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NATAL, TRE ZULU ROYAL FAMILY and the IDEOLOGY of SEGREGATION Shula Marks on the 18Th October 1913 Dinmulu Ka Cetshmo, Son Of
NATAL, TRE ZULU ROYAL FAMILY AND THE IDEOLOGY OF SEGREGATION Shula Marks On the 18th October 1913 Dinmulu ka Cetshmo, son of the last Zulu king, died in exile on a farm in the Middelburg district of the Transvaal. In response to the condolences of the Government conveyed by the local magistrate, Mankulumana, his aged adviser, who had shared Dinmululs trials and had voluntarily shared his exile, remarked with some justification: It is you [meaning the ~overnment] who killed the one we have now buried, you killed his father, and killed him. We did not invade your country, but you invaded ours. I fought for the dead man! S father, we were beaten, you took our King away, but the Queen sent him back to us, and we were happy. The one whom we now mourn did no wrong. There is no bone which will not decay. What we now ask is, as you have killed the father, to take care of the children. (1) For the next twenty years Dinmulufsson a.nd heir, Solomon, engaged in a prolonged struggle, first to be recognized as chief of the Usuthu, as his fatherfs most immediate followers were known, and then to be recognized as the Zulu parmount, by the Natal authorities and the Union government. Despite the fact that he gained considerable support both at the level of central government and from a coalition of interests in Zululand itself, the strong opposition of the Natal administration prevented the realization of his demands; after his death and during the minority of his potential heirs, his brother Mshiyeni, who had worked for some time in Natal, and who was believed to be ltmostanxious to obtain the good opinion of the government and most amenable to the control of the Native Comtni~sioner~~(2), was accorded some wider recognition as Social Head of the Zulu Nation and Regent. -
The Health and Health System of South Africa: Historical Roots of Current Public Health Challenges
Series Health in South Africa 1 The health and health system of South Africa: historical roots of current public health challenges Hoosen Coovadia, Rachel Jewkes, Peter Barron, David Sanders, Diane McIntyre The roots of a dysfunctional health system and the collision of the epidemics of communicable and non-communicable Lancet 2009; 374: 817–34 diseases in South Africa can be found in policies from periods of the country’s history, from colonial subjugation, Published Online apartheid dispossession, to the post-apartheid period. Racial and gender discrimination, the migrant labour system, August 25, 2009 the destruction of family life, vast income inequalities, and extreme violence have all formed part of South Africa’s DOI:10.1016/S0140- 6736(09)60951-X troubled past, and all have inexorably aff ected health and health services. In 1994, when apartheid ended, the health See Editorial page 757 system faced massive challenges, many of which still persist. Macroeconomic policies, fostering growth rather than See Comment pages 759 redistribution, contributed to the persistence of economic disparities between races despite a large expansion in and 760 social grants. The public health system has been transformed into an integrated, comprehensive national service, but See Perspectives page 777 failures in leadership and stewardship and weak management have led to inadequate implementation of what are This is fi rst in a Series of often good policies. Pivotal facets of primary health care are not in place and there is a substantial human resources six papers on health in crisis facing the health sector. The HIV epidemic has contributed to and accelerated these challenges. -
MA Semester IV- History of South Africa 1850-1950 (HISKM 16) Dr
MA Semester IV- History of South Africa 1850-1950 (HISKM 16) Dr. Mukesh Kumar UNIT-I Early European presence in the cape 1650-1800- The first Europeans to enter Southern Africa were the Portuguese, who from the 15th century edged their way around the African coast in the hope of outflanking Islam, finding a sea route to the riches of India, and discovering additional sources of food. They reached the Kongo Kingdom in northwestern Angola in 1482–83; early in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of the continent; and just over a decade later Vasco da Gama sailed along the east coast of Africa before striking out to India. Although the voyages were initially unpromising, they marked the beginning of the integration of the subcontinent into the new world economy and the dominance of Europeans over the indigenous inhabitants. The Portuguese in west-central Africa Portuguese influence in west-central Africa radiated over a far wider area and was much more dramatic and destructive than on the east coast. Initially the Portuguese crown and Jesuit missionaries forged peaceful links with the kingdom of the Kongo, converting its king to Christianity. Almost immediately, however, slave traders followed in the wake of priests and teachers, and west- central Africa became tied to the demands of the Sao Tome sugar planters and the transatlantic slave trade. Until 1560 the Kongo kings had an effective monopoly in west-central Africa over trade with metropolitan Portugal, which showed relatively little interest in its African possessions. By the 1520s, however, Afro-Portuguese traders and landowners from Sao Tomé were intervening in the affairs of the Ndongo kingdom to the south, supporting the ruler, or ngola, in his military campaigns and taking his war captives and surplus dependents as slaves. -
Apartheid & the New South Africa
Apartheid & the New South Africa HIST 4424 MW 9:30 – 10:50 Pafford 206 Instructor: Dr. Molly McCullers TLC 3225 [email protected] Office Hours: MW 1-4 or by appointment Course Objectives: Explore South African history from the beginning of apartheid in 1948, to Democracy in 1994, through the present Examine the factors that caused and sustained a repressive government regime and African experiences of and responses to apartheid Develop an understanding of contemporary South Africa’s challenges such as historical memory, wealth inequalities, HIV/AIDS, and government corruption Required Texts: Books for this class should be available at the bookstore. They are all available online at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and Half.com. Many are available as ebooks. You can also obtain copies through GIL Express or Interlibrary Loan Nancy Clark & William Worger, South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. (New York: Routledge) o Make sure to get the 2011 or 2013 edition. The 2004 edition is too old. o $35.00 new/ $22.00 ebook Clifton Crais & Thomas McLendon: The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics (Duke: 2012) o $22.47 new/ $16.00 ebook Mark Mathabane, Kaffir Boy: An Autobiography – The True Story of a Black Youth’s Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa (Free Press, 1998) o Any edition is fine o $12.88 new/ $8.99 ebook o On reserve at library & additional copies available Andre Brink, Rumors of Rain: A Novel of Corruption and Redemption (2008) o $16.73 new/ $10.99 ebook Rian Malan, My Traitor’s Heart: A South African Exile Returns to Face his Country, his Tribe, and his Conscience (2000) o $10.32 new/ $9.80 ebook o On reserve at Library Zakes Mda, The Heart of Redness: A Novel (2003) o $13.17 new / $8.99 ebook Jonny Steinberg, Sizwe’s Test: A Young Man’s Journey through Africa’s AIDS Epidemic (2010) o $20.54 new/ $14.24 ebook All additional readings will be available on Course Den Assignments: Reaction Papers – There will be 5 reaction papers to each of the books due over the course of the semester. -
The Planned Destruction of 'Black' Agriculture
The planned destruction of ‘black’ agriculture Hubert Cochet To cite this version: Hubert Cochet. The planned destruction of ‘black’ agriculture. South Africa’s Agrarian question, HSRC Press, p.12-27, 2015. hal-01375797 HAL Id: hal-01375797 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01375797 Submitted on 18 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The planned destruction of ‘black’ agriculture 1 Hubert Cochet For those familiar with agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, travelling in the former homelands of South Africa elicits surprise. How is it that this densely populated countryside, dotted with rural settlements created by the forced removal policy under apartheid, is left uncultivated, largely abandoned to bush and underused? The landscape is characterised by very few livestock, evidence of erosion despite extensive woody vegetation and occasional signs of farming. Following on from 1994, when researchers, academics and the development community began reflecting on the future of these lands and how to revive ‘black’ agriculture, there is now a need to understand the historic and contemporary factors that have led to the massive abandonment of agricultural activities (Cochet 1998). How did the formerly vibrant production systems that once covered these lands die off, to the point that the landscape is now dominated by marginally used lands, even though rural population density is higher than ever? Reconstituting the steps and processes underlying this planned destruction is a prerequisite to any attempt at reconstruction. -
FUGITIVE QUEENS: Amakhosikazi and the Continuous Evolution Of
FUGITIVE QUEENS: Amakhosikazi and the Continuous Evolution of Gender and Power in KwaZulu-Natal (1816-1889) by CAELLAGH D. MORRISSEY A THESIS Presented to the Department of History and International Studies and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Science December 2015 An Abstract of the Thesis of Caellagh Morrissey for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Department of History and International Studies to be taken December 2015 Title: Fugitive Queens: Amakhosikazi and the Evolution of Gender and Power in KwaZulu-Natal (1816-1889) Professor Lindsay F. Braun Amakhosikazi (elite women) played a vital role within the social, economic, and political reality of the Zulu pre-colonial state. However, histories have largely categorized them as accessory to the lives of powerful men. Through close readings of oral traditions, travelogues, and government documentation, this paper discusses the spaces in which the amakhosikazi exhibited power, and tracks changes in the social position of queen mothers, as well as some members of related groups of elite women, from the early years of the Zulu chiefdom in the 1750s up until the 1887 annexation by Britain and their crucial intervention in royal matters in 1889. The amakhosika=i can be seen operating in a complex social space wherein individual women accessed power through association to political clans, biological and economic reproduction, manipulation, and spiritual influence. Women's access to male power sources changed through both internal political shifts and external pressures. but generally increased in the first half of the 1800s, and the declined over time and with the fracturing of Zulu hegemony. -
South Africa: Historical Background Greg Moran
Third World Legal Studies Volume 14 The Governance of Internal Security Forces Article 8 in Sub-Saharan Africa 1-8-1997 Human Rights and the Structure of Internal Security Forces – South Africa: Historical Background Greg Moran Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.valpo.edu/twls Recommended Citation Moran, Greg (1997) "Human Rights and the Structure of Internal Security Forces – South Africa: Historical Background," Third World Legal Studies: Vol. 14, Article 8. Available at: http://scholar.valpo.edu/twls/vol14/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Valparaiso University Law School at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Third World Legal Studies by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES SOUTH AFRICA: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND By Greg Moran* The apartheid policies that characterised most of the period of colonial rule, both formally (after 1948) and informally before, left an indelible mark on the consciousness of South Africans, (and on the map of the country prior to 1994). The policy of creating separate homelands for each of the black ethnic groupings and pushing these to independence to ensure the survival of white South Africa, lead to the creation of numerous police and armed forces. The records of all of these are severely blemished and their histories steeped in blood. At present, moves are afoot to incorporate all of these security forces into unified bodies: the South African National Defense Force (SANDF) and the South African Police Services (SAPS). -
Prehistory of Southern African Forestry: from Vegetable Garden to Tree Plantation
© 2009 The White Horse Press. www.whpress.co.uk Unlicensed copying or printing, or posting online without permission is illegal. Prehistory of Southern African Forestry: From Vegetable Garden to Tree Plantation KATE B. SHOWERS Centre for World Environmental History and Department of Geography University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9SJ, UK Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Desiccationist discourses and fears dominated official concern in nineteenth and early twentieth century southern Africa grassland ecosytsems. When scientific forestry arrived in Cape Town, government bureaucracies changed and Africa’s first forestry department was created. Yet there were few trees in southern African grassland ecosystems requiring a forest service. Tree planting was advocated. The introduction of alien trees and their spread from coast to interior preceded that of the concept of forestry. The earliest source of tree planting materials was Cape Town’s Dutch East India Company’s garden, established in 1652. Gardens as the primary source of trees and planting information was formalised in the nineteenth century with the rise of botanical gardens. Missionaries and settlers planted fruit and fuel trees for subsistence, and ornamentals for aesthetics while defining new frontiers. Despite officially sponsored tree planting competitions, it was private plantations of eucalyptus and acacia trees to supply the needs of mines, industry and the wattle bark export market, and not afforestation campaigns, that led to significant tree cover. Tree introductions did change southern African hydrologies, but not in the way imagined by anti-desiccationist campaigners: streams dried up and water tables dropped. Tree planting was regulated as a threat to South African water supplies in the late twentieth century, and plans were made to ‘deforest’ the landscape to enhance water storage. -
GARVEYISM in AFRICA: DR WELLINGTON and THF "AMERICAN MOVEMENT" in TI3[E TRANSKEI, 1925-40 by Bob Edgar During the Peri
GARVEYISM IN AFRICA: DR WELLINGTON AND THF "AMERICAN MOVEMENT" IN TI3[E TRANSKEI, 1925-40 by Bob Edgar During the period surrounding World War I, a wave of millennial fervour swept throw the Ciskei and Transkei of South Africa. A series of millennial movements emerged, one of the most intriguing being led by a Natal-born Zulu, Wellington Butelezi, who began his preaching around 1925. Claiming that he was an American, Butelezi drew direct inspiration from Marcus Gamey, but he infused Gasveyls message with millennial inspiration as he proclaimed a da~of salvation was at hand in which American armies were coming to liberate Africans from European bondage. Over the years, Butelezifs personality has been much maligned and his movement has been considered an ephemeral episode in South African history, but the fact remains that his movement achieved more success than any other Transkeian movement of that period in articulating the grievances and aspirations of Africans. In this paper, I will present a reconstruction of the development of the Butelezi movement and attempt to analyse briefly some of the motivating factors behind it. The details of the early life of llDr Wellington1' are still obscure. Baptised Elias Wellington Butelezi, he was born about 1895 at Ehtonjanene near -- Melmoth, Natal. He received his early education at Mpwnulo, a Lutheran mission school, but after 1918 his parents lost track of him. As his father, Daniel, testified at one of Wellington1 S numerous trials, 'l.. after he returned [from ~pumulo)he wandered about the country .. I did not actually know where he was when he was wandering about the country, and cannot sa~whether he left this country or not .. -
The People of Nkandla in the Zulu Rebellion of 1906
Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 35, Nr 2, 2007. doi: 10.5787/35-2-39 95 CROSSROADS OF WAR: THE PEOPLE OF NKANDLA IN THE ZULU REBELLION OF 1906 _____________________________________________________________ Prof Paul S. Thompson School of Anthropology, Gender & Historical Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal … [T]he Commissioner for Native Affairs therefore decided to send … a message so strongly worded as to leave no loophole for Sigananda in case … he was knowingly assisting or harbouring Bambata. The dire result of such action on his part, i.e. ruination by confiscation of property and the practical extermination of the tribe were pointed out and every conceivable pressure, as far as reasoning powers went, were brought to bear on him. (Benjamin Colenbrander, Resident Magistrate, Nkandhla Division, writing in 1906)1 The rebellion and Nkandla The Zulu Rebellion of 1906 was the violent response to the imposition of a poll tax of £1 on all adult males (with exempted categories) by the government of the British South African colony of Natal on the part of a section of the indigenous, Zulu-speaking people. The rebellion was in the nature of “secondary resistance” to European colonization, and the poll tax was only the immediate cause of it. Not all the African people (who made up 82% of the colony’s population) participated in the rebellion; only a few did, but there was the potential for a mass uprising, which inspired great fear among the European settlers (who made up just 8,3% of the population) and prompted the colony’s responsible government to take quick and vigorous action to crush the rebellion before it could spread. -
1 Sean Redding
Sean Redding Curriculum Vitae Contact Information Office: Home: Department of History 46 Orchard St. Amherst College Amherst, MA 01002 Amherst, MA 01002 U.S.A. U.S.A. 413-256-6131 413-542-2032 Email: [email protected] Cell #: 413-222-8443 Education Yale University PhD. in History 1987 Swarthmore College BA in History with High Honors 1978 Elected to Phi Beta Kappa 1978 Professional Appointments Amherst College 1986-present Department of History Zephaniah Swift Moore Professor of History 2014-present University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Winter, 2006 Department of History Visiting Professor Nyanga Senior Secondary School 1979 Engcobo, Transkei, Republic of South Africa Instructor, English, Standards 9 and 10 (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). Editorial Work Editor, African Studies Review (2010 through 2017). One of two editors for scholarly articles. (Awarded the African Studies Association’s Distinguished Service Award in 2017). The African Studies Review is the flagship publication of the African Studies Association (USA). 1 Page Peer reviewer for manuscripts for numerous journals, including: African Studies Agricultural History Comparative Studies in Society and History The International Journal of African Historical Studies The Journal of Southern African Studies The Journal of African History Kronos Law and Social Inquiry Meridians Safundi The South African Historical Journal Reviewer for book manuscripts for several publishers, including Blackwell, Palgrave, Oxford University Press, University of Virginia Press, Ohio University Press, and University of Rochester Press. Publications Book SORCERY AND SOVEREIGNTY: TAXATION, POWER AND REBELLION IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1880-1963, Ohio University Press, 2006. Book manuscript in preparation Violence in Rural South Africa, 1902-1965, book length manuscript (in revision). -
A Greater South Africa: White Power in the Region, 1910-1940
CHAPTER 2 A Greater South Africa: White Power in the Region, 1910-1940 A Christian minister called Laputa was going among the tribes from Durban to the Zambezi as a roving evangelist. His word was "Africa for the Africans," and his chief point was that the natives had had a great empire in the past, and might have a great empire again. [While spying on Laputa] it was my business to play the fool.... I explained that I was fresh from England, and believed in equal rights for all men, white and coloured. God forgive me, but I think I said I hoped to see the day when Africa would belong once more to its rightful masters. -JOHN BUCHAN, PresterJohn NINETEEN TEN, the year Prester John was published, was also the year Britain handed over political authority to the nascent Union of South Africa. The novel's hero, David Crawfurd, wins a treasure in gold and diamonds, just as Haggard's hero in King Solomon's Mines did. Even more significantly, Crawfurd prides himself on helping white law and order prevail over the native uprising sparked by Laputa's appeal to the legend ary empire of Prester John. Author John Buchan, who was to become one of the most popular adventure writers of the early twentieth century, had also played a role, as Milner's private secretary, in shaping the framework for the white South African state. And in real life there were those who preached "Africa for the Africans" instead of accepting European rule. Buchan's scenario bore resemblances not only to the Bambatha rebellion in Zululand in 1906 (see chapter 1), but also to the revolt in 1915 led by John Chilembwe in Ny asaland.