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Kashypa Samhit Ka

Kashypa Samhit Ka

INTERNATIONAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL JOURNAL

Review Article ISSN: 2320 5091 Impact Factor: 4.018

UNIQUE FEATURES OF AN UNEXPLORED MANUSCRIPT – KASHYPA

Divya Jyothi1, Hitesh A Vyas2, Shyamasundaran K3

1PhD Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 2Associate Professor, Department of Basic Principles, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 3Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Parul Institute of Ayurved and Research, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The Samhita is a well-known reference treatise for Paediatrics in . Available edited and trans- lated Kashypa Samhita is incomplete and is brought out by editing a single manuscript collected from . In this regard, in order to make it complete, a work was undertaken to explore if any similar manuscript authored by Kashyapa was available or not. During this process of exploration, it was found that there are other manuscripts also available which is authored by Kashyapa and the contents are different from that of the available Kashypa Samhita. In this research venture, five manuscripts were identified and collected from IPGT & RA (with acces- sion no 6512), Tanjore Sarasvati Mahal Library (with accession no.11045), Sampurnananda Library (with accession no 1088604) and Oriental Research Institute Mysore (with accession no A129), Maharaja Saya- jirao University of Baroda Library (with accession no 13474B). During the process of deciphering, extensive ex- planations about concepts regarding Desha (place), Nadi (pulse), Dosha (the three humours of the body), Daivavyapashravya Chikitsa (performing related to god) Rasayogas (mercurial formulations) were ob- served which are unique and not found in any other published ayurvedic classics. Hence this work contributes to Ayurvedic knowledge.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Manuscript, Kashyapasamhita.

INTRODUCTION Kashypa Samhita is very well known text and is but an additional importance is given to Kaumarab- considered as the hand book of Balaroga Chikitsa hritya. Unfortunately, the book is incomplete and is (paediatrics) in Ayurveda. The sections of Kashypa brought out by editing a single manuscript collected Samhita are similar to those of but from Nepal2. There was a need for exploring - have an additional Khilla Sthana1. The contents of scripts related to Kashypa Samhita to fulfil the la- these sections match with those of Charaka Samhita cuna. This contemplation resulted in the exploration Divya Jyothi et al: Unique Features Of An Unexplored Manuscript – Kashypa Samhita

of other manuscripts available in the name of Ka- Method shyapa Samhita. During the process of deciphering, For the critical study of the manuscript, a scientific extensive explanations about concepts regarding De- protocol as mentioned in the book named Introduc- sha (place), Nadi (pulse), Dosha (the three humours tion to Manuscriptology by R.S. Shivaganesha of the body), Daivavyapashravya Chikitsa (rituals Murthy3 was followed. The process of critical edi- related to god) Rasayogas (mercurial formulations) tion was done under lower criticism comprises of were observed which are unique and not found in following stages viz; i) Collection, ii) Deciphering, any other published Ayurvedic classics. iii) Transliteration, iv) Collation, v) Recension, vi) Materials Emendation, vii) Critical analysis, viii) English For the study, five manuscripts were identified and translation. collected from IPGT & RA (with accession no Under collection, the copies of the text for its avail- 6512), Tanjore Sarasvati Mahal Library (with acces- ability was identified using sion no.11045), Sampurnananda Library Varanasi 1. A Check List of Medical Manuscripts in (with accession no 1088604) and Oriental Research India by Rao4 Institute Mysore (with accession no A129), MS Uni- 2. Sanskrit Medical Manuscripts in India, 2nd ed. versity Baroda Library (with accession no 13474B) New Delhi: CCRAS; 20055 found across India. Details of the collected ms con- sidered for the study is as shown in the table1.

Table 1: Extent of copies available as per the catalogue of Sanskrit medical manuscripts- S No: Name of the text Author Source Script Source No: 1. Kashyapa Samhita INA* Saraswathi Bhavan Library, Varanasi Devanagari 45395 2. Kashyapa Samhita Kashyapa Government Oriental Library, Mysore Telugu A129,P8869/1 3. Kashyapa Samhita INA* Tanjore Maharaja Serfoji’s Devanagari 11045 Mahal Library, Tanjore 4. Kashyapa Samhita Kashyapa Government Oriental Manuscript Li- Devanagari p-22-8 brary, Madras. 5. Kashyapa Samhita INA* French Institute Pondichery. Devanagari 846 6. Kashyapa Lakshmana Government Oriental Library, My- Grantha P1555/3 Kavi sore. 7. Kashyapa Tantra INA* Government Oriental Library, My- Telugu 1555 sore. 8. Kashyapiya Roganidana Kashyapa Government Oriental Manuscript Li- Telugu 13112 brary, Madras. 9. Kashyapottara Samhita Kashyapa French Institute Pondichery. Devanagari 174 *INA- Information Not Available

Among these nine copies, five manuscript copies duly from the authorities concerned through proper were collected based on similarity in Title, Author, channel. After collection, each copy is deciphered Subject and Language. The Manuscripts were pro- one by one and following observations are noted as cured from the repositories with permission obtained shown in Table 2.

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Table 2: CODEX A B C D E Mss name Kashyapa Kashyapa Samhita Kashyapa Samhita Kashyapa Samhita Ayurveda Samhita Mss Version 6512 11045 A.129 1088604 13474 (B) Available at IPGT&RA Sarasvati Mahal Oriental Research Sampurnananda Library Oriental institute Library, Tanjavur Institute, Mysore Varanasi library Baroda Language Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Script Devanagari Devanagari Telugu Devanagari Telugu Total 299 457 89 795 56 Pages/folios 1-6, 6-52, 52-152, 1-44, 45 क-च,46-66, 66-100, 100- 150, 150-204, 204क-ड, 205- 367, 367-441, 441-451, 451, 451-456, 456-500, 500,500, 500,500-621, 621- 630, 636-795 +6(T.) Manuscript Paper Paper Paper Paper Palmleaf Type Author Not Men- Not Mentioned Not Mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned tioned Date Not Men- Not mentioned Not mentioned Not Mentioned Not mentioned tioned Condition Good, legible Good, legible Good, legible Images not clear Good, legible 38,39,40,41,46,47, 131- 135,169,209- 217,220,221,223-234, 239- 245, 247-248, 412,416,417,419,420- 422,424-441,447-450,454- 571, 574-596,598-626,662- 671 Remarks Incomplete Incomplete Incomplete Incomplete Incomplete Lines/ page 23 16 16 8 9 Scribe Not known Ramachandra bha- Not Known Rajavaṃshapaṇḍeya Not known gavat

The Collation was done by marking siglas for col- tinuous superscripts and readings were noted in lected manuscripts using English alphabets as shown footnotes. Siglum B was then deciphered and com- in Table No 2. After giving siglum, all the collected pared with the Siglum A. The variant readings were manuscripts were deciphered one by one. Upon de- noted as before. Similarly, the collations of the other ciding the trustworthiness among five manuscripts, three manuscripts were also carried out. In recen- Siglum A was transliterated. The orthographic pecu- sion, one reading was accepted among variants by liarities, scribal errors, omissions were noted as con- considering different criteria like understanding or-

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thographic peculiarities and considering its meaning stituents) Doshasthana (abode of humours), in Sanskrit dictionaries. Emendation was done at Annapacana Krama (process of digestion), instances when there was difficulty in choosing one Dhatupravardhaka (effect of taste on seven among the variants of reading. The external and in- constituents), Doshadhatu Sambandha (relation be- ternal evidences were sort off for emending. After tween humours and body constituents). completing each section, critical analysis of the same Chapter V- Nadi Prakarana- Deals with detailed was carried out for understanding the different sub- explanations regarding Chakras (centres of spiritual ject matter dealt and the authors view on it with re- power) named as Adhara,, , , spect to similar topics dealt elsewhere in other trea- along with Arishta Lakshana (unfavourable tises. English translation was done of the verses ex- symptom of approaching death), Dwadasha Nadi cept for the technical terms and the drugs mentioned such as Sushumna, Pingala, Rudra, Ida, in the manuscripts as it may blemish the genuineness Rajju,Vaikarika, Vishvodari, Dhari, Shankhini, of the verses. Yashasvini, Saraswati, Hastijihva are well explained. It deals with numbers of body parts, method of ex- OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS amination, prognosis, relation with humours and Upon completion of the above stages it was found division based on upper, middle and lower parts of that the contents were jumbled and did not have any the body in detail. justifiable sequel. An effort was made in the study to Chapter VI- It includes characteristic features of an arrange the contents in a proper justifiable sequence ideal physician. into five sections. Section II – Deals with the general cause, symptoms Section I- It deals with fundamental principles of and treatment for various diseases caused by mis- Ayurveda. This section is divided into six chapters. deeds done in the previous life. Chapter I- Bhugola Prakarana- It includes the Section III- Is in the form of conversation between explanations regarding Puri (cities), Shringa (Moun- Lord and in question –answer tains), names of Saptasagara (seven oceans) and form. In this section, each disease starts with the Saptadvipa (seven islands) with their dimensions. question of Parvati Devi and Lord Shiva answers the Chapter II -Pindotpatti deals with embryogenesis, question in detail explaining the Samanya Nidana, stages of development of embryo, twenty four influ- Lakṣhana, Chikitsa (general cause, symptom and ential factors for the development of specific charac- treatment), Rogabheda (classification), Vishesha ters of progeny. Nidana, Lakṣhana and chikitsa (specific cause, Chapter III – Anupadi Desha deals with characteris- symptom and treatment), Sadhyasadhyata (progno- tic features of three types of lands, names of rivers, sis) and Pathya (diet). The Chikitsa (treatment) as- trees, birds, animals, nature of human beings. It pect contain both Daivavyapashraya (rituals related deals to God) and Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa (treating by Chapter IV- It deals with the explanations regarding using medicines of plant origin, animal origin, min- Tridosha- Sambandha (relation between god eral and mercurial formulations) with an additional and three humours), Varnabhedena Tridosha (com- importance given to Daivavyapashraya. It includes plexion according to humours) , Tridosha Karanatva specificities of Rudrabhisheka (pouring water on (Cause for all the disease manifestations), Sharira idol of Lord Shiva and chanting hymns) Vishnupuja (measurements of the body), Avayava (worshipping the Lord Vishnu) and Danakarma Sankhya (number of body contents), (Liberality). Another interesting observation under Doshadhatumala Pramana (quantities of body con- Chikitsa (treatment section) is the usage of mercurial

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preparations with specific dosage and duration for according to time period, style of writing, social and each preparation. political environment. Hence it is assumed that the Section IV- The methods of conduction of Dana present work also is attributed to Lord Shiva but is (offering) which are mentioned in earlier sec- authored by someone else. tion are dealt in this also. It includes Dhanyadanam In the ancient time there was a tradition prevalent (offering grains), Tailaghaṭadanam (offering oil wherein different (a family) was being fol- filled pot), Ajyaghaṭadanam (offering ghee filled lowed under which Gurushishya Parampara (line- pot), Guḍadanam (offering jaggery), Phaladanam age) was seen. This work also implies that it could (offering fruits), Lavaṇadanam (offering salt), Kar- have been written by a person or group of people pasadanam (offering cotton), Godanam (offering from Kashyapa Gotra. Looking at the content it cow), Chagadanam (offering goat), Mahishidanam poses to be a good compilation work of many sub- (offering buffalo), Tiladanam (offering sesamum), jects that had great impact then. Gajadanam (offering elephant), Ashvadanam (offer- Time period: There is an explanation regarding ing horse) , Andvahadanam (offering ox/bull), Sha- Somaroga which was first explained by Vangasena katadanam (offering cart), Dasidanam (offering ser- (12th cent) 7. The era of Rasoushadhi Prayoga (use of vant), Gṛihadanam (offering house), Veshyadanam mercurial preparations in treatment) was at its zenith (offering a lady ), Bhumidanam (offering land) with during 10th century8. This impact is also reflected in specific Dakshina ( remuneration). this particular work. Goraksha Shataka –a book of Section V -The (formulation) mentioned in Yoga (11-12th century) deals with Dvadasha Nadi this section ends with “Kashyapena Bhashitam”. The (Science related with Pulse) in brief9. But this par- names of the formulations mentioned are Kharjuradi ticular text has a detailed explanation of the same. Lehya, Kadalikanda Rasayana, Vajra Rasayana, References of some peculiar mercurial preparations Navaratna Rasayana, Panchabaṇa Rasa, Visha- such as Jogi Rasa and Dhurjati rasa are also seen in mushthi taila, Kulattha Taila, Bhringamalaka Taila, Vaidya chintamani (15th century)10. This suggests Kumari Taila, Arkakṣhira Taila, Mahakalyanaka two possibilities- (a) Either this could be written by Ghrita, Sudarshana Rasa, Jogirasa, Shankhad- considering Vaidyachintamani or (b) Vaidyachinta- ravaka, Nirgundi Leha, Vranadaru Lehya, Matsyak- mani would have been written referring this work. shi Taila, Lakṣminarayaṇa Taila, Virasimhavaloka-a medieval book of 13th century Grahaṇivajrakavaṭa Rasa, Mahanarayaṇa Taila, approached the Chikitsa aspect inculcating Jyotisha, Kapitthadi Lehya, Garudanjana and Drakṣadi Le- Dharmashastra and Vaidyaka11. The same has been hya. reflected even in this work. Considering all the in- ternal evidences, the text can be placed somewhere DISCUSSION between 13th to 15th century. Author: The whole structure of the text reveals that, Place: There is no direct reference regarding place Shiva is the narrator of the text. Many other texts of of the author in the whole text but the style of writ- Ayurveda as well as other sciences/arts have the ing and the words used has the tinge of south India. similar kind of beginning. Many Oushadha Yoga It could be that the scribe of the particular work be- (medicinal formulations) are mentioned in the name longed to this region but the whereabouts of the au- of Shiva or Rudra6. Many of the authors followed thor is uncertain. Structure of the text: In the this trend to earn reputation and to authorise their older Ayurvedic classics, one can find the explana- works. Though the work is attributed to Shiva in tions regarding basic concepts followed by treatment many other various texts, the variations are observed principles, drugs, and formulations as seen in the

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classical texts. In the medieval period the trend of 2. Tewari P.V. Introduction to Kashyapa Sam- writing the text books of Ayurveda shifted from the hita.Varanasi: Choukambha Visvabharati; 2004. 3. Murthy R S S. Introduction to Manuscriptology. above mentioned style to understanding treatment Delhi; Sharada Publication House; 1996. 12 principles and formulations as seen in Madhava 4. Sanskrit Medical Manuscripts in India. Rama Rao B Nidana of 8th century12. Down the line, between 9th compiler. New Delhi: Central Council for Research to 13th centuries the style again changed to giving in Ayurveda and Siddha; 1972. 5. Sanskrit Medical Manuscripts in India. Rama Rao B importance to Roga pariksha vidhi (diagnostic compiler. New Delhi: Central Council for Research method) in the form of Ashtavidha Pariksha as in in Ayurveda and Siddha; 2005. Sharangadhara Samhita13. Having looked at differ- 6. Mukhopadhyaya Girindranath. History of Indian ent change of style according to era, this particular Medicine. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Pub- lishers Pvt. Ltd; P. 28-82. 1994. work stands out as an unusual work which gives im- 7. Vangasena. Vangasena Samhita. Varanasi: portance to basic concepts, diagnostic methods, Chowkamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2004.P.15 (In- Karmaja Vyadhi (diseases caused by misdeeds), troduction). 8. Sharma P.V. Indian Medicine in the Classical Age. Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa (performing rituals re- nd 2 edition. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Amarabharati lated to god) and Rasoushadhi (mercurial Prakashan; 2000. preparations). 9. . Gorakshashataka. Svami Ku- valayananda, Shukla S A, editors. Lonavala: Kaiva- lya dhama S.M.Y.M Samiti. CONCLUSION 10. Vallabhacharya.Vaidyachintamani. K Rama This particular study is a research which contributes Reddy, editors. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; to the understanding of Kashypa Samhita that is 2013.P.17 (Introduction). quite different from the available Kashypa Samhita. 11. Veerasimha.Veerasimhavaloka. Mumba Shri Venkateshvara Printers; 1954. It implies that there was more than one type of Ka- 12. Madhavakara. Madhavanidana with Madhukosha shypa Samhita which no much people know off. The Sanskrit Commentary by Srivijayarakshita and Sri- topics such as Nadi (pulse), Dosha (the three hu- kanthadatta, with Vidyotini Hindi commentary and notes by Sudarshana Shastri revised and edited by mours of the body), Prakriti (constituent), Desha Yadunandana Upadhyaya.Varanasi: Chaukhambha (place), Karmajavyadhi (diseases due to misdeeds) Prakashan; 2006(Part 1). 2009 (Part 2). and Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa (performing rituals 13. Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Jiwanprada th related to god) are very unique. Having worked on Hindi Commentary by Srivastava Shailaja. 4 ed. Va- ranasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2005. this, it has brought out a new way of looking at Ka- shypa Samhita as like the usual way as the hand Source of Support: Nil book of Kaumarabhritya (paediatrics). The narrator Conflict Of Interest: None Declared of the text is Shiva but there are no evidences regard- ing Author, the time period and place. Based on How to cite this URL: Divya Jyothi et al: Unique Features some internal evidences the time period of the text Of An Unexplored Manuscript – Kashypa Samhita. can be placed between 13th to 15th Century AD. International Ayurvedic Medical Journal {online} 2018 {cited July, 2018} Available from: http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/1509_1514.pdf REFERENCES 1. Vriddha Jivaka. Kashyapa Samhita. Revised by Vat- sya with sanskrit introduction by Nepal Rajguru Pan-

dit Hemaraja Sharma with Vidyotini Hindi commen- tary and Hindi translation of sanskrit introduction by Ayurvedalankar Sri Satyapala Bhishagacharya, , Va- ranasi: Choukamba Sanskrit Sansthana; 2016.

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