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Flore Et Végétation Du Parc National De La Ruvubu Au Burundi: Diversité, Structure Et Implications Pour La Conservation

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Flore Et Végétation Du Parc National De La Ruvubu Au Burundi: Diversité, Structure Et Implications Pour La Conservation FACULTE DES SCIENCES Ecole Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs Service d’Ecologie du Paysage et Systèmes de Production Végétale Flore et végétation du Parc National de la Ruvubu au Burundi: diversité, structure et implications pour la conservation Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Docteur en Sciences Par Tatien MASHARABU Promoteurs: Professeur Marie-Françoise GODART Professeur Jan BOGAERT Professeur Marie Josée BIGENDAKO-POLYGENIS 04 Octobre 2011 FACULTE DES SCIENCES Ecole Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs Service d’Ecologie du Paysage et Systèmes de Production Végétale Flore et végétation du Parc National de la Ruvubu au Burundi: diversité, structure et implications pour la conservation Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Docteur en Sciences Par Tatien MASHARABU DEA en Sciences (Université Libre de Bruxelles, 2007) DEA en Biologie Appliquée (Université du Burundi, 2004) Licence en Sciences Biologiques (Université du Burundi, 2002) Composition du jury: Professeur Farid DAHDOUH-GUEBAS (Président, Université Libre de Bruxelles) Professeur Nausicaa NORET (Secrétaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles) Professeur Marie-Françoise GODART (Promoteur, Université Libre de Bruxelles) Professeur Jan BOGAERT (Co-Promoteur, Université de Liège/Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech) Professeur Marie Josée BIGENDAKO-POLYGENIS (Co-Promoteur, Université du Burundi) Docteur Steven DESSEIN (Membre, Jardin Botanique National de Belgique) 04 Octobre 2011 Masharabu T., 2011. Flore et végétation du Parc National de la Ruvubu au Burundi: diversité, structure et implications pour la conservation. Thèse de doctorat, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 224 p. Avant-propos AVANT-PROPOS Cette thèse a été réalisée dans un premier temps au Laboratoire de Botanique Systématique et de Phytosociologie et dans un second temps au Service d’Ecologie du Paysage et Systèmes de Production Végétale (Service FK060) de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). Ce travail de recherche est le fruit d’un long parcours au cours duquel j’ai bénéficié d’un soutien multiforme. Qu’il me soit alors permis d’adresser mes remerciements à toutes ces personnes et institutions qui ont contribué à son aboutissement, en commençant par ceux qui ont assuré l’accompagnement scientifique et le jury. Le Professeur Jan BOGAERT, ancien Directeur du Service FK060, fut Président de mon comité d’accompagnement (2006-2008) avant de prendre la relève en qualité de Promoteur de thèse après le départ en retraite du Professeur émérite Jean LEJOLY. Ses suggestions, ses conseils, ses remarques, sa disponibilité et ses aptitudes dans la synthétisation ont énormément contribué à améliorer les publications. Le Professeur Marie-Françoise GODART m’a fortement soutenu en acceptant d’assurer la présidence du comité d’accompagnement au départ, et de devenir ensuite, promoteur de la thèse après le départ du Professeur J. BOGAERT pour l’Université de Liège/Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. Ses services et conseils m’ont été d’une grande utilité. Le Co-Promoteur de cette thèse, le Professeur Marie Josée BIGENDAKO-POLYGENIS, Directeur des Services Académiques à l’Université du Burundi, mon institution d’origine, a beaucoup contribué dans l’encadrement. Elle a commencé à guider mes pas dans l’entreprise de la recherche avec la direction de mon mémoire de Licence en Sciences Biologiques à l’Université du Burundi (2001-2002) et a suivi les différentes phases de cette thèse jusqu’à la ligne d’arrivée. Le Professeur émérite J. LEJOLY m’a ouvert les portes de Bruxelles, Capitale de l’Europe, en acceptant de m’accueillir en 2005 dans son ancien Laboratoire de Botanique Systématique et de Phytosociologie pour y effectuer un stage, stage au cours duquel le projet mouture de cette thèse a été élaboré. Merci infiniment pour avoir encadré les premières phases de cette thèse jusque 2008. i Avant-propos Le Professeur Nausicaa NORET, membre du comité d’accompagnement et secrétaire du jury, a apporté de judicieuses remarques au protocole en me proposant de nouvelles pistes de recherche et a accepté de consacrer une partie de son précieux temps à la relecture ainsi qu’à l’amélioration de mes publications. Merci beaucoup pour les remarques constructives. Mes remerciements s’adressent également au président du jury, le Professeur Farid DAHDOUH- GUEBAS, Directeur du Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Systèmes et Gestion des Ressources (ULB), et au Docteur Steven DESSEIN du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, membre du jury, pour avoir accepté de lire, de corriger et de juger ce travail. Je tiens également à remercier Monsieur Benoît NZIGIDAHERA, Chef du Service de la Recherche en Biodiversité et Centre d’Echange d’Information en Biodiversité (CHM) à l’Institut National (Burundi) pour l’Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN) ainsi que les Professeurs Balthazar MPAWENAYO de l’Université du Burundi et Elias BIZURU de l’Université Nationale du Rwanda, pour avoir contribué à la réalisation de certains manuscrits. L’Ingénieur Jean-Bosco NDAYIZEYE, Chef du Génie Rural en province Muyinga, Jacques NKENGURUTSE et le personnel de l’INECN en poste au Parc National de la Ruvubu entre autres Claude HAKIZIMANA (Chef du parc), Evariste BUVYIRUKE (Adjoint au Chef du parc) et les gardes forestiers SEBAJAJA à Muremera et Sylvestre KINWA à Gasave, ont accepté chaque fois que de besoin, même sous la pluie, de me servir de guide dans la jungle au milieu des buffles et serpents, et partager leur riche expérience sur la connaissance vernaculaire des plantes du parc lors des missions de collecte des données sur terrain. Le Docteur Frédéric BANGIRINAMA et Joël NDAYISHIMIYE se souviendront des conditions météo et de transport lors de notre mission conjointe de terrain à Bibara en commune Mutumba, Province Karuzi. L’INECN, l’Institut Géographique du Burundi (IGEBU) et le Département de la population m’ont fourni certaines données dont j’avais besoin. A Meise, l’Ingénieur Luc PAUWELS, Collaborateur au Jardin Botanique National de Belgique m’a particulièrement aidé à identifier les Poaceae et Monsieur Daniel GEERINCK a fait montre d’une convivialité particulière et a souvent facilité mes déplacements jusqu’à Meise. Je suis également reconnaissant à l’endroit du Laboratoire d’Ecologie végétale et de Biogéochimie (ULB) et particulièrement au Professeur Thomas DROUET pour son assistance sur les techniques d’échantillonnage et d’analyses de sols ii Avant-propos ainsi qu’à Monsieur Philippe GHYSELS pour ses excellents services analytiques de sol. Que ces personnes et institutions acceptent mes sincères remerciements. Les membres, collègues et amis du Service FK060 avec qui nous avons collaboré à travers des échanges enrichissant scientifiquement et moralement n’ont pas été du tout oubliés: Professeur Charles DE CANNIERE, Professeur Marjolein VISSER, Professeur Louis BABOY, Docteur Sabas BARIMA, Docteur Issouf BAMBA, Paul HAKIZIMANA, François HAVYARIMANA, Ferdinand NIYONGABO, Joseph BIGIRIMANA, Docteur Céphas MASUMBUKO, Adi MAMA, Docteur Guy ILUMBE, Docteur Faustin BOYEMBA, Docteur Jean-Pierre DJIBU, Abdoulaye DIOUF, Léon IYONGO, Denise KASALWE, Hady DIALLO, Olivia RAKOTONDRASOA, Chantal SHALUKOMA, Isabelle VRANKEN, Docteur Adolphe NFOTABONG, Sylvain KUMBA, Sylvain ALONGO et tous ceux non cités ici. La maison SETM m’a hébergé à Bruxelles. Que sa direction, son staff et particulièrement Madame Florence BINON, Assistante sociale, ainsi que les camarades étudiants soient rassurés de la reconnaissance de leur convivialité. Ce travail a bénéficié d’un appui financier pour son aboutissement et j’en suis très reconnaissant. Je cite le Gouvernement du Burundi et le contribuable burundais, la Commission Universitaire pour le Développement (CUD), le Fonds David & Alice VAN BUUREN ainsi que le Bureau des Relations Internationales et de la Coopération (BRIC) de l’ULB. En marge de mes recherches doctorales, un séjour à l’Université de Dar es Salaam (Tanzanie) dans le cadre d’un stage de formation en changements climatiques et conservation de la biodiversité a été possible en 2008 grâce au soutien de MacArthur Foundation. Enfin, une mention spéciale revient très chaleureusement à ma chère épouse Liliane KANZIZA, elle qui a su gérer et éduquer, toute seule, Ted, Stacy et Donnell. Je leur dédie ce travail. Merci beaucoup à nos parents, familles et amis du Burundi et de la diaspora. Leur soutien et encouragements m’ont permis de tenir le coup jusqu’au bout de ce parcours de combattant. Que tous les anonymes qui ont été malencontreusement oubliés ne m’en tiennent pas rigueur; «Qui cite se trompe», comme disait l’autre. iii Table des matières TABLE DES MATIERES AVANT-PROPOS ................................................................................................................. i LISTE DES FIGURES ......................................................................................................... ix LISTE DES TABLEAUX .................................................................................................. xiii LISTE DES PHOTOS ......................................................................................................... xv RESUME ........................................................................................................................... xvii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xix I. INTRODUCTION GENERALE ....................................................................................... 2 I.1. Contexte et problématique de l’étude
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