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Ascidiacea) Di Perairan Jemeluk Dan Penuktukan, Bali

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Ascidiacea) Di Perairan Jemeluk Dan Penuktukan, Bali Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 5(1), 11-21 (2019) Kelimpahan dan Keanekaragaman Tunikata (Ascidiacea) di Perairan Jemeluk dan Penuktukan, Bali Ni Made Pitria Menala Saputri a*, I Dewa Nyoman Nurweda Putra a, Widiastuti Karim a a Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan, Fakultas Kelautan dan Perikanan, Universitas Udayana, Kampus UNUD Bukit Jimbaran, Bali 80361, Indonesia *Penulis koresponden. Tel.: +62-812-368-708-69 Alamat e-mail: [email protected] Diterima (received) 10 Oktober 2017; disetujui (accepted) 2 Februari 2018; tersedia secara online (available online) 5 Februari 2018 Abstract Tunikata is an animal shaped like a tube and its body is covered by a mantle (tunic). These organisms have functions and impacts for ecology, pharmacology, people and the economy. However, the various important roles of the tunicate are not matched by information on abundance and diversity in Indonesia in general and the island of Bali in particular. Therefore, this study aims to determine the abundance, species composition and the diversity of tunikata in the waters of Jemeluk and Penuktukan, Bali, where each of these waters has a different coral reef morphology reef flats (Jemeluk) and reef slopes (Penuktukan). Data retrieval is done with a 25x2m2 belt transect and parallel to the shoreline. Determination of location of observation based on purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data used using the abundance formula, species composition and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The results showed that the abundance of tunikata in Jemeluk waters did not differ significantly between stations where the highest was found in stations 1 and 3, the lowest at station 2. But the abundance of tunicates in waters Penuktukan significantly different between stations where the highest in three and the lowest station on Station 1. There are nine kinds of tunicates on both waters where species Didemnum molle and Atriolum robustum is the type most commonly found. The highest diversity of tunicate species in Jemeluk waters is found in stations 1 and 3 and the lowest is at station 2, while the highest Penuktukan is located at station 1 and the lowest is at station 3. In general, the index of biodiversity in both waters is categorized as low. Keywords: Tunikata; Abundance; Species composition Speciesdiversi; Jemeluk; Penuktukan Abstrak Tunikata merupakan hewan berbentuk seperti tabung dan tubuhnya tertutupi oleh mantel (tunic). Organisme ini memiliki fungsi dan dampak bagi ekologi, farmakologi, manusia dan perekonomian. Namun, berbagai peranan penting tunikata tersebut tidak diimbangi dengan informasi mengenai kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman di Indonesia pada umumnya dan pulau Bali pada khususnya. Oleh sebab itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan, komposisi jenis dan keanekaragaman tunikata di perairan Jemeluk dan Penuktukan, Bali, dimana masing-masing perairan ini memiliki bentuk morfologi terumbu yang berbeda yaitu rataan terumbu (Jemeluk) dan lereng terumbu (Penuktukan). Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan Belt transect berukuran 25x2m2 sejajar garis pantai. Penentuan lokasi pengamatan didasarkan metode purposive sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan menggunakan rumus kelimpahan, komposisi jenis dan indek keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan tunikata di perairan Jemeluk tidak berbeda signifikan antar stasiun dimana tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 1 dan 3 dan terendah pada stasiun 2. Tetapi kelimpahan tunikata di perairan Penuktukan berbeda nyata antar stasiun dimana tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 3 dan terendah terdapat pada stasiun 1. Terdapat 9 jenis tunikata pada kedua perairan dimana jenis Didemnum molle dan Atriolum robustum merupakan jenis yang paling banyak ditemukan. Keanekaragaman jenis tunikata di perairan Jemeluk tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 1 dan 3 dan terendah terdapat pada stasiun 2, sedangkan di perairan Penuktukan tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 1 dan terendah terdpat pada stasiun 3. Secara umum, indeks keanekaragaman tunikata di kedua perairan dikategorikan rendah. Kata Kunci: Tunikata; Kelimpahan; Komposisi jenis; Keanekaragaman jenis; Perairan Jemeluk ; Perairan Penuktukan J. Mar. Aquat. Sci. 5: 11-21 (2019); doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2019.v05.i01.p02 NMPM Saputri dkk. 12 1. Pendahuluan morfologi terumbu yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan, Tunikata (Ascidian) merupakan hewan yang komposisi jenis dan keanekaragaman tunikata termasuk dalam subfilum Urochrodata, yang pada perairan Jemeluk yang memiliki zona rataan memiliki bentuk tubuh seperti kantong berukuran terumbu dan perairan Penuktukan yang memiliki kecil dan umumnya hidup di perairan laut. Tubuh zona lereng terumbu. hewan ini ditutupi oleh mantel (tunic) yang terbentuk dari senyawa protein dan polisakarida, 2. Metode Penelitian sehingga kelompok hewan ini diberi nama "Tunikata". Tunikata merupakan organisme yang 2.1 Waktu dan Tempat bersifat filter feeder yaitu organisme yang mendapatkan makanan dengan cara menyaring Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 2 hari pada (Brodie et al., 2011). tanggal 15-16 maret di perairan Jemeluk, Kabupaten Karangasem dan 2 hari pada tanggal Beberapa spesies tunikata memiliki manfaat 24-25 April 2017 di perairan Penuktukan, yang sangat besar dalam kehidupan manusia Kabupaten Buleleng, provinsi Bali (Gambar 1). maupun lingkungan, seperti mengandung senyawa antibiotik (Da Rocha, 2015; Lambert et al., 2.2 Pengambilan Data Tunikata 2016), tetapi keberadaan tunikata yang berlebih memiliki pengaruh yang negatif, seperti tunikata Stasiun penelitian ditentukan berdasarkan yang bersifat filter feeder akan mengambil metode purposive sampling dan terletak sejajar makanan yang dibutuhkan oleh hewan yang garis pantai. Terdapat masing-masing 3 stasiun ditempeli atau hidup di dekatnya, selain itu dan 3 kali pengulangan pada setiap perairan. tunikata menempel pada lambung kapal yang Pengambilan data tunikata dilakukan secara visual akan menambah bobot kapal sehingga terjadi sensus pada kedalaman 4-10 m menggunakan pemborosan bahan bakar (Gewing, 2016), metode transek sabuk (belt transect) dengan kemampuan hewan ini untuk menyebar dari satu ukuran 25 x 2 m2 (Gambar 2). tempat ke tempat lain dan beradaptasi dengan Tunikata yang ditemukan lalu dicatat dan lingkungan baru secara cepat antara lain melalui didokumentasikan menggunakan kamera bawah transportasi kapal, menyebabkan spesies tertentu air untuk selanjutnya diidentifikasi berdasarkan menjadi invasive hingga mendominasi dan Tropical Pacific Invertebrates (Colin et al, 1995). mengancam keberadaan organisme asal (Ali et al, Selain data tunikata, data parameter perairan juga 2014; Hirose et al., 2009). diukur seperti suhu, salinitas, kecerahan, Tunikata merupakan salah satu komponen kedalamn dan kecepatan arus juga diukur. komunitas terumbu karang yang hidupnya sesil di Pengukuran data suhu, salinitas dan pH diperoleh terumbu, substrat dan batu (Lambert, 2010). dengan cara mengambil sampel air yang diambil Bentuk morfologi terumbu karang terdiri atas ±1 m di atas komunitas tunikata. Sedangkan lagoon, rataan terumbu (reef flat), lereng terumbu kecepatan arus diukur pada arus permukaan, lalu (reef slope), dan fore-reef dimana zona-zona dihitung menggunakan persamaan 1 dan tersebut tidak selalu ditemukan pada suatu disesuaikan dengan skala kecepatan arus (Tabel 1): perairan laut dan dapat bervariasi antar perairan 푠 (Gischler, 2010). Perbedaan kondisi hidrodinamika 푉 = z (1) 푡 yang berbeda seperti paparan gelombang, pasang surut dan sedimentasi dapat mempengaruhi dimana V adalah kecepatan arus (m/s); s adalah struktur komunitas yang hidup di zona-zona jarak atau panjang tali (m); dan t adalah waktu tersebut (Morrissey, 1980). tempuh (s). Pengetahuan mengenai kelimpahan dan Definisi morfologi terumbu yang digunakan keanekaragaman jenis tunikata di Indonesia dalam penelitian ini yaitu : zona rataan terumbu khususnya di Bali, tidak sebanding dengan fungsi (reef flat) yaitu zona terumbu karang yang ekologis dan ekonomi tunikata, sehingga menunjukkan bentuk permukaan dasar mendorong perlunya penelitian mengenai struktur (geomorfologi) relatif datar sedangkan zona lereng komunitas tunikata di perairan Bali yang memiliki terumbu (reef slope) yaitu zona terumbu karang J. Mar. Aquat. Sci. 5: 11-21 (2019) 13 Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences Gambar 1. Peta Lokasi Penelitian di perairan Jemeluk dan Penuktukan yang menunjukkan bentuk permukaan dasar seperti lereng/miring (Gambar 3) (Morrissey, 1980). 1m Tabel 1 Skala kecepatan arus (Mason, 1981). 25m 1m Skala (cm/s) Keterangan 100 Sangat cepat 50-100 Cepat 25-50 Sedang Gambar 2. Transek pengambilan data. <10 Lambat 2.4 Analisis Data 2.4.1 Kelimpahan Tunikata Kelimpahan dinyatakan dalam jumlah koloni per satuan transek (koloni/transek). Menurut Collen et Gambar 3. Karakteristik lokasi penelitian al (2009), perhitungan kelimpahan jenis di tentukan dengan rumus sebagai berikut: 2.4.2 Uji Statistik 푁푖 퐷푖 = (2) 퐴 Data yang didapat di uji normalitasnya, apabila dimana Di adalah jumlah individu ke-i persatuan data menunjukkan distribusi tidak normal maka di luas; Ni adalah jumlah individu ke-i; dan A adalah lakukan tranformasi data, apabila transformasi luasan transek= 50 m2. data kembali tidak menunjukkan distribusi normal J. Mar. Aquat. Sci. 5: 11-21 (2019) NMPM Saputri dkk. 14 maka data dianalisis dengan uji non parametrik. yang digunakan adalah rumus Chi Kuadrat (X2) Uji non parametrik merupakan uji yang tidak (Sugiyono, 2006): mensyaratkan bentuk sebaran parameter populasi 12
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