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Hemispheric Defense Zone

Hemispheric Defense Zone

Hemispheric Defense Zone

• FDR couldn’t have the U.S. Navy simply protect British ships

• Instead develops the HDZ - • declaring the entire western half of the Atlantic was part of the Western Hemisphere and neutral • Then the US Navy patrolled the western Atlantic

1 warm up may 3

• Take out homework on holocaust testimony

• essay and questions

2 Britain Remains Defiant

-Neville Chamberlain replaced by -Hitler expected England to negotiate peace but Churchill said, “Even though large tracts of Europe have fallen… we shall not flag or fail….We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hill; we shall never surrender” -Germany had few transport ships -British Royal Fleet would sink Germans if they tried

-Solution – Beat Royal Air Force BATTLE OF BRITAIN -German – air battle - August 23rd – Germans bomb London – - British Bomb Berlin - Hitler angry and says to focus on London Radar

• Radar stations – placed along the coast – detect German aircraft • More kills than losses

• October 12, 1940 – Hitler cancelled the invasion of Britain The December 7, 1941

“A date which will live in infamy.” “Need-to-Knows” * Date: December 7, 1941

* Location: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory

* War Results: 1.) Japanese major victory 2.) U.S. Declaration of War on Japan 3.) Germany and Italy Declare War on the U.S. (Tripartite Pact) 4.) U.S. Declares War on Germany and Italy * Battle Results: 1.) All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk 2.) Three cruisers, three , an anti-aircraft ship and one minelayer ship were sank or damaged 3.) 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed (Pacific Fleet!) * Deaths/Casualties: 1.) 2,402 killed (65) 2.) 1,282 wounded (1 captured) Results for American Government * Domestic support for non-interventionism disappeared!

* Underground support of Britain was replaced by an active alliance! Japanese Aggression Prior to Attack on Pearl Harbor 1.) 1933, Japan withdrew from the (after criticism for Manchurian Incident, 1931)

2.) 1937, the second Sino-Japanese War broke out (and Japan essentially controlled east coast of China until 1945)

3.) France Falls (June 1940), * Battle of Britain Ends * (Oct. 1940), Japan Occupies French Indochina (Sept. 1940), G.B. and U.S. react with an embargo on “strategic materials” of Japan! (airplane fuel, scrap metal, oil, steel, etc.) Japanese Aggression Prior to Attack on Pearl Harbor *** September 1940, Japan occupied French Indochina – Vietnam (agreement with the French Vichy government – Tripartite Pact signed!) *** *Why didn’t Great Britain enjoy Japan’s presence in French Indochina? * Japan proved to be a direct threat to British colonies in S.E. Asia! (Malaya)

* As a result of Japanese aggression, FDR sends “lend-lease” supplies to China – who does that tick off even more??? (he also freezes Japanese assets in the U.S. and send Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines to prepare a Pacific Fleet) Hideki Tojo: Prime Minister of Japan (Former Minister of War) "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" * Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? * The ENTIRE Pacific fleet was stationed at Pearl Harbor; the Japanese felt that if they could cripple the Pacific fleet, it would allow them to move freely throughout the Pacific ocean! (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere)

* Tokyo to Oahu= Approx. 3,900 miles (Miami to Seattle is only 3,300 miles!) * How did the Japanese battle fleet fly nearly 3,900 miles undetected across the Pacific Ocean??? * Six aircraft carriers, two battleships, two cruisers, and nine destroyers traveled under strict radio silence and screened from view by a large weather front! (came within two hundred miles of the Hawaiian Islands) The Attack! The Attack! * Morning of Dec. 7, 183 torpedo bombers and dive-bombers took off from the Japanese fleet (250 miles NW of Hawaii)

* The Japanese attacked in two waves (first wave, primary attack – second wave, the finisher!)

* The first wave was detected by U.S. Army radar, but was misidentified as USAAF bombers arriving from the American mainland!

“Battleship Row” Outside of Ford Island, Pearl Harbor

USS Arizona USS Arizona Bombing of Wheeler Field

Ford Island USS Arizona Memorial

FDR Responds to Pearl Harbor “Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date which will live in infamy – the of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the . The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack. It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace. The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost.” – FDR, Dec. 8, 1941 Did You Know? The single vote against Congress's declaration of war came from Rep. Jeannette Rankin of Montana. Rankin was a pacifist who had also voted against the American entrance into World War I. “As a woman,” she said, “I can’t go to war, and I refuse to send anyone else.”

* What point is the illustrator trying to make? Germany & Italy declare war on US on DEC 11

31 Mobilizing for War: Converting the Economy • Industrial Output of America shocked the world

• 2x productive as Germans • 5x Japanese • US production turned the tide of • in less than 4 years - US fought a 2 front war and forced 2 powerful militaries to surrender 32 Cost Plus

• “If you are going to try and go to war, or to prepare for war, in a capitalist country, you have got to let business make $ out of the process or business won’t work” • Cost-plus contracts - govt agrees to pay a whatever it cost to make a product + guaranteed %age of the costs as profits

• make fast, make a lot, make money 33 Tanks replace cars

• Automobile companies produced • Trucks, jeeps, and tanks • move troops & supplies quickly • artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges • Ford - B-24 assembly line

• 1/3 of military equipment

34 35 What are we missing ???

36 Building an Army • Selective Service and Training Act • 1st peacetime draft in American History

37 You’re in the Army now

• draftees overwhelmed training facilities • G.I. - Means Government Issue - • Aptitude tests • basic training 8 weeks • weapon handling, load backpacks, read maps

• Training = sense of kinship

38 Segregated Units

• organized into their own units • white superiors • kept out of fighting for a time • construction & supply units • Double V campaign • victory against Hitler’s racism • victory against racism at home

• Appointed Col. Benjamin O. Davis the highest ranking African American officer in the U.S. Army - brig. gen 39 99th Pursuit Squadron

• Tuskegee Airmen • Battle of in Italy • 761st Tank Battalion •

• 1943 - FDR integrates military bases • 1948 - Truman integrates military fully

40 41 Women Join the Armed Forces

42 But not in combat

• Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) • Ovetta Culp Hobby - director • Replaced it with • Women’s Army Corps - Hobby - colonel

• Coast Guard, Navy, and marines

• 68,000 served as nurses • 350,000 women overall served in the Armed Forces 43

End of the Great Depression

• 19 million new jobs and doubled average income • Recruiting of women and minorities into the job market • Rosie the Riveter • Young, single, and employed in traditional female jobs • Switched to hiring of married women in industrial jobs

• 4 million - clerical 2.5 million - industry 45 Executive Order 8802

• “there shall be no discrimination in the employment o workers in defense industries or government b/c of race, creed, color, or national origin • Fair Employment Practices Commission - 1st civil rights agency established by govt since Reconstruction

46 Nation on the Move

• 15 million people moved during the war • Sunbelt (Ca and deep south)- South and West leading the way in manufacturing and urbanization

47 Japanese American Relocation

• Members of congress, mayors, and many business & labor leaders demanded that all people of Japanese ancestry be removed from the West Coast • 10 interment camps • Korematsu v. US - ruled that this was constitutional b/c it wasn’t based on race but on military urgency • No Japanese American was ever tried for espionage • Reagan apologizes for it in 1988 and grants $20,000 for all surviving internees 48 Price Controls

• Office of Price Administration • Rationing - • meat & sugar • gasoline - 35 mph • Book of Coupons • blue points - controlled process foods • red points - meats, fats, and oils

49 Victory Gardens & Bonds

50 The United States in WW2 BATTLES

51 Important Figures • Adm. Chester Nimitz • Commander of US Navy in the Pacific • Douglas MacArthur • General of the Army • James Doolittle • Lt. General responsible for first attack on Japan • George Patton • Led Allied invasion of France, and was in • Omar Bradley - direct control of control of Normandy Mediterranean and invasion - last 5 Star Euro theaters of war Gen. • Supreme Commander • Gen. Dwight D. of Allied Eisenhower Expeditionary Force 52 53 Battles

• Fall of Philippines • Americans and Filipinos were outnumbered • Douglas MacArthur • retreat Bataan Peninsula (3 months) • Evacuate to Australia • Bataan Death March • 78,000 POW - 65 miles to prison camp

• Corregidor - last stronghold 54 55 56 57 Doolittle Raid

• American Morale • Lt. Col Jimmy Doolittle in charge • Japanese ships patrol ocean so can’t get close enough to Japan • B-25s longer range • Attacking Japan • April 18

58 59 Strategy Change

• Japan surprised at Doolittle Raid • Cut of American supplies • Capturing the south coast of New Guinea • Admiral Yamamoto • Midway Island (last American base in the North Pacific west of Hawaii)

60 61 Decoded Messages

• Coral Sea • Nimitz sent 2 carriers to intercept Japanese in Coral Sea • Lexington and Yorktown • Forced Japanese to call off their landing on New Guinea • American supply lines still open

62 63 Midway

• Yamamoto used same code to discuss Midway • Carriers to Midway • Within minutes 3 Japanese carriers were destroyed • Dealt Japanese Navy brutal blow • Turning point • 362 Americans died and 3,057 Japanese • Japanese now on Defensive 64 North Africa • Morocco and Algeria - FDR • 2 Reasons • experience • help British fighting Germans in Egypt (Suez Canal) • Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) • George Patton • Pushed Germans back and Germans left North Africa

65 Battle of Atlantic

• by 1942 German subs sunk 360 American ships along the American coast • Oil pipeline - 1250 miles from Texas to PA • Convoy System - cargo ships traveled in groups escorted • American shipyards produced more ships than Germans could sink • New tech - sonar, radar, depth charges

66 67 Stalingrad • Before Hitler was confident • Time to knock Soviets out • Destroy its economy • Key was Stalingrad - cut off supplies • capture oil fields, industries, and farmlands in Southern Russia and Ukraine

68 Stalingrad • When Germans entered Stalingrad Stalin ordered his troops to hold the city • Germans were forced to fight from house to house losing numbers • Soviet reinforcements arrived and surrounded Stalingrad • trapped 250,000 Germans • 91,000 surrendered - put in Soviet camps • Battle was major turning point and put

Germans on Defensive 69

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