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A New Record of Photosymbiotic Ascidians from Andaman & Nicobar

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Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol.46 (11), November 2017, pp. 2393-2398 A new record of photosymbiotic ascidians from Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India Chinnathambi Stalin1, Gnanakkan Ananthan1* & Chelladurai Raghunathan2 1CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai – 628 502, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair – 744 102, India. [Email: [email protected]] Received 30 June 2015 ; revised 22 November 2016 Photosymbiotic ascidian fauna were surveyed in the intertidal and subtidal zone off Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. A total of four species, Didemnum molle, Diplosoma simile, Lissoclinum patella and Trididemnum cyclops, were newly recorded in India. Clean waters in Andaman and Nicobar Islands probably provide a better environment for the growth of photosymbiotic ascidians and this area has a greater variety of these ascidians than the other areas in India and all of the observed species are potentially widely distributed in Coco-Channel, Andaman Sea, Great Channel and Bay of Bengal coral reefs. [Keywords: Photosymbiotic, Intertidal, Sub tidal, Islands, Coral reefs] Introduction Diplosoma simile (Sluiter, 1909), Lissoclinum A number of tropical species have patella (Gottscholdt, 1898) and Trididemnum obligate symbioses with chlorophyll-containing cyclops (Michaelsen, 1921) are widespread in cells. Supplementary tropical species at times Indian waters. Andaman and Nicobar Islands have have patches of non-obligate symbionts, a coastline of 900n km with 572 islands habitually Prochloron, on the surface1. This is an surrounded by Coco-Channel, Andaman Sea, exclusive symbiotic system from the viewpoints Great Channel and Bay of Bengal. The of evolution and ecology. Hence researchers of advantageous geographic position of this region biochemical and pharmaceutical science have also provides a compassionate atmosphere for a great paid particular attention to photosynthetic deal of marine organisms. Between 5 and 12 m, ascidians as resources of bioactive compounds2. ascidians appear to be the dominant group, Regarding 30 species in 4 didemnid genera because there is a group of idle areas of rock (Didemnum, Diplosoma, Lissoclinum, and apposite for them. Present study consist the Trididemnum) have been recorded as host species morphologic as well as the taxonomic characters worldwide3. Though, the ranges of distribution of of four newly recorded species from Andaman & individual species are less understood as few Nicobar Island. records of photosymbiotic ascidians exist3, 4. To date, photosymbiotic ascidians have no report Materials and Methods from India. From Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Samples were collected by scuba diving four species of Photosymbiotic ascidians are and snorkeling in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands collected during an expedition. The specimens (6o-14o N and 91o-94o E) on August 2013 (Fig. 1). were collected by scuba diving. All the four Ascidian colonies were photographed in situ Photosymbiotic ascidians are newly recorded before being collected. Colonies were species, Didemnum molle (Herdman, 1886), subsequently anesthetized with menthol and 0.37 2394 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2017 M MgCl2 for approximately 2 hours and then Results fixed with 10% formalin-seawater. Ascidian taxa Morphological and taxonomical were mainly identified following Kott, Hirose and characters of the newly recorded species and Su3, 5. The work by Shenkar was also consulted for distribution of photosymbiotic ascidians in synonyms6. The specimens were deposited in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Table 1) are Marine Biology Reference Museum (NBRM) and described below. Ascidian Museum Database (AMD), Tamil Nadu, India. Figure 1. Distribution records of photosymbiotic ascidians in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Table 1. Distribution records of photosymbiotic ascidians in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Location 1. Afrabay 2. Laxman Beach 3. Bquary 4.Cambelbay 5. Gandhi Nagar Didemnum molle - + - - + Diplosoma simile - + - + - Lissoclinum patella + - - + - Trididemnum cyclops - - + - + Didemnum molle Herdman, 1886 (Fig. 2A-D) Systematic Position Synonyms Phylum: Chordate Diplosomoides molle Herdman, 1886 Subphylum: Tunicata Leptoclinum molle (Herdman, 1886) Class: Ascidiacea Lissoclinum molle (Herdman, 1886) Order: Enterogona Didemnum ternatanum (Van Name, 1918) Suborder: Aplousobranchia Didemnum sycon Michaelsen, 1920 Family: Didemnidae Specimen: MBRM and AMD. Asc. 47 STALIN et al.: PHOTOSYMBIOTIC ASCIDIANS FROM ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS 2395 Collection site: Bquary (7o - 01o N & 93o - 95o E) wide exposing most of the perforated pharynx and Afrabay (7o - 09o N & 93o - 89o E) subtidal directly to the cloacal cavity were found (Fig. 2B). coral reef at about 8 m in depth. Distribution: Northern Territory, Western Remarks: The species is readily identified by its Australia, Queensland, Martha Ridgeway Reef, colonies are a dome form, small spicules (Fig. Wastern Pacific, Indonesia, Guam, Fiji, Vietnam 2D), presence of Prochloron and the enormous and Maldives. amounts of mucus generated by living colonies every time disturbed. Zooids, the atrial aperture is Figure 2. A: Didemnum molle, B: Zooid, C: Larva, D: Spicules and E: Diplosoma simile, F: Zooid, G: Larva, H: Spicules. Diplosoma simile Sluiter, 1909 (Fig. 2E-H) Systematic Position Diplosoma midori (Kott, 1980) Phylum: Chordate Subphylum: Tunicata Specimen: MBRM and AMD. Asc. 48 Class: Ascidiacea Order: Enterogona Collection site: Bquary (7o - 01o N & 93o - 95o E) Suborder: Aplousobranchia and Gandhi Nagar (6o - 87o N & 93o - 90o E) Family: Didemnidae intertidal death coral. Synonyms Remarks: Colonies form robust encrusting sheets, Leptoclinum simile (Sluiter, 1909) green colour affected by the presence of the Diplosoma similis (Kott, 1980) Prochloron in the common cloacal cavity. Zooids Diplosoma virens (Eldredge, 1967) are conspicuous sphincter muscle and six Leptoclinum midori (Tokioka, 1954) 2396 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2017 triangular lobes. Four rows of six stigmata are in Leptoclinum patella (Kott, 1962) the branchial sac (Fig. 2F). Didemnoides ternatanum (Gottschaldt, 1998) Distribution: Western Australia, Queensland, Western Pacific, Philippines, Central Pacific, Specimen: MBRM and AMD. Asc. 49 Indonesia, Singapore and Japan. Collection site: Campbell Bay (7o - 002o N & 93o Lissoclinum patella Gottschaldt, 1898 (Fig. 3A- - 91o E) and Gandhi Nagar (6o - 87o N & 93o - 90o D) E) subtidal coral reef at about 9 m in depth. Remarks: Colonies form greenish-grey masses, Systematic Position large larvae (Fig. 3C) and zooids, long branchial Phylum: Chordate siphon, false siphons (Fig. 3B) and the great rang Subphylum: Tunicata in spicule diameter are distinctive (Fig. 3D). Class: Ascidiacea Prochloron cells were distributed within the Order: Enterogona common cloacal cavity. Suborder: Aplousobranchia Distribution: Western Australia, Queensland, Family: Didemnidae Coral Sea, Indonesia, Philippines and French Synonyms Polynesia. Didemnoides patella (Gottschaldt, 1898) Didemnum patella (Michaelsen, 1920) Figure 3. A: Lissoclinum patella, B: Zooid, C: Larva, D: Spicules and E: Trididemnum cyclops, F: Zooid, G: Larva, H: Spicules. STALIN et al.: PHOTOSYMBIOTIC ASCIDIANS FROM ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS 2397 Trididemnum cyclops Michaelsen, 1921 (Fig. courses in this area. Further species, together with 3E-H) undescribed species, are potentially distributed around Andaman and Nicobar Islands, taking into Systematic Position account its location within a biodiversity hot spot. Phylum: Chordate Therefore, additional extensive surveys are Subphylum: Tunicata necessary to characterize the photosymbiotic Class: Ascidiacea ascidians fauna in this region. Order: Enterogona Suborder: Aplousobranchia Key to species of photosymbiotic ascidians Family: Didemnidae recorded from India Synonyms 1. Colony upright, vase-shaped, conspicuous Trididemnum symbioticum (Peres, 1962) quantity of mucus secreted when disturbed………………………………… Specimen: MBRM and AMD. Asc. 50 …………………………. Didemnum molle Collection site: Laxman Beach (7o - 00o N & 93o - 2. Colonies large, sheet-like with numerous 95o E) Afrabay (7o - 09o N & 93o - 89o E) subtidal systems………………….. 1 coral reef at about 8 m in depth. 3. Prochloron in common cloacal Remarks: Colonies are small, oval flat-topped cavity……………………………….. 1, 4, cushions usually less than 1cm long. Prochloron 5, 7 cells are in the thoracic cloacal cavity. Each zooid 4. Retractor muscle free from posterior end has a black dot, due to a pigment mass at the top of thorax………………… Diplosoma of the endostyle (Fig. 3F). The biased distribution simile of the spicules (Fig. 3H) allows the symbionts to 5. Systems of zooids opening into deep pits receive sunlight for photosynthesis. thick, gelatinous surface Distribution: Western Australia, Queensland, test……………………………………… Northern Territory, New Caledonia, Philippines, …………………………… Lissoclinum Singapore and French Polynesia. patella 6. Endostylar pigment cap Discussion present…………………………………… Four photosymbiotic ascidians were .. 7 recorded in the present survey. Among the four 7. Vas deferens coils 6 times species, Didemnum molle, Diplosoma simile, ………………………………………..... Lissoclinum patella and Trididemnum cyclops Trididemnum cyclops were originally described from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and this report is the first to Acknowledgment record these species of the India. Present records Authors wish to thank, The Dean and
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    RÉVISION TAXONOMIQUE DES DIDEMNIDAE DES CÔTES DE FRANCE (ASCIDIES COMPOSÉES). DESCRIPTION DES ESPÈCES DE BANYULS-SUR-MER. GENRE LISSOCLINUM. GENRE DIPLOSOMA Françoise Lafargue To cite this version: Françoise Lafargue. RÉVISION TAXONOMIQUE DES DIDEMNIDAE DES CÔTES DE FRANCE (ASCIDIES COMPOSÉES). DESCRIPTION DES ESPÈCES DE BANYULS-SUR-MER. GENRE LISSOCLINUM. GENRE DIPLOSOMA. Vie et Milieu , Observatoire Océanologique - Laboratoire Arago, 1975, pp.289-309. hal-02988198 HAL Id: hal-02988198 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02988198 Submitted on 4 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vie Milieu, 1975, Vol. XXV, fasc. 2, sér. A, pp. 289-309. RÉVISION TAXONOMIQUE DES DIDEMNIDAE DES CÔTES DE FRANCE (ASCIDIES COMPOSÉES). DESCRIPTION DES ESPÈCES DE BANYULS-SUR-MER. GENRE LISSOCLINUM. GENRE DIPLOSOMA par Françoise LAFARGUE Laboratoire Arago, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France ABSTRACT A description is given of four species of the family Didemnidae, collected in the area of Banyuls-sur-Mer, which possess a straight sperm duct. The définition of thèse species also takes into account those features shown in spécimens collected from a larger geographical area (English Channel, Atlantic, "Western Mediterranean and Adriatic). The synonymies are given in a tabular form and have been esta- blished after examining type material from collections and from samples collected by diving on the type localities.
  • Patellamide a and C Biosynthesis by a Microcin-Like Pathway in Prochloron Didemni, the Cyanobacterial Symbiont of Lissoclinum Patella

    Patellamide a and C Biosynthesis by a Microcin-Like Pathway in Prochloron Didemni, the Cyanobacterial Symbiont of Lissoclinum Patella

    Patellamide A and C biosynthesis by a microcin-like pathway in Prochloron didemni, the cyanobacterial symbiont of Lissoclinum patella Eric W. Schmidt*†, James T. Nelson*, David A. Rasko‡, Sebastian Sudek§, Jonathan A. Eisen‡, Margo G. Haygood§, and Jacques Ravel‡ *Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; ‡The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850; and §Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Edited by Robert Haselkorn, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved April 7, 2005 (received for review February 18, 2005) Prochloron spp. are obligate cyanobacterial symbionts of many a project to sequence the genome of Prochloron didemni, isolated didemnid family ascidians. It has been proposed that the cyclic from the ascidian Lissoclinum patella. peptides of the patellamide class found in didemnid extracts are The patellamides and trunkamide (another didemnid product) synthesized by Prochloron spp., but studies in which host and are peptides that exemplify both the unique structural features and symbiont cells are separated and chemically analyzed to identify potent bioactivities of didemnid ascidian natural products (Fig. 1). the biosynthetic source have yielded inconclusive results. As part Both groups have clinical potential, because patellamides are of the Prochloron didemni sequencing project, we identified pa- typically moderately cytotoxic, and patellamides B, C, and D tellamide biosynthetic genes and confirmed their function by reportedly reverse multidrug resistance (15, 16), whereas trunka- heterologous expression of the whole pathway in Escherichia coli. mide was initially isolated because of specific and unusual activity The primary sequence of patellamides A and C is encoded on a against the multidrug-resistant UO-31 renal cell line (17).