For further information, please contact: Coast and Marine Conservation Branch Department of Environment and Natural Resources GPO Box 1047 ADELAIDE SA 5001

Telephone: (08) 8124 4900 Facsimile: (08) 8124 4920

Cite as: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2010), Environmental, Economic and Social Values of the Marine Park, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South

Mapping information: All maps created by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources unless otherwise stated.

All Rights Reserved. All works and information displayed are subject to Copyright. For the reproduction or publication beyond that permitted by the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) written permission must be sought from the Department.

Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information displayed, the Department, its agents, officers and employees make no representations, either express or implied, that the information displayed is accurate or fit for any purpose and expressly disclaims all liability for loss or damage arising from reliance upon the information displayed.

© Copyright Department of Environment and Natural Resources 2010.

12/11/2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1 VALUES STATEMENT

1 ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES ...... 1

1.1 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES...... 1 1.2 PHYSICAL INFLUENCES ...... 2 1.3 HABITAT VARIETY...... 2 1.4 MARINE SPECIES...... 3 1.4.1 Plants and algae ...... 3 1.4.2 Bony fish, sharks and rays...... 3 1.4.3 Marine mammals...... 3 1.4.4 Seabirds and local and migratory shorebirds ...... 3 1.4.5 Marine invertebrates ...... 4 2 ECONOMIC VALUES ...... 4

2.1 AQUACULTURE ...... 4 2.2 COMMERCIAL FISHING...... 5 2.3 TRANSPORT AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 6 2.4 TOURISM ...... 6 3 SOCIAL VALUES...... 6

3.1 ABORIGINAL HERITAGE...... 6 3.1.1 Language groups ...... 7 3.1.2 Agreements and claims ...... 7 3.1.3 Protected areas...... 7 3.2 EUROPEAN HERITAGE ...... 7 3.3 SCENIC VALUES ...... 7 3.4 RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE MARINE PARK...... 8 3.4.1 Recreational beach and boat fishing locations ...... 8 3.4.2 Popular swimming beaches...... 8 3.4.3 Popular diving locations ...... 8 3.5 INTERPRETIVE AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES WITHIN THE MARINE PARK ...... 8 APPENDIX 1 SPECIES LIST...... 9 REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING ...... 11

PART 2 AN ATLAS OF MAPS

An atlas of maps containing environmental, economic and social/cultural information for this marine park has been produced as Part 2 of the Values Statement. The maps provide details specific to this park in a user-friendly visual format and may be viewed and downloaded from http://www.marineparks.sa.gov.au.

12/11/2010 12/11/2010 Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park

Located in lower western and covering 2,627km2, the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park includes parts of the Eyre and Spencer Gulf Bioregions. The park is adjacent to Tumby Bay, and includes the islands of the Sir Joseph Banks Group and . This marine park overlays two other protected areas, including the Conservation Park and the Sir Joseph Banks Group Conservation Park.

12/11/2010 1 ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES

1.1 Ecosystem services Ecosystems provide many critically important services that people benefit from, often at no direct cost to us. Examples of ecosystem services provided by coastal and marine habitats are shown in the following table. It is important to ensure that ecosystem health and integrity are maintained so that ecosystems continue to provide these services to us all.

Table adapted from McLeod, K and Leslie, H (2009). Life supporting Resources and products Maintain earth's living space Recreational and cultural services services Coastal, estuarine and marine habitat types Biogeochemical processes Biophysical processes Biodiversity Nutrient cycling Food shells fuel, Fibre, etc Non-biological materials (eg minerals) Pharmaceuticals & nutriceuticals Climate regulation Waste processing Flood/storm protection Water flow/ circulation Erosion control Water quality Sediment quality Cultural and amenity Recreation and tourism Aesthetics Spiritual, religious, lifestyle Education and research Bare sand x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Seagrass x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Reef (granite, limestone, calcarenite or low profile platform reef) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Water column x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Bedrock platform x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Sandy beaches (dunes, coarse sand, fine sand) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Saltmarsh x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

12/11/2010 1

The Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park will be designed to conserve examples of habitats and species found in the Spencer Gulf and Eyre Bioregions. Habitats, species and natural processes found here are summarised below.

1.2 Physical influences Physical influences shape the type of habitats and species found in an area. Physical influences typical of this region include:

• a transition from the cooler, oceanic waters of the Lower to the warmer, semi-sheltered waters of Spencer Gulf; • northward flowing current entering the Gulf through the marine park, which is deflected at the head of the Gulf, creating a southward, saline counter current on the opposing shore; • dodge , which have a major effect on water movement in the area.

1.3 Habitat variety Table 1 Benthic (subtidal) habitats found in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park Benthic Habitat** Area (km2)* % of park Bare sand 145 5% Dense seagrass 102 4% Medium seagrass 26 1% Sparse seagrass 282 11% Granite reef 57 2% Heavy limestone reef 1 <1% Low profile platform reef 25 1% Unmapped 1979 76% * habitat areas have been rounded to the nearest whole number **habitats included are those found from mapping at a resolution of 1:100,000

Table 2 Shoreline (intertidal) habitats found in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park Length in % of park Shoreline Habitat park (km)* length Bedrock platform 5 11% Coarse sandy beach 37 79% Mangrove 5 10% Saltmarsh <1 0% * habitat lengths have been rounded to the nearest whole number

Tumby Bay is a Wetland of National Importance and includes important habitats for various fish, crustacean and bird species. The intertidal wetland area of Tumby Bay contains two main tidal inlet channels, forming three creeks. Salt Creek, at the northern end of the bay, is the main . First Creek and Second Creek lie further south in the bay. The intertidal areas of Tumby Bay have sandy or muddy flats or beaches.

Extensive seagrass meadows occur in the sheltered sandy embayment of Tumby Bay, dominated by Posidonia australis in shallow waters down to approximately 4m and deeper waters are dominated by P. sinuosa and P. angustifolia. Saltmarsh communities also occur within the area.

The south-facing coastline occurs north of Tumby Bay, with higher wave energy. In this area sparse seagrass beds and sheltered sandy beaches occur with small pockets of rocky shores. Sparse meadows of Halophila australis occur as deep as 23m in the offshore gulf areas.

The Sir Joseph Banks Group is a cluster of 20 islands, islets and reefs. The islands are all relatively low lying and composed of eroded granite or gneiss and are distinct from the Neptune and Gambier Islands due to their height above sea level and protection from the open ocean. The islands are largely surrounded by reef or bedrock platform, however seagrass meadows and sandy seafloor habitats occur in the lee of the islands, generally within deeper water (>10m).

12/11/2010 2

Dangerous Reef is comprised of a chain of four large granite rocks. Seagrass meadows occur between Dangerous Reef and the mainland, interspersed with reef dominated by macroalgae and sandy seafloor.

1.4 Marine Species The many habitats located within the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park support a variety of marine and coastal species including fish, sharks, mammals, birds and invertebrates, some of which have been identified as ecologically important. Refer to Appendix 1 for a more detailed list of species.

1.4.1 Plants and algae The Sir Joseph Banks Group is rich in large brown macroalgae. On moderately exposed rocky coastlands in this region (such as Stickney Island), subtidal communities are dominated by the brown algae Ecklonia radiata and species of Sargassum, with species of Cystophora as subdominants. The understorey is dominated by the red algae Osmundaria prolifera, encrusting and articulated coralline algae and the prostate brown algae Lobophora variegata.

1.4.2 Bony fish, sharks and rays Tumby Bay includes , algae and seagrass that are important feeding, spawning and nursery habitats for a wide variety of fish species such as King George whiting. These species move offshore to the deeper waters around the islands as adults. As well as King George whiting, Australian salmon, sweep, snook, snapper, Australian herring (tommy ruff) and mullet are found in the area, using the various habitat types for different stages of their lifecycles. For example juvenile mullet are mainly found in inlets, bays and shallow sheltered marine waters. As juvenile mullet get older they tend to move to deeper gulf and offshore waters in which they will remain until they reach 12 to 13 years of age and then return to inshore waters for the remainder of their lives.

The leafy seadragon can be found in Tumby Bay, as well as the spotted snake-blenny which may be endemic to . The eastern stargazer fish is regularly observed in the Tumby Bay area, but is only recorded in South Australian gulfs and is considered uncommon at a national level.

Over 70 species of fish have been recorded in the Sir Joseph Banks Group. Various wrasse species of conservation concern occur in the park such as the blue-throated wrasse, senator wrasse and the western blue groper, a long-living, site attached species, which is particularly vulnerable to fishing pressure.

The nationally vulnerable white shark is commonly found in the area, including pregnant females, perhaps due to the regular presence of sea lion pups on the offshore islands such as at Dangerous Reef. Other species of conservation concern in the area include coastal stingaree, whitespotted spurdog, spotted wobbygong, bronze whaler, smooth hammerhead, school shark and dusky whaler, which has been nominated for protection under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act).

1.4.3 Marine mammals Dangerous Reef hosts one of the three largest breeding colonies of Australian sea lions in the world and is one of only six sites within South Australia that produces more than 100 pups per breeding cycle. Australian sea lions are nationally and state listed as vulnerable. It is also a haul-out site for the New Zealand fur seal. English, Langton and Reevesby Islands and Smith Rock are important breeding/haul-out sites for these species.

Nationally protected bottlenose and common dolphins are regularly observed in the area and there are frequent sightings of various whale species.

1.4.4 Seabirds and local and migratory shorebirds About 38 seabird and coastal wading bird species have been recorded using the area, including 11 which breed on the islands in the Sir Joseph Banks Group. Many of the islands such as Kirkby, Stickney, Partney, Winceby and Langton support breeding populations of the state endangered fairy tern. A number of the islands also provide important nesting habitat for the state rare Cape

12/11/2010 3

Barren goose. The state rare has a large breeding and nesting population on Boucat Island.

Species protected under international treaties are located on some of the islands including greenshank, ruddy turnstone, sharp-tailed sandpiper, lesser golden plover and grey plover. Caspian terns (Kirkby, Blythe, Lusby, Roxby and Partney Island), crested terns (Kirkby and Winceby Island) and the white-faced storm petrel (Kirkby, Sibsey, Hareby, Langton, Blythe, Dalby, Reevesby, Lusby, Partney, Winceby and ) also breed on these offshore islands. Raptors such as the state endangered osprey and the state endangered white-bellied sea eagle also nest there. Colonies of little penguins are also found on the islands.

1.4.5 Marine invertebrates Many different invertebrate animals can be found in the Sir Joseph Banks Group due to the variety of habitats and micro-habitats that the islands provide. Shells of conservation concern, such as extensive colonies of Zoila friendii thersites, occur in sandy reef and sponge habitats around islands.

Invertebrates such as molluscs, crustaceans and worms are abundant around the Tumby Bay coast. The small, golden-red spotted nudibranch is only found from Tumby Bay to Elliston. The velvet octopus has been found in only a few places in South Australia such as Tumby Bay and the Sir Joseph Banks Group. In the deeper waters of the bay, bryozoans are abundant.

Southern calamari and sand crabs live in the soft sandy bottoms whilst reefs support the southern rock lobster, Maori octopus, abalone, sea urchin and the giant Australian cuttlefish, which is currently nominated for protection under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The seagrass meadows and unvegetated sandy plain habitats provide nursery areas for blue swimmer crabs, western king prawns, king and queen scallops and baitworms.

For further environmental and social information refer to http://www.marineparks.sa.gov.au

2 ECONOMIC VALUES

The marine environment is an important source of wealth for South Australia and its coastal communities. Marine parks will be designed to accommodate existing economic activities wherever possible. The main economic activities in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park are summarised below. Information in the Aquaculture and Commercial fishing sections have been provided by PIRSA.

2.1 Aquaculture The South Australian aquaculture industry had a direct output value of $324 million in 2008/2009 (EconSearch, 2010a). Marine species grown and harvested in South Australia include (but are not limited to) Pacific oysters and mussels (bivalve molluscs), (prescribed wild caught tuna), abalone, yellow-tail kingfish and other species of finfish (aquatic animals – other than prescribed wild caught tuna) –which require regular feeding).

Table 3 The statewide economic value of aquaculture industries in South Australia, 2008/09 (excludes freshwater aquaculture) Gross value of Value to On-farm Number of on-farm downstream* number of employees in production ($m) sectors ($m) employees downstream* (FTE) sectors (FTE) Southern bluefin tuna (prescribed wild caught tuna) $157.8 $16.0 348 58 Bivalve molluscs (oysters) $32.6 $42.6 529 252 Finfish (other than prescribed wild caught tuna) $29.2 $15.4 108 84 Bivalve molluscs (mussels) $2.5 $2.8 114 16

12/11/2010 4

Abalone $8.1 $0 64 0 Other $10.9 $0 44 0 EconSearch, 2010a * Downstream activities include processing, transport, retail and food service.

The Lower Eyre Peninsula aquaculture zone policy exists in this marine park. All farming of southern bluefin tuna in South Australia currently occurs in this region. Farming of mussels, abalone and other finfish also occurs in the policy area. As at October 2010, the Lower Eyre Peninsula aquaculture zone policy is currently under review and a Statement of Intent for the proposed Tumby Bay aquaculture zone policy is being prepared. A map showing current active sites, applications and aquaculture zone policies can be accessed online through the Aquaculture Public Register at: http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/aquaculture/public_register

2.2 Commercial fishing The commercial fisheries that operate in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park are:

• Western Zone Abalone Fishery; • Northern Zone Rock Lobster Fishery; • Spencer Gulf Prawn Fishery; • Sardine Fishery; and • Marine Scalefish Fishery.

The value of each of these fisheries, including the direct and flow-on values, as well as the number of employees and export values, where available, are listed below. Note that the values provided below are for the entire area of the fishery and may not be specific to the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park.

Table 4 The 2008/09 economic value of fisheries operating in the marine park for relevant fishery areas (figures are not specific to the park area and include catches from outside the marine park boundary). Catch Value of flow-on to Fishing (FTE) Flow-on (FTE) value($m) other sectors ($m) employment employment Abalone (Eyre) 30 20.3 90 102 Abalone 19.6 (Western Zone) Northern Zone Rock Lobster(Eyre) 19.3 14.5 155 77 Prawn (Spencer Gulf & West Coast) 30.8 71.2 185 342 Sardines (Eyre) 17.5 9.7 48 50 Marine Scalefish 10.9 10.0 249 51 (Spencer Gulf/) EconSearch 2010 b, c, d, e and f.

These fisheries are important to regional economies of the area both directly, through employment in each fishery, and indirectly, through a range of additional services such as processing, local transport, marketing, local retail and food services. Each of these activities generates flow-on effects to other sectors, through purchases of inputs and employment of labour.

The Abalone Fishery targets greenlip and blacklip abalone. The park lies within the Western Zone Abalone Fishery, which produced about 64% of the State’s abalone harvest in 2008/09.

The park is part of the Northern Zone Rock Lobster Fishery, which operates from November to May. The northern zone contributes around 20% of the $105m state-wide catch of southern rock lobster.

The Spencer Gulf Prawn Fishery is the largest of the three prawn fisheries in South Australia. Over 80% of South Australia’s king prawn harvest comes from Spencer Gulf, with 1,800 tonnes taken from that region in 2008/09.

12/11/2010 5

The South Australian fishery for Australian sardine is the largest fishery by volume in Australia and is based out of . Some vessels also utilise other ports such as Coffin Bay. Important waters include lower Eyre Peninsula and lower Spencer Gulf. The fishery has expanded rapidly over the past decade, providing a key source of feed for the growing aquaculture industry based in Port Lincoln.

The Marine Scalefish Fishery is a diverse multi-species, multi-gear fishery that operates across State waters, targeting four key species, snapper, King George whiting, southern garfish and southern calamari.

Blue swimmer crabs are fished commercially in Spencer Gulf. Fishing charters also operate from a number of locations throughout this region.

For further information visit: http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/99739/No_305_South_Australian_Wild_Fishe ries_Information__and__Stats_report_200708_published.pdf

2.3 Transport and infrastructure Transport and infrastructure provide an important economic contribution to the region, providing for maritime activities such as: shipping ports for import and export of goods; boat ramps for launching of recreational or commercial vessels; jetties for fishing; and, breakwaters and groynes for coastal management.

2.4 Tourism The coastal and marine environment is integral to the tourism experience throughout this region. Visitors are drawn to the white sandy beaches, rocky shores, sheltered bays and offshore islands. Other tourism drawcards include charter boat fishing, diving, recreational fishing and eco-tours, such as marine mammal and bird watching. The beaches of Spilsby Island are popular anchorage and camping locations for boat owners. Visitors can explore the Seafood and Aquaculture Trail and tours of aquaculture farm operations are very popular.

Tourism provides important employment opportunities for the Tumby Bay and Port Lincoln areas. In 2007 the District Council of Tumby Bay attracted an estimated 22,000 overnight visitors who stayed around 83,000 nights in the area. The average stay was 3.7 nights. Spilsby Island offers the ability to stay on the island with a host of leisure activities right throughout the year.

3 SOCIAL VALUES

The marine environment is an important recreational and cultural asset for coastal communities. Marine parks will be designed to accommodate existing activities wherever possible. This section highlights the social values of Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park and is separated into four parts:

• Aboriginal and European cultural heritage; • scenic values; • recreational activities and popular locations; and • interpretive and educational facilities.

3.1 Aboriginal heritage Aboriginal people have interacted with the marine environment for thousands of years and their relationships with the sea remain strong through customs, laws and traditions. Traditional usage, Aboriginal cultural heritage, Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs), Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs) and Native Title considerations will be taken into account in developing the management plan for the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park.

12/11/2010 6

3.1.1 Language groups The Nauo-Barngarla Aboriginal people have traditional associations with areas of the marine park including estuarine and coastal environments which provide food and resources for local Aboriginal people and still hold strong cultural significance today.

3.1.2 Agreements and claims The Barngala Native Title Claim (lodged in 1996) includes parts of the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park.

3.1.3 Protected areas The Government is aware that there may be confidential Aboriginal heritage sites in South Australia’s coastal areas. Where possible, these sites will be considered in the planning process. Future management plans will ensure these heritage sites are appropriately respected.

3.2 European heritage Where possible, the management plan for the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park will recognise and complement sites of cultural and maritime heritage.

The islands of this group were explored by in March 1802, who landed on Kirkby Island and named many of them after parishes and villages in his home county Lincolnshire.

By the 1840s the value of the larger islands for grazing had been recognised and was being exploited and grazing and farming continued on the islands until they were declared a Conservation Park in the late 1960s. Farm houses, sheds and other structures remain on several of the islands as well as evidence of guano and mineral mining in some locations. The first lighthouses installed on Winceby Island and Dangerous Reef in 1911 have been replaced by modern structures.

One of the earliest wrecks in the park is the Governor Gawler (1847) which was wrecked on rocks near Reevesby Island. This vessel, one of the first built in South Australia, served as a passenger and cargo vessel between Adelaide and Port Lincoln and is protected. Other protected wrecks include the schooner Eleanor (1930), the cutter Secret (1873) and the ketch Malcolm (1928). Several fishing vessels were also wrecked in the waters of this park.

The jetty at Tumby Bay is listed as a local heritage place.

3.3 Scenic values The scenic quality of South Australia’s coast is a significant social, economic and environmental resource. The coastline has high amenity value and includes high quality landscapes, also known as viewscapes. The significance or quality of viewscapes is derived from a combination of landform (relative relief, variety and complexity of landscapes), land cover (nature, scale and variety of vegetation), land use (impact of human activity), water, diversity, naturalism and colour.

The coastline of the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park comprises beaches, bays and low headlands and is considered to have moderate scenic values (Lothian 2005).

Scenic values of the offshore islands have not been measured.

Scenic values of coastline in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park (Lothian 2005). Rating Coastal landform type Ranking 6.5 – 7.0 Headlands and bays Moderate

For further information on coastal scenic values and viewscapes refer to http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/management/coastal-viewscapes.html

12/11/2010 7

3.4 Recreational activities in the marine park The coastal and marine environments of the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park are very popular with recreational fishers, boat users, snorkellers, scuba divers, swimmers, and sightseers. Examples of these activities are provided below.

3.4.1 Recreational beach and boat fishing locations Recreational fishing is a popular past time in South Australia. Recreational fishers collectively harvest significant proportions of the total catch for a number of key species. The total number of recreational fishers for the Southern Spencer Gulf (region 7) during 07/08 was 15,244 which amounted to 47,936 days of fishing. (Note figures relate to regions used for reporting fishing activities and include catches from outside the marine park boundary). King George whiting, snapper, southern garfish, southern calamari and blue swimmer crab were the most frequently caught species for this region.

Recreational shore fishing is popular at Point Bolingbroke, Red Point, Thuruna, Red Cliffs, Trinity Haven, Second Creek, Ski Beach, Tumby Bay jetty, Salt Creek Beach and Spilsby Island.

Recreational fishing from boats occurs at many sites throughout the region, including the islands of the Sir Joseph Banks Group, Ski beach, Tumby Island and Second Creek. Access is available via the Tumby Bay boat ramp or beach launch. Other formal boat ramps are located at Tumby Bay South, Trinity Haven and Second Creek. A marina is also located at Tumby Bay.

3.4.2 Popular swimming beaches Swimming is popular along the Tumby Bay foreshore beach or at the Tumby Bay jetty.

3.4.3 Popular diving locations Popular diving locations within the park include the waters around the islands of the Sir Joseph Banks Group and at the Tumby Bay jetty.

3.5 Interpretive and educational facilities within the marine park Tumby Bay has a mangrove boardwalk and interpretive nature walk.

12/11/2010 8

APPENDIX 1 SPECIES LIST

This list of some of the species identified in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park indicates the diversity of species found there.

Plants and algae coralline algae Corallinaceae

Bony fish, sharks and rays Australian herring Arripis georgianus Australian salmon Arripis truttaceus Australian sardine Sardinops neopilchardus blue-throated wrasse Notolabrus tetricus bronze whaler Carcharhinus brachyurus coastal stingaree Urolophus orarius crested pipefish Histiogamphelus cristatus dusky whaler Carcharhinus obscurus eastern stargazer Kathetostoma laeve King George whiting Sillaginodes punctata leafy seadragon Phycodurus equus mullet Aldrichetta forsteri school shark Galeorhinus galeus senator wrasse Pictilabrus laticlavis smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena snapper Pagrus auratus snook Sphyraena novaehollandiae southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyi southern garfish Hyporhamphus melanochir spotted snake-blenny Ophiclinops pardalis spotted wobbygong Orectolobus maculatus sweep Scorpis aequipinnis western blue groper Achoerodus gouldii white shark Carcharadon carcharias whitespotted spurdog Squalus acanthias wrasse Labridae yellow-tail kingfish Seriola lalandi

Marine mammals Neophoca cinerea bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus common dolphin Delphinus delphis New Zealand fur seal

Seabirds and local and migratory shorebirds Cape Barren goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae Caspian tern Sterna caspia crested tern Sterna bergii fairy tern Sterna nereis greenshank Tringa nebularia grey plover Pluvialis squatarola lesser golden plover Pluvialis fulva osprey Pandion haliaetus rock parrot Neophema petrophila ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres sharp-tailed sandpiper Calidris acuminata white-bellied sea eagle Fregetta grallaria grallaria white-faced storm petrel Pelagodroma marina

12/11/2010 9

Marine invertebrates baitworm Annelida blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus bryozoans Bryozoa giant Australian cuttlefish golden-red spotted nudibranch Nudibranchia greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata king prawn Melicertus latisulcatus King scallop Pecten fumatus Maori octopus Octopus maorum mussel Mytilidae Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas queen scallop Equichlamys bifrons sand crab Ovalipes australiensis sea urchin Echinoidea southern calamari Sepioteuthis australis southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii sponge Porifera velvet octopus Grimpella thaumastocheir western king prawn Melicertus latisulcatus

12/11/2010 10

REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING

A National Approach to Addressing Marine Biodiversity Decline Report to the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council: http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/publications/marine-diversity-decline/index.html Baker, J. L. (2004). Towards a System of Ecologically Representative Marine Protected Areas in South Australian Marine Bioregions - Technical Report. Prepared for Coast and Marine Conservation Branch, Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. http://marineparkssa.ning.com/page/publications-reports#technical Department for Environment and Heritage (2009). A technical report on the outer boundaries of South Australia’s marine parks network: 21-26. Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. http://marineparkssa.ning.com/page/publications-reports#technical District Council of Tumby Bay: http://www.tumbybay.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm EconSearch. (2010a). The Economic Impact of Aquaculture on the South Australian State and Regional Economies, 2008/09. Report prepared for PIRSA Aquaculture, South Australia, Adelaide. http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/138859/AquaImpacts09_Final_100727.pdf EconSearch. (2010b). Economic Indicators for the South Australian Abalone Fishery, 2008/09. Report prepared for Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, Adelaide. EconSearch. (2010c). Economic Indicators for the South Australian Marine Scalefish Fishery, 2008/09. Report prepared for Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, Adelaide. EconSearch. (2010d). Economic Indicators for the South Australian Sardine Fishery 2008/09. Report prepared for Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, Adelaide. EconSearch. (2010e). Economic Indicators for the South Australian Northern Zone Rock Lobster Fishery 2008/09. Report prepared for Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, Adelaide. EconSearch. (2010f). Economic Indicators for the Spencer Gulf and West Coast Prawn Fisheries of South Australia, 2008/09. Report prepared for Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, Adelaide. For further information on fisheries economic indicators visit: http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/fisheries/commercial_fishing/abalone_fishery/economic_perform ance_indicators Edyvane K.S. (1999). Conserving Marine Biodiversity in South Australia – Part 2 – Identification of areas of high conservation value in South Australia. South Australian Research and Development Institute, Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide. http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/aquatic/marine_environment__and__ecology_program/environmental _assessment,_mitigation__and__rehabilitation_subprogram/marine_biodiversity Goldsworthy S.D. and Page B. (2009) A review of the distribution of seals in South Australia. Report to the Department for the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. SARDI Aquatic Sciences Publication Number: F2009/000368-1. SARDI Research report Series Number: 373. Goldsworthy S.D., McKenzie J., Shaughnessy P.D., McIntosh R. R., Page B. and Campbell R. (2009). An update of the report: understanding the impediments to the growth of Australian sea lion populations. Report to the Department for the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. SARDI Aquatic Sciences Publication Number: F2008/000847-1. SARDI Research report Series Number: 356. Jones K. (2009). South Australian Recreational Fishing Survey. PIRSA Fisheries, Adelaide, South Australian Fisheries Management Series Paper No 54. Lothian, A. (2005). Coastal Viewscapes of South Australia, Report for the Coast Protection Branch, SA Department for Environment and Heritage. http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/management/coastal-viewscapes.html McLeod K. and Leslie H. (ed) (2009). Ecosystem-based Management for the oceans. Island Press Washington. Middleton J.F. and Bye A.T. (2007). The Physical Oceanography of Australia’s Southern Shelves: a review. Progress in Oceanography, 75: 1-41. http://www.flinders.edu.au/science_engineering/biology/our-school/staff- postgrads/research_pages/middleton/circ-sthrn.cfm NatureMaps: an interactive online mapping tool http://www.naturemaps.sa.gov.au/

12/11/2010 11

Policy commitments relating to activities such as fishing, aquaculture and mining can be found at: http://marineparkssa.ning.com/page/fact-sheets State of the Environment Report 2008: http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/soe Tourism Eyre Peninsula Tourism Research Australia. (2008). Tourism Profiles for Local Government Areas in Regional Australia: South Australia, District of Tumby Bay. TRA. Belconnen ACT. http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/tra/regional/government/Pages/default.aspx Tumby Bay and Port Neill: http://www.tumbybay.com/

12/11/2010 12