultural laborers were found to be against the project and said that they will lose their livelihood if a project comes up. This group of people wanted jobs in the mine.  The agricultural labourers were apprehensive about the land acquisition and opined that they are dependent on the fields for their livelihood and they do not have the skills of working in mines or factories. They were scared that if the agricultural lands were acquired they would suddenly face threat of livelihood. The owners will get compensation and go away and they will be left without jobs or money, as they won’t be eligible for any compensation.  During consultation major opinion was that the project should be provided alternate source of livelihood to minimize the impact of the rehabilitation.  People were of the opinion that there won’t be any employment opportunities and economic development in the area, as mechanized mining do not require unskilled labours. They were of the opinion that the tertiary employment will also be taken over by the outsiders who will come in search of jobs.

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 It was learnt during the consultation that many people of the area are involved in illegal coal trading where they supply coals to shops and other small scale factories in the area. These people are apprehensive of legal mining activities in the area as they will be losing their livelihood. It was understood that this category of people are highly organized and are putting pressure on local leaders to stop the process of land acquisition for mine activities.

5.4.2 SOCIAL & CULTURAL ISSUES  The people were scared that once the project starts, they would have to compete with outsiders who would migrate to this area. They also were of the opinion that they will lose their cultural identity and that their children will get spoilt by getting exposure to the outside world.  The people were apprehensive that if they are resettled to a new place, their social fabric will break and they will have to start their life afresh. They said that they would become servants in the hands of the rich people in their own birthplace.

5.4.3 OTHER ISSUES  The group who were against the project said there is a drastic increase in the pollution level in the area and the incidence of health problems was on the increase. They also claimed that there would be massive deforestation in the area.  There was, in general a sense of unhappiness among the people of the impact villages about the project. They were not comfortable with the idea of anyone acquiring land in the village area, as they thought it would take a lot of time to pay compensation. They were of the opinion that the compensations should be paid well in advance so that they can get settled before the start of the construction work.

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5.5 SUGGESTION

The following suggestion came out of consultation from the people:  A system should be developing to effectively response to community complaints. People should be brought into notice about the merits and demerits of the R&R process. A grievance mechanism cell should work with the people closely.  A local body should be framed educate and train the people for alternate employment opportunity. Adult education system should start and people should be given education so that they can think for more options of livelihood.  The project affected people should be provided alternate source of livelihood if the land are taken away from the villagers for the purpose of the proposed project to minimize the impact.  The project proponent can initialize a mobile medical van facility for the people in these villages which can help the people to get medical treatment in hand for common ailments and diseases.  Steps should be taken to improvise better educational facility.  Steps should be taken to improve the drinking water facilities as well as availability of water for irrigation. There are very few sources of water in the villages in the study area. Project affected people wanted to have rehabilitation colony well ahead of getting them displaced. 5.6 PROBLEM HIGHLIGHTED BY THE PEOPLE This section is going to recapitulate and provide a sharp look on the needs for every location. The major problems and needs related to every village were listed in the last sub-section of every panchayat. This section will prioritize the needs for every location and rationalize it as to why these needs are important for those locations. Broadly, drinking water, healthcare facilities, sanitation, livelihood options and education came out as the major needs for all the areas but there are some specific needs also. The broad as well as specific needs will be encapsulated and covered in the following Table 5.2.

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Table 5.2: Possible Areas for Intervention Village Name Parameters Issues Roads Roads are mainly required to increase mobility and connectivity. In Budiya, manual labour, farming, agriculture labour, government and private services are the various occupation people are engaged in. 90% of the population is engaged in farming work and 10% is engaged in labour, Majority of the farmers are dependent on rains and few use ponds, Livelihood & Irrigation wells, canals, and tube-wells through motor pumps for irrigation. There is a Kelo River in the village but they do not have any mechanism to supply water to the nearby fields. Those who have the Budiya finances lay pipelines and pump up the water.

People expressed more drinking water sources as a major need due to the distance they have to Drinking water travel and unclean water that they get. There is a need for clean drinking water in all the regions. Lack of sanitation facilities was a problem faced by the studied Population. Almost all of the population have toilet. The construction of toilets with infrastructure and flush water facility can Sanitation bring a change in the practice. The need of behavior change is also there which will be the key to shift people from ODS to toilet use, and inculcate better hygiene habits. Sanitation is another issue that needs attention as maximum people practice ODS. This in turn Sanitation Jinkabhal and Bagbadi breeds diseases and becomes a health issue for the people. Water Resource Lack of sources of water for drinking as well as irrigation purposes was shared as problems by the

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people. Infrastructure to improve existing school structure as well as better quality of education is a need Education as the interest in education is lacking. Healthcare facilities are needed as there are no major facilities in the village and people have to go to RMP or private clinics. Permanent medical dispensaries in interior parts with doctor, nurse and medication is required as the villagers are compelled to spend exorbitant amounts by taking loans Healthcare facilities on private healthcare. This facility should be capable of treating minor illnesses, deliveries, Bijna vaccination and referrals to hospitals for free medical treatment of major illnesses. Awareness of govt. schemes needs to be given as well. Irrigation facilities are required to improve the level of agriculture in the village. There are Livelihood options employment issues in this tola for educated people. Other options for labour class need to be explored. More options are needed to raise the income levels. The Village profiling brought out the need for Livelihood employment of women for creation of livelihood other than labor. People expressed more drinking water sources as a major need due to the distance they have to Tehlirampur Drinking water travel and unclean water that they get. There is a need for clean drinking water in all the regions. Lack of sanitation facilities was a problem faced by the studied Population. Almost all of the Sanitation population have toilet. The construction of toilets with infrastructure and flush water facility can

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bring a change in the practice. The need of behavior change is also there which will be the key to shift people from ODS to toilet use, and inculcate better hygiene habits. For water, the villagers have to spend a considerable amount of time daily on walking and fetching Drinking water water from the Water Tank which are far and comparative to the population, less in number. Sanitation is another issue that needs attention as maximum people practice ODS. This in turn Sanitation breeds diseases and becomes a health issue for the people. Livelihood opportunities are absent and training centers were a requirement as people are in Livelihood options labour only. Moreover, the wages are very low and not sufficient to run a household. Thus, taking loans is a common feature. Amagaon In healthcare, the scenario is rather bleak and it is a major concern especially for minor illnesses and deliveries in Amagaon. Permanent medical dispensaries in interior parts with doctor, nurse and medication is required as the villagers are compelled to spend exorbitant amounts by taking Healthcare facilities loans on private healthcare. This facility should be capable of treating minor illnesses, deliveries, vaccination and referrals to hospitals for free medical treatment of major illnesses. Awareness of govt. schemes needs to be given as well. The environment after 8th class is not very encouraging for the students. Counseling in schools Education related to diploma and other options after graduation can be given to improve the scenario of

higher education in Tamnar.

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The issue is the distance that they have to walk to access water so more Water tank to be installed Drinking water was a common need of the people. Roads for connectivity and accessibility are required for interior tolas in the village as they have Road only kuchha roads inside. Illumination This is a requirement of the people as they face difficulties in studying and other jobs after sunset. Tangarghat & Telaipara People are forced to visit private facilities for even minor illnesses and they end up spending huge Healthcare facilities amounts on the same. Particularly for maternity health and deliveries institutional facilities are

required to curb maternity deaths and attention to mother and infants. Irrigation facilities are required to improve the level of agriculture in the village. Sericulture was Livelihood options another option mentioned by the Sarpanch of Tanagrghat. There are employment issues in this tola for educated people. Other options for labour class need to be explored. For people who own land, better irrigation facilities are required and for interior tribal areas, who are dependent on daily wages, more options are needed. Formation of SHGs like poultry, goatry, Livelihood & Irrigation animal husbandry, women’s groups are options that need to be explored but with proper market Dhaurabhatha And linkages and monitoring. Training for car driving, ITI, repairing of hand pumps, solar lamps Tapranga can help in maintaining the assets given to the villagers. Some tola is in remote and interior parts of Dhaurabhatha and facilities of clean and sufficient Drinking water drinking water are needed in these tolas in particular. This can be provided through more hand

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pumps located in each household or overhead tanks and taps catering to each household. The Sub-health centre in Village is not in accessible condition. Permanent medical dispensaries in interior parts with doctor, nurse and medication is required as the villagers are compelled to spend Healthcare exorbitant amounts by taking loans on private healthcare. This facility should be capable of treating minor illnesses, deliveries, vaccination and referrals to hospitals for free medical treatment of major illnesses. Awareness of govt. schemes needs to be given as well. Livelihood options are not sufficient and MGNREGA is not a long term option as they get hardly Livelihood any work under the same and malpractices are rampant in the same. Agriculture has a lot of scope but lack of irrigation facilities makes the situation worse. One common problem of drinking water in the village was narrated as water being unclean that leads to health problems. The hand pumps provide ground water which is unclean most of the Drinking water time. There is no water purifier attached to the water resources to clean the water and that gives Nagramunda diseases related to stomach and so on. Lack of sanitation facilities was a problem faced by the studied Population. Almost all of the population have toilet. The construction of toilets with infrastructure and flush water Facility can Sanitation bring a change in the practice. The need of behavior change is also there which will be the key to shift people from ODS to toilet use, and inculcate better hygiene habits. Education Infrastructure to improve existing school structure as well as better quality of education is a need

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as the interest in education is lacking. There is also serious problem of dropouts and absenteeism amongst the Children in remote parts. As found through the Village profile and the Household survey, majority of the population is occupied in Agricultural work. There are others in Labour at Jindal plant and 20-30 were found to be in government. Agriculture has a lot of scope but lack of irrigation facilities makes the situation Livelihood & Irrigation worse. Wells, Rivers and Tube-well water through motor pumps are some sources of irrigation but Libra these are not sufficient as it puts financial constraints on the family and they have to take loans for irrigation, marriage, health and other personal reasons. Some tolas are in remote and interior parts of Libra and facilities of clean and sufficient drinking Drinking water water are needed in these tolas in particular. This can be provided through more hand pumps located in each household or overhead tanks and taps catering to each household. Village tolas require pucca roads as accessibility and connectivity to facilitate education, healthcare and daily commutation, as this is a major problem for the people of Baiga, Agariya and Roads other tribes residing on hilltops there. Roads and bridges are needed urgently. Pucca houses for Jharna the needy population are required. Some tolas are in remote and interior parts of Jharna and facilities of clean and sufficient drinking Drinking water water are needed in these tolas in particular. This can be provided through more hand pumps located in each household or overhead tanks and taps catering to each household.

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There is a serious problem of dropouts and absenteeism amongst the children in remote parts as they are unable to access the schools due to distance, lack of roads/ bridges, financial issues. Bicycles, scholarships also need to be provided to all the children of these tolas. Scholarships for Education higher education with lodging and other expenses can be borne by District administration for needy and willing students. This is not an issue for people residing in the main village near school. Bus service is another possible option for the children. Farmers are dependent on rains for irrigation. For people who own land, better irrigation facilities are required and for interior tribal areas, who are dependent on daily wages, more options are needed. Formation of SHGs like poultry, goatry, animal husbandry, women’s groups are options Livelihood that need to be explored but with proper market linkages and monitoring. Training for car driving, ITI, repairing of hand pumps, solar lamps can help in maintaining the assets given to the villagers. People expressed more drinking water sources as a major need due to the distance they have to Drinking water travel and unclean water that they get. There is a need for clean drinking water in all the regions. Samkera & Majority occupation is agriculture, but due to lack of facilities for irrigation, the cultivation and Raipara production is not optimum. So facilities of check dams, water shed management, loans for Livelihood & Irrigation equipments are required to improve the situation. Livelihood options are required for more than half who are engaged in labour work. SHGs for men and women, ITI, are some options that can

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work. Roads for connectivity and accessibility are required for interior tolas in the village as they have Roads only kuchha roads inside. The Sub-health centre in Samkera is not in accessible condition. Permanent medical dispensaries in interior parts with doctor, nurse and medication is required as the villagers are compelled to Healthcare spend exorbitant amounts by taking loans on private healthcare. This facility should be capable of treating minor illnesses, deliveries, vaccination and referrals to hospitals for free medical treatment of major illnesses. Awareness of govt. schemes needs to be given as well. Drinking water There is a need for clean drinking water in all the regions. Majority occupation is agriculture, but due to lack of facilities for irrigation, the cultivation and production is not optimum. So facilities of check dams, water shed management, loans for Livelihood & Irrigation equipments are required to improve the situation. Livelihood options are required for more than half who are engaged in Jindal Power labour work. SHGs for men and women, ITI, are some Mahloi options that can work. Roads for connectivity and accessibility are required for interior tolas in the village as they have Roads only kuchha roads inside. The Sub-health centre in Village is not in accessible condition. Permanent medical dispensaries in Healthcare interior parts with doctor, nurse and medication is required as the villagers are compelled to spend

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exorbitant amounts by taking loans on private healthcare. This facility should be capable of treating minor illnesses, deliveries, vaccination and referrals to hospitals for free medical treatment of major illnesses. Awareness of govt. schemes needs to be given as well. General and maternity healthcare need medical attention and proper dispensary with doctors and Health & Sanitation other facilities. School building is required in panchayat as children of this tola find it difficult to access the school in the village. The environment after 10th class is not very encouraging for the students. Education Khuruslenga Counseling in schools related to diploma and other options after graduation can be given to improve the scenario of higher education in Khuruslenga. This is a need expressed by majority of the people as more tank or water through taps is required Water Resource by them as they take a lot of time to commute for fetching water. Water is also required for irrigation purposes. Sanitation In Pata, majority of the houses were found to be kuchha Most of villager’s e go for ODS. There is a school in Pata from Primary to Middle school. However for bandapali tola the school is far and there is no facilities of high school. After 8th class children walk to Kunjemura School that Pata Education is in 5 km distance. MDM is not of good and the supposed quality that it should be as the children complain of the food quality and do not eat this food. 90% children are going to school and 10% are not enrolled in school. The reasons of non-

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enrollment are mainly child required to work on farm or outside to earn daily bread. Rest 10% also had the problem of too much cost for education. The same reasons were stated behind children dropping out of school midway. Pata is in remote and interior parts of Pata Panchayat and facilities of clean and sufficient drinking Drinking water water are needed in these tolas in particular. This can be provided through more hand pumps located in each household or overhead tanks and taps catering to each household. Village tolas require pucca roads as accessibility and connectivity to facilitate education, healthcare and daily commutation, as this is a major problem for the people of Baiga, Agariya and Roads other tribes residing on hilltops there. Roads and bridges are needed urgently. Pucca houses for the needy population are required. Better irrigation facilities are required for farmers. Formation of SHGs like poultry, goatry, animal husbandry, women’s groups are options that need to be explored but with proper market linkages Livelihood and monitoring. Training for car driving, ITI, repairing of hand pumps, solar lamps can help in maintaining the assets given to the villagers.

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The Sub-health centre in Village is not in accessible condition. Permanent medical dispensaries in interior parts with doctor, nurse and medication is required as the villagers are compelled to spend Healthcare exorbitant amounts by taking loans on private healthcare. This facility should be capable of treating minor illnesses, deliveries, vaccination and referrals to hospitals for free medical treatment of major illnesses. Awareness of govt. schemes needs to be given as well. People expressed more drinking water sources as a major need due to the distance they have to Dolesera Drinking water travel and unclean water that they get. There is a need for clean drinking water in all the regions. Infrastructure to improve existing school structure as well as better quality of education is a need Education as the interest in education is lacking. There is also serious problem of dropouts and absenteeism amongst the Children in remote parts. More options are needed to raise the income levels. They need livelihood opportunities like Livelihood training for men and women so they can be self-sufficient, as explained by the Panchayat. Village tolas require pucca roads as accessibility and connectivity to facilitate education, Roads healthcare and daily commutation. Roads and bridges are needed urgently. For people who own land, better irrigation facilities are required and for interior tribal areas, who Kunjemura are dependent on daily wages, more options are needed. Formation of SHGs like poultry, goatry, Livelihood animal husbandry, women’s groups are options that need to be explored but with proper market linkages and monitoring. Training for car driving, ITI, repairing of hand pumps, solar lamps

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can help in maintaining the assets given to the villagers. The Sub-health centre in Village is not in accessible condition. Permanent medical dispensaries in interior parts with doctor, nurse and medication is required as the villagers are compelled to spend Healthcare exorbitant amounts by taking loans on private healthcare. This facility should be capable of treating minor illnesses, deliveries, vaccination and referrals to hospitals for free medical treatment of major illnesses. Awareness of govt. schemes needs to be given as well.

5.7 SUGGESTION

The following suggestion came out of consultation from the people:  Steps should be taken to improvise the source of water for cultivation and also the steps to be taken to mitigate the drinking water problems.  A system should be developing to effectively response to community complaints. People should be brought into notice about the merits and demerits of the R&R process. A grievance mechanism cell should work with the people closely.  A local body should be framed educate and train the people for alternate employment opportunity. Adult education system should start and people should be given education so that they can think for more options of livelihood.  The project affected people should be provided alternate source of livelihood if the land are taken away from the villagers for the purpose of the proposed project to minimize the impact Rehabilitation.  Project affected people wanted to have rehabilitation colony well ahead of getting them displaced. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR–I 5-19 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

 Healthcare is a common problem to all the villages as there are no State Govt. facilities for them at subsidized rates and quality healthcare. Ad-hoc medical camps, weekly doctors, distribution of medicines are not helpful as they need facility on a regular basis. Permanent medical dispensaries in interior parts with doctor, nurse and medication is required. Awareness of govt. schemes as well as Panchayat initiatives needs to be given as well.  Livelihood options are needed in almost every village as mentioned above. Options need to be devised for three categories: (1) those who are literate and educated; (2) those who have agricultural lands and; (3) those who are illiterate and landless. A systematic implementation and monitoring of SHGs; technical education; irrigation techniques and water management; scholarships and counseling for higher education are various options that need to be well-thought out and explored for sustainable changes.  Education needs focused intervention as and where required. Constructing a school building is not enough when the quality of teachers is poor or altogether unavailable.  Infrastructure like roads needs to be made such that it should have a longer life. And the repairing and maintenance of the infrastructure like roads, hand pumps, solar lamps, etc. needs to be done through consultative mechanism District Administration.

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5.7.1 NEED FOR ADDRESSING SOCIAL ISSUES The issues in study area and strategies for its mitigation are presented in table below: Sl. No Issues Identified Strategies Activities 1 Alcoholism To provide  Workshops on ill-effects of alcohol awareness in the  Street plays on alcoholism and drug abuse community regarding  Support groups formation in form of SHGs ill-effects of  Developing ICE materials alcoholism 2 Domestic To reduce incidence  Awareness Programmes and street play on Violence of domestic violence Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act  Training of police for gender sensitization  Training of health personnel to identify signs of domestic violence and provide referral services 3 Child Labour To reduce incidence  School enrolment drive of child labour and  Provision of mid-day meals for all classes encouragement of  Supportive education classes enrolment and  Awareness programme against child labour retention in schools through street plays and cultural programme Wall-writing

Health Center Libra Interaction with Jhinkabahal School

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Tehlirampur School Aganwadi Worker meeting

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Chapter 6: Tribal Development Plan

6. Tribal Development Plan

6.1 INTRODUCTION Planning is generally accepted in many developing countries as an indispensable means to promote development. The preference for it arose out of the inability of the poor and traditional societies to imitate and promote development process on the one hand and the desire of the state to put an immediate end to human sufferings on the other, the preparation and implementation of the plans of development in these countries respect the acceptance of the responsibility of development on the part of the states. During the process of planning for development in these countries some new problems have emerged and the existing ones have assumed new dimensions leading to significant changes in the concept and strategies of planning and development. In India, planning processes are being implemented for over six decades. Tribes encounter socio-economic, cultural and political problems. They are considered as a weaker section of the society. The tribal development planning is being implemented along with five-year plans under the control of Government of India. But, Indian tribes are facing some unsolved problems.

A social group is usually identified by a common territory, dialect, cultural homogeneity, social and political organization. It may include several sub groups. A tribe becomes Scheduled Tribe only when it is notified as Scheduled Tribe under Article 342 of Constitution of India. There is no doubt that tribes are backward and exploited more when compared to other ethnic groups of our country. There is less means of communication in tribal areas, lack of proper drinking water, illiteracy; inadequate medical facilities are some of the major problems. Tribal development efforts in India were established during the British rule. British rulers had to face tribal

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6 insurgency and unrest. Tribal insurgency was suppressed by the use of armed forces by British administrators. But at the same time, Britishers had realized the problems of the tribal. Hence, British administration established separate administrative system in tribal areas. After independence, a secular constitution was adopted to govern the country. Several constitutional provisions were made for the development of tribe. Many schemes of development were formulated and implemented. Several schemes of tribal development are still active through several five year plans in India. Attempts have been made to make the scheduled tribes to develop socially, educationally, economically, politically and culturally. For the development of tribes, various models, approaches and theories of development have been propounded in different five-year plan periods. Some of them include Community Development Programme, Multipurpose Tribal Blocks, Tribal Development Block, Development Agencies, Primitive Tribal Groups, Integrated Tribal Development Projects, Modified Area Development Approach, Tribal Sub-Plan, Dispersed Tribal Development Programme, and Centrally Sponsored Schemes etc In the Five Year Plans, the programmes for the welfare of the schedule tribes aim at: 1. Raising the productivity levels in agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, cottage and small- scale industries etc., to improve the economic conditions. 2. Rehabilitation of the bonded labour. 3. Education and training programmes. 4. Special development programmes for women and children.

But various evaluation studies on these programmes for the integrated development of the tribals have brought out the inadequacies of these programmes. Though the efforts have been in the direction for development of tribal particularly with the creation of special multi-purpose tribal blocks during the second plan period however, a major break-through took place in the Fifth Five Year Plan in which a new strategy of tribal sub-plan for preparing micro plans for relatively valuably tribal groups requiring special attention was enunciated

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6.2 TRIBAL POPULATION IN INDIA According to 1991 Census, population of the Scheduled Tribes in the country is 67.8 million, which is about 8.08% of the total population of the country. The population of Scheduled Tribes has been found increasing after 1951. The details of demographic changes are depicted in Table 6.1. . Table-6.1: Tribal Population in India S.No Years Tribal Population Percentage to Total Population 1 1951 19,111,498 5.29 2 1961 30,130,184 6.86 3 1971 38,015,162 6.94 4 1981 51,628,638 7.83 5 1991 67,658,638 8.08 6 2001 84,326,240 8.20 7 2011 10,43,000,00 8.61 Source: Census of India from 1951 to 2011, Government of India. According to the above table, we can observe that the tribal population has increased day-by- day and the increase of problems for the tribal community is evident. In spite of the actions taken by the government to eradicate these problems through the Five Year Plans, still it requires more efforts to overcome these completely.

6.3 PLAN WISE FUND ALLOCATIONS Indian government has implemented various programmes for the tribals through Five Year Plans. Plan wise detailed fund allocation for tribal development sector is consolidated in Table 6.2. . Table-6.2: Details of Plan-wise Fund Allocation for Tribal Welfare Plan Period Total Fund Allocation Allocation for Tribal Percentage Development Programmes

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1st plan (1951-56) 2069.00 13.93 0.06 2nd plan (1956-57) 4800.00 49.92 1.08 3rd plan (1961-66) 7500.00 50.53 0.60 Annual Plan (1966-67) 2081.54 Annual Plan (1967-68) 2246.00 32.32 0.48 Annual Plan (1968-69) 2359.00 4th plan (1969-74) 15901.47 79.5 0.5 5th plan (1974-79) 38853.24 1157.67 3.0 Annual Plan (1979-80) 12176.00 855.16 6lh plan (1980-85) 97500.00 3640.25 3.7 7th plan (1985-90) 180000.00 6744.85 3.8 Annual Plan (1990-91) 65714.50 N.A N.A Annual Plan (1991-92) 73482.15 8th plan (1992-97) 434100.00 22409.65 5.2 9th (1997-2002) 859200.00 32087.26 3.7 10th plan (2002-07) 1618460.00 1481.00 0.09 11th Plan (2007-2012)* 3644718.00 3633.00 0.09 12th Plan (2013-17)* 35,68,626.00 NA: Not Available *Business Standards, September 8, 2012. Source: Documents of Planning Commission, from 1st plan to 12 plan, Government of India,

The above table presents the commitment of government on tribal development. After independence lot of problems have risen especially for tribes in terms of population. The government programmes and allocation of funds are insufficient to solve all problems.

The Constitutional commitments prompted the Policy-Makers and the Planners to accord high priority to the welfare and development of Scheduled Tribes right from the beginning of the country's developmental planning, launched in 1951. The First Five Year Plan (1951-56) clearly laid down the principle that `the general development programmes should be so designed to

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6 cater adequately to the Backward Classes and special provisions should be used for securing additional and more intensified development.

The Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) envisaged that the benefits of economic development should accrue more and more to the relatively less privileged classes of society in order to reduce inequalities. As for the Scheduled Tribes, `Welfare Programs have to be based on respect and understanding of their culture and traditions and an appreciation of the social, psychological and economic problems with which they are faced. This was in tune with "PANCHSHEEL" - the Five Principles of Tribal Development - enunciated by the first Prime Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. An important landmark during the Second Plan was the creation of 43 Special Multi-purpose Tribal Blocks (SMPTBs) later called Tribal Development Blocks (TDBs). Each was planned for about 25,000 people as against 65,000 in a normal Block. An amount of Rs.15 lakh per SMPTB was contributed by the Central Government. The Committee on SMPTBs set up under the Chairmanship of Verrier Elwin (1959) studied the working of these Blocks and found that they were providing very useful services.

The Third Five Year Plan (1961-66) advocated the principle to establish greater equality of opportunity and to bring about reduction in disparities in income and wealth and a more even distribution of economic power. While appraising the programmes of the Third Plan the Shilu Ao Study Team remarked that `if progress is to be judged by what remains to be done to bring the tribes on par with the rest of the populations, the leeway is still considerable

The Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) proclaimed that the `basic goal was to realize rapid increase in the standard of living of the people through measures which also promote equality and social justice. An important step was setting up of six pilot projects in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa in 1971-72 as Central Sector Scheme with the primary objective of combating political unrest and Left Wing extremism. A separate Tribal Development Agency was established for each project. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-5 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

The Fourth Plan outlay for each was Rs.1.50 crore for the core programmes of economic development and Rs. 0.50 crore for arterial roads. These agencies were later merged with Integrated Tribal Development Projects during the Fifth Plan.

The Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) marked a shift in the approach as reflected in the launching of Tribal Sub- Plan (TSP) for the direct benefit of the development of Tribal. The TSP stipulated that funds of the State and Centre should be quantified on the population proportion basis, with budgetary mechanisms to ensure accountability, non-divert ability and utilization for the welfare and development of Scheduled Tribes. With this thrust the concept of Tribal Sub-Plan came into action during the Fifth Plan. There has been a substantial increase in the flow of funds for the development of Scheduled Tribes under this arrangement, resulting in the expansion of infrastructure facilities and enlargement of coverage of the target groups in the beneficiary oriented programmes.

The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) was sought to ensure a higher degree of devolution of funds so that at least 50 per cent of tribal families were provided assistance to cross the poverty line. Emphasis was on family-oriented economic activities rather than infrastructure development schemes. A "Modified Area Development Approach" (MADA) was devised for pockets of tribal concentration with population of 10,000, at least half of them being Scheduled Tribes, and 245 MADA pockets were delineated. Also, 20 more tribal communities were identified as "primitive", raising the total to 72.

In the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90), there was substantial increase in the flow of funds for the development of Scheduled Tribes, resulting in the expansion of infrastructural facilities and enlargement of coverage. Emphasis was laid on the educational development of Scheduled Tribes. For the economic development of SCs and Scheduled Tribes, two national level institutions were set up viz., (i) Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-6 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

(TRIFED) in 1987 as an apex body for State Tribal Development Cooperative Corporations; and (ii) National Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC) in 1989. The former was envisaged to provide remunerative price for the Forest and Agriculture Produce of tribal while the latter was intended to provide credit support for employment generation.

In the Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97), efforts were intensified to bridge the gap between the levels of development of the Scheduled Tribes and those of other sections of the society so that by the turn of the century, these disadvantaged sections of the population could be brought on par with the rest of the society. The Plan not only emphasized elimination of exploitation but also paid attention to the special problems of suppression of rights, land alienation, non- payment of minimum wages and restrictions on right to collect minor forest produce etc. Attention, on priority basis, continued to be paid for the socio-economic upliftment of Scheduled Tribes. A review of tribal development in early Nineties revealed that `Though the TSP Strategy has yielded results, yet were not in a position to commensurate with the efforts put in and investments made'. However, the allocation for development of Scheduled Tribes was increased during this plan period also.

The main objective of the Ninth Five Year Plan was to intensify the efforts to bridge the between Scheduled Tribes and the rest of the population. Literacy states is one of the key indicators of socioeconomic development and the relative employment opportunities largely depend on the level of education, for this purpose strengthened of infrastructure facilities like construction of school building, additional classrooms, laboratory buildings, provision of lab equipment, computers, furniture and play material, up gradation of school's at all levels, opening of residential schools, construction of vocational training centers, provisions of basic amenities like toilets, drinking water etc. In the field of economic Development at, financial assistance was offered to these communities from TAHDCO for under taking economic activities viz., distribution of plough bulls, Mitch animals and starting of petty traders. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-7 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Regarding housing, distribution of free house site pattas, construction of houses for poor tribes and provision of infrastructure facilities to ST habitations were the prime priority areas. Provisions of burial ground and pathways to burial ground, drinking water facilities electricity facilities, etc., were also implemented. Mobile dispensaries and medical camps were organized to attend to the general and specific health problems .of the tribal comities, since tribal habitations are located in isolated will and forest areas. Direct programmes for the welfare and development of primitive tribes and dispersed tribes were launched through an iterated action plan incorporating supply of safe drinking water food and nutrition security health coverage, educational facilities, housing etc.

In the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) Guided by the conclusions that were recorded in the Mid-Term Appraisal of the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) stating that „A small bunch of bureaucratic programmes had done little to avert the precipitous pauperization, exploitation and disintegration of tribal communities and therefore, most of the persistent problems like poverty, indebtedness, land alienation, displacement, deterioration of forest villages and the tribes living therein, shifting cultivation etc., continue to persist even till today as the „Unresolved Issues of Tribal Development‟, the Tenth Five Year Plan lays down its first priority in finding solutions to these very Unresolved Issues. Solutions to this effect can best be found only when the deprivation and exploitation of tribes is eradicated. The Tenth Plan will, therefore, adopt eradication of deprivation/exploitation of tribes as the centre-point in its approach, while pursuing simultaneously the Ninth Plan commitment of empowering the tribes.

The Eleventh Plan has experienced a paradigm shift with respect to the overall empowerment of the tribal people, keeping the issues related to governance at the centre. The operational imperatives of the Fifth Schedule, Tribal Sub Plan 1976, Panchayat ESA 1996, RFRA 2006; the desirability of a tribal centric, tribal-participative and tribal-managed development process; and

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6 the need for a conscious departure from dependence on a largely under-effective official delivery system will be kept in view during this shift.

The perpetuation of socio-economic backwardness among the Scheduled Tribes, in spite of the efforts made so far, presents a formidable challenge demanding effective and result-oriented steps in every developmental sector in the Twelfth Plan. The approach of the Twelfth Five Year Plan must be to achieve overall improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the Scheduled Tribes with the following objectives:  Relaxing the normative prescriptions about taking up a programme or a scheme in the Tribal majority areas.  Administrative strengthening of the implementing agency so as to enable taking up implementation of these programmes in the scheduled/tribal areas. This may also require a clear cut personnel policy with regard to posting of officials in those positions, fixity of their tenure and incentivizing these officials for having rendered their services in those areas for a prescribed period.  Preferring engaging people from the tribal community itself in the areas predominantly inhabited by tribal for government efforts at spreading education, health and extension services, nutrition, public distribution, and so on. If necessary, the basic minimum qualification for such engagements could be relaxed for a specified period (say during the Twelfth Five Year Plan period). For example, engaging a +2 student from the nearby locality for teaching tribal students in primary classes.  Sensitizing officials with detailed information for serving in the tribal areas so that they become empathetic to the sensitivities of tribal lives and their traditions.  Reorganizing basic services such as nutritional interventions, education, health services, public distribution system, employment generating activities under MGNREGA with posting adequate staff with surety of tenure and assurance of funds to implement these programmes.

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 Emphasis on education, health and livelihood support. For education, schools must be opened wherever necessary and for matriculation and above, facilities at designated places should be created. For health, necessary extension work and facilities for preventive edictal-care should be ensured. For livelihood support, apart from the land and forest based activities under MGNREGA imparting of skills and creating employment opportunities near their habitations should be encouraged. For this skills relevant to the tribal should be identified on the basis of a socioeconomic survey and then necessary skills training should be provided to them.  No post in the implementing agencies in scheduled areas/areas with tribal majority should be left vacant; every post must be filled up and wherever necessary, additional post Scheduled Tribes should be created for effective implementation  Implementation of the schemes must be monitored closely at prescribed periodicity. Implementation should not be made to suffer on account of problems associated with transfer of funds.  Better coverage of roadways for tribal areas (population of 500–1,000), with population up to 100 being covered in LWE to be connected.  Better connectivity through railways in LWE and tribal areas.  Land acquisition of tribal land to be addressed as required under PESA and displaced tribal population to be resettled and rehabilitated.  Tribal communities to have full right to minor forest produce.  Converge MGNREGA with artisanal work to provide livelihood to tribal, many of whom are engaged in artisanal work.  Land and Tenancy Reform: Deal with outstanding matters of tribal ownership.  Increase coverage of the most vulnerable within the Scheduled Tribes in the health sector. Increase cadre of health workers to better serve tribal.  Plan within a plan of the Twelfth Plan: Suitable programmes for Central Indian Tribal Belt, border and backward areas and those who suffered discrimination like DNTs.

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 Better and speedy implementation of PESA and FRA Institutional Mechanism of Conflict Resolutions.

6.4 EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Literacy rate is defined as percentage of literates among the population aged seven years and above. Although literacy levels of STs have improved, the gap in literacy levels, both for tribal men and women, has not declined significantly. Even the Central and State Governments are implementing the various developmental programmes for the scheduled tribes in India those are not developed, their present situation has explained in the following Table 6.3. For the Scheduled Tribe Population in India, the Literacy Rate increased from 8.53 percent in 1961 to 63.1 percent in 2011 for STs. Table 6.3: Literacy Rate of Scheduled Tribe Population during 1961-2011 S.No Year Male Female Total 1 1961 13.83 3.16 8.53 2 1971 17.63 4.85 11.30 3 1981 24.52 8.04 16.35 4 1991 40.65 18.19 26.60 5 2001 59.17 34.76 47.10 6 2011 71.7 64.0 63.1 Source: Selected Educational Statistics 2004-2005, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India Though India‟s education system over the past few decades has made significant progress, the literacy of the Scheduled Tribes and other marginalized groups has been a matter of concern even after so many years of independence. This is despite the fact that the largest proportion of centrally sponsored programmes for tribal development are related to the single sector of education.

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Currently, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is implemented as India‟s main programme for universalizing elementary education. Its overall goals include universal access and retention, bridging of gender and social category gaps in education and enhancement of learning levels of children. The new law provides a justifiable legal framework that entitles all children between the ages of 6-14 years free and compulsory admission, attendance and completion of elementary education. It provides for children‟s right to an education of equitable quality, based on principles of equity and nondiscrimination. Therefore it is important to have the enrolment data to maintain a secured system of the databases of the enrollees.

Dropout Rate is the proportion of pupils/students who leave school during the year as well as those who complete the grade/year level but fail to enroll in the next grade/year level the following school year to the total number of pupils/students enrolled during the previous school year. It is a critical indicator reflecting lack of educational development and inability of a given social group to complete a specific level of education.

Table 6.4: Dropout rates of Scheduled Tribe Population Class Boys Girls Total ST All ST All ST All Gap Classes I – V 37.2 28.7 33.9 25.1 35.6 27 8.6 Classes I – VIII 54.7 40.3 55.4 41 55 40.6 14.4 Classes I – X 70.6 50.4 71.3 47.9 70.9 49.3 21.6 Source: Statistics of School Education 2010-2011

6.5 HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT It is an accepted fact that the most of the rural areas in India suffer from perilous atmosphere and abysmal living conditions. Unsafe and unhygienic birth practices, unclean water, poor

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6 nutrition, subhuman habitats, and degraded and unsanitary environments are characteristics of the rural areas, making the rural habitats the first victim of epidemics. Adding to this, another fact is that the majority of the rural population is with limited resources that they spend chiefly on food and necessities such as clothing and shelter. They have no money left to spend on health and are fighting a constant battle for survival and health. Provision and accessibility to health facilities is a critical factor in effective health treatment for people in rural areas of India, where in many areas accessibility is diminished by absence of all- weather roads, making access subject to weather conditions. Keeping this in view, the GoI launched its flagship programme, “The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), 2005-12”, to provide effective healthcare to the rural population throughout the country. To monitor the performance and quality of the health services being provided under NRHM, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, has put in place several mechanisms that strengthen the monitoring and evaluation systems, through performance statistics, surveys, community monitoring, quality assurance etc.

6.5.1 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of infant deaths in a year per 1,000 live births during the year. Child mortality is defined as the number of deaths of children under five years of age but above one year of age in a given year per one thousand children in this age group. Some of the key health indicators as per NFHS-3 (2005-06) in the country are described in below Table 6.5.

Table 6.5 Key health indicators as per NFHS-3 (2005-06) Health Indicator SC ST Total Infant Mortality 66.4 62.1 57.0 Neo-natal Mortality 46.3 39.9 39.0 Pre- natal Mortality 55.0 40.6 48.5 Child Mortality 23.2 35.8 18.4

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Under five Mortality 88.1 95.7 74.3 ANC Checkup 74.2 70.5 77.1 Percentage Institutional Deliveries 32.9 17.7 38.7 Childhood vaccination (full immunization) 39.7 31.3 43.5 Source: National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2005-06

6.5.2 MATERNAL MORTALITY & MATERNAL HEALTH Maternal mortality has been an area of concern for all countries across the globe. According to UN figures, at present, India tops the rate of maternal deaths worldwide. The present maternal mortality rate (MMR) of India is 212 per one lakh live births, whereas the country‟s target was to achieve 200 maternal deaths per lakh of live births by 2007 and to reduce it to 109 per lakh of live births by 2015 (as set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the United Nations in 2000).

Antenatal Care (ANC) refers to pregnancy-related health care, which is usually provided by a doctor, an ANM, or another health professional, to monitor a pregnancy for signs of complications, detection and treating of pre-existing and concurrent problems of pregnancy, and provides advice and counselling on preventive care, diet during pregnancy, delivery care, postnatal care, and related issues.

The percentage of Scheduled Tribe women consuming Iron Folic Acid (IFA) for at least 90 days and who took a drug for intestinal parasites during their pregnancy was only 17.6 and 3.7, respectively. Among ST women who received antenatal care for their most recent birth, only 32.4 percent of ST mothers (lowest among all social groups) received advice about where to go if they experienced pregnancy complications. Though Obstetric care from a trained provider during

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6 delivery is recognized as critical for the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality, only 17.1% of births to ST women were assisted by a doctor.

6.5.3 CHILD HEALTH Universal immunization of children against the six vaccine-preventable diseases (namely, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, and measles) is crucial for reducing infant and child mortality. Children between 12- 23 months who received BCG, measles, and three doses each of DPT and polio (excluding Polio 0) are considered to be fully vaccinated. Based on information obtained from a vaccination card or reported by the mother („either source‟), only 31.3 percent of ST children were found to be fully vaccinated as compared to 53.8 percent belonging to „Others‟. 11.5% of ST children have no vaccinations at all. Among ST children who suffered from diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey, only 29.3 percent of them did not receive any treatment at all. Only 61.4 percent of all ST women with recent births knew about ORS packets. 49.9 percent of scheduled-tribe children received services at an anganwadi centre and 33.1 percent of ST children received any immunization through an anganwadi centre in the past 12 months.

6.5.4 MORBIDITY AND HEALTH CARE Despite being a curable disease, TB is still a stigmatizing illness, mainly due to people‟s ignorance of its etiology and transmission. 40.2 percent of ST women and 44.3 percent of ST men who have heard of TB mentioned coughing or sneezing as a mode of transmission for TB. Half of the ST men who heard of TB (50.5 percent) have misconception about transmission of TB. With respect to the correct knowledge of transmission of TB, ST men & women were no different from other social groups. 13.7 percent women an 17 percent men who had heard of TB, said that they would want the TB positive status of a family member to remain a secret. Results in NFHS-3 about health problems of diabetes, asthma, goiter or any other thyroid disorders among women and men age 15-49 per 100,000 show that the number of people with TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-15 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

6 asthma is high among both ST women and men as compared to SCs and OBCs. The prevalence of goitre and other thyroid diseases was high among ST women as compared to ST men. Tobacco use is associated with a wide range of major diseases, including several types of cancers and heart and lung diseases. According to NFHS-3 findings, the percentage of ST women and men age 15-49, who use any kind of tobacco is highest when compared to any other social group.

6.5.5 FERTILITY Age at first marriage has a profound impact on childbearing because women who marry early have on an average a longer period of exposure to pregnancy and a greater number of lifetime births.

6.5.6 HIV - AIDS KNOWLEDGE: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & BEHAVIOR Though Government of India has been using mass media extensively, especially electronic media, to increase awareness of AIDS and its prevention in the population, the percentage of ST men & women who have heard about AIDS is far below the general population.

The knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention is crucial in enabling young people to avoid HIV/AIDS. Young people may be at greater risk because they may have shorter relationships with more partners, or engage in other risky behaviours.

6.5.7 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ST WOMEN, MEN & CHILDREN NFHS-3 collected information on two indicators of nutritional status – height and body mass index (BMI) - for women age 15-49 and men age 15-54. The cutoff point for height, below which a woman can be identified as nutritionally at risk, varies among populations, but it is usually considered to be in the range of 140-150 centimeters (cm). A cutoff point of 145 cm is used for

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NFHS-3. The percentage of ST women below 145 cm is second highest (12.7 percent) among all social groups.

Chronic energy deficiency is usually indicated by a BMI of less than 18.5 and among ST woman, 46.6 percent have a BMI below 18.5, indicating a high prevalence of nutritional deficiency. ST men and women are found to be highly anaemic among all social groups. 68.5 percent of women and 39.6 percent of men whose haemoglobin level was tested were found to be anaemic. 44.8 percent of ST women are mildly anaemic, 21.3 percent moderately anaemic and 2.4 percent severely anaemic. Micronutrient deficiency is a serious contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality.

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for the immune system and plays an important role in maintaining the epithelial tissue in the body. NFHS-3 collected information on the consumption of vitamin A-rich foods and on the administration of vitamin A supplements for the youngest child age 6-35 months living with the mother.

Women and men from Scheduled Tribes have a relatively poor diet that is particularly deficient in fruits and milk or curd. Women and men in households with a low standard of living are less likely than others to eat each type of food listed, and their diet is particularly deficient in fruits and milk or curd.

6.6 SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD DEVELOPMENT Generation of productive and gainful employment with decent working conditions on a sufficient scale to absorb the growing labour force is a critical element in strategy plan for achieving inclusive growth. In terms of most social indicators the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and the Scheduled Tribes (STs) among social groups are the most marginalized section.

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The development of the tribal population in India has been a major concern of the Government, Voluntary agencies, NGOs, Social reformers, Social scientists, etc. Unemployment leading to immense poverty can be directly linked to the increase in terrorism and rising membership of tribals in the ranks of Maoists and Naxals.

6.6.1 PROBLEMS Due to non – availability of alternate livelihood means such as industrial or commercial ventures in this area, the local people are mostly dependent on agriculture for livelihood. Thus there is a strain on agriculture as it has to accommodate more than required manpower in its ambit. This lead to severe under employment in this area. On top of this it is difficult for the people to sustain from only agriculture due to low agricultural productivity and uncertain cropping. The major hindrances for good productivity in the area are:  Non –availability and high price of good quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides: it was found that the access farmers to the market were very less. In must villages there were agents who supplied seeds pesticide and fertilizers at very high cost. Also the farmers do not have any choice regarding quality and are virtually blackmailed by the agent into buying whatever they provide. They also misguide the farmers to use more fertilizers and pesticide, which eventually proves to be harmful both to the crops and also human health. It was observed by the villages the due to low quality fertilizers and pesticides; the productivity of the land is going down.  Small fragmented lands requiring higher input cost: The division of land is slowly making cultivated unavailable in some of the area. The average land-holding of the people in the area was found to be quite low. As a result of land fragmentation and small land-holdings, the productivity is drastically reduced.  Lack of knowledge / Training of modern agricultural practices: The people of in this area used traditional method of agricultural such as broadcasting method which led to wastage of seeds. Also use of innovation methods such as drip irrigation for water conservation, use of indigenous improved seed, vermin composting for production of nature manures was not done.

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 Lack of adequate and regular irrigation facilities: The study area is mostly not irrigated expect for the places next to Atem river. Thus the dependency on rain leads to erratic crop production and frequent crop failure.  Poor Forward and Backward Market Linkage: As mentioned above, the villagers do not have access to market, not only for purchases of raw material but also for marketing the produce. In most of the villages the practice was the middle men come to purchase the crop from the farmers. The purchase cost is fixed by the middle men only and most of the time is lower than the supported price declare by the government or the market rate. They even threaten the farmers that if they do not sell to them anyone else buy their crop, thereby forcing them to sell at a lower price.  Subsistence Farming: The people raise the crops or livestock to main their own family, living little, if any surplus for sale or trade. Therefore they eke out their livelihood and exploited by the money lenders. They are left with no money to invest in the next sowing season.

6.6.2 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES As analyzed in the previous sections, although the people are dependent on agriculture, it does not provide enough for them to sustain their life. The reasons for poor agricultural returns have been also explained. Based on the above analysis, strategies and activities have been suggested, which can help to improve the socio-economic conditions of the people.

Linkage with Krishi Vigyan Kendra: KVKs have been set up every district of the country to provided technical assistance to farmers in innovative and modern methods of farming. Their roles included providing training to farmers, organizing farmers Self Help Groups and Kishan clubs, providing subsides in improved seeds, manure and pesticides, and also providing case specific solution and advice. The farmer in this area can be organized to connect KVKs and take their assistance.

Agriculture Extension Services: The agricultural method used in this area is traditional and thus leads to low productivity. People need to be trained on modern agricultural practices. Introduction to effective ICT based agriculture extension; through block extension officers TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-19 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

6 should be encouraged. Interest should be generated among the farmers to undertake modern agricultural practices with improved quality seed, fertilizers and guidance. SHGs could be formed and trained in trading in farm equipment‟s and inputs for agriculture for mutual benefit.

Formation Agricultural Cooperatives: The option for formation agricultural cooperatives could be explored. This will help in implementing modern methods of agriculture, as the high initial cost of implementation will be divided among all the stakeholders. The cooperatives can be formed as scaled up version of Self Help Groups.

Improved Irrigation Facilities: Irrigation facility needs to be provided to the villagers so that they could cultivate more areas of land. They could be supported to cultivate in the Rabi season as well. Also, with the support of irrigation facility, they could be encouraged to grow vegetables for self-consumption as well as for selling in the market. Information has to be provided to the farmers regarding government subsidy schemes for implements such as sprinklers and fertilizers, urea, etc.

The problem faced by the people in this area is limited livelihood option. One of the main reasons for this is lack of skill among the people, especially women and youth. It was felt that there is a need to organize the communities, so that they can get more exposures ad training and subsequently make them capable to various jobs. The activities under this can be as follows:

Training in Non-agricultural Activities: The study area going to become fully industrialized in a matter of few years. Thus there will be requirements of semi skilled and skilled personals. Facilities should be provided for vocational training to the villagers on various income- generating trades such as cycle-repairing, carpentry, stitching can be provided through ITIs or individual training courses. For the educated youth, skill training can be given in welding,

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-20 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

6 electrical fitting, etc, so that they can even get employment in the rapidly growing industries in the area.

Formation of Self-Help Groups: It is important to form self-help groups of women so that they can have a platform for discussion of various issues and also form small thrift and credit groups. Depending upon the activity of the self-help group, different interventions/hand holding support is required by providing inputs for small scale income generation activities. Also, they need to be adequately trained to manage their activities in a professional and successful manner. These self-help groups could take up various income generating activities and contribute to the economic upliftment of the members

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-21 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

Livestock and Veterinary Services. Although there is a large number of livestock in the villages and the people have started attaching importance to animal husbandry, there was only one veterinary hospital in Dandagaon for veterinary services to attend to these animals. It is usually understood in these villages that if an animal become sick if will die unless it gets cured naturally. Adequate provisions in terms of veterinary TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-22 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL

6 doctors, medicines, vaccines and equipment should be made available to them to properly take care of their livestock. Also medical camps by veterinary doctors are required to be organized in the villages in which livestock of the villagers could be treated such camps should be regularly

organized as livestock was one of the major assets of the rural people.

6.3. BUDGET An amount of Rs. 96.11 crores is being made for implementation of the Tribal Development Plan. This cost is over and above the cost of Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Area Development Activities. The details are shown in Table 6.6.

Table 6.6 Budget for Tribal Development Plan S.No Items Budget in Crore’s 1 Construction/ Upgradation of existing school 38.18 2 Purchase of van/ mini-bus for transportation of school going children 7.42 3 Up-gradation of Health Care facility 18.67 4 Development of Transport and Communication facilities 7.63 5 Village grain bank scheme 18.82 6 Voluntary organization working for welfare of scheduled tribes – 5.39 Hiring of NGO 7 Total 96.11

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPONENT: GSECL GARE PELMA SECTOR I 6-23 COAL MINE PROJECT CONSULTANT: GCPL