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Review Assessment on Wind Farm Locations in the West of France Since COP 21

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Review Assessment on Wind Farm Locations in the West of France Since COP 21 DEGREE PROJECT IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2021 Review assessment on wind farm locations in the West of France since COP 21 PAUL MARCHENOIR KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Review assessment on wind farm locations in the West of France since COP 21 Paul Marchenoir Master in Electrical Engineering Date: February 11, 2021 Examiner: Lina Bertling Tjernberg School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Host company: Valeco 1 Abstract The development of wind power in France is a very sensitive subject. Indeed, most of the electricity produced in France comes from nuclear energy, and therefore changing the French energy mix to not only depend on production is a very ambitious challenge. Similarly, the COP 21 organized in Paris is one of the illustrations of the work done since the Grenelle Environment Forum to integrate renewable energies into the electricity grid. This thesis attempts to understand the legislative and technical issues to be taken into account for the implementation of a wind farm in France, particularly in the western regions of France (Brittany and Pays-de-la-Loire). Many factors are to be considered when prospecting for a wind project. Local, aeronautical, environmental and heritage constraints are among the most restrictive easements that can restrict or even cancel the potential of a wind farm. This report first attempts to show how best to integrate all the data to be considered on a concrete project, that of Séglien in Morbihan in Brittany. In a second step, a business plan will be evaluated to determine the feasibility of implementing this project on site. By studying the choice of topology, the choice of machines and the connection point of the project to the French electrical network, a theoretical LCOE can be estimated. This LCOE will allow Valeco, a renewable energy producer in France, to position itself on the French electricity market. According to the results obtained by this business plan, the choice to select one turbine rather than another can be influenced not only by the power curves of the machine as one might think, but also by important factors such as the noise made by the machine. Indeed, noise is a factor that can force the developer to clamp the machine and thus produce less electricity. In the same way, the optimization of the electrical topology can drastically reduce the CAPEX of a project. Indeed the electrical connection is one of the most expensive data of the project. A reduction of the connection distance by a factor of three allows to save about 2.5 million euros and thus to reduce the LCOE by 4.5 €/MWh. This also allows to position the project on lower tenders. An intelligent use of Aluminum instead of copper when possible also allows to reduce the CAPEX of the project. However, this thesis does not estimate the cost of social acceptance, because the perception of the French people of the multiplication of industrial wind farms is different according to their social, demographic, cultural and economic characteristics and therefore difficult to quantify. 2 Sammanfattning Utvecklingen av vindkraft i Frankrike är ett känsligt ämne. Idag kommer den största andelen el som produceras i Frankrike från kärnenergi. Därför är det en mycket ambitiös utmaning att ändra den franska energimixen för att domineras av förnyelsebara energikällor liksom vindkraft. På samma sätt är COP 21 organiserad i Paris en av illustrationerna av det arbete som utförts sedan Grenelle Environment Forum för att integrera förnybar energi i elnätet. Detta arbete försöker förstå de lagstiftnings- och tekniska frågor som ska beaktas vid utbyggnad en vindkraftspark i Frankrike, särskilt i de västra regionerna i Frankrike (Bretagne och Pays-de-la-Loire). Många faktorer ska beaktas vid prospektering av ett vindprojekt. Lokala, flyg-, miljö- och kulturella intressen leder till begränsningar och kan även leda till att avslag från att exploatera vindkraftsparker. Denna studie försöker i ett första steg visa hur man bäst integrerar all information som ska beaktas i ett konkret vindkraftsprojekt, Séglien i Morbihan i Bretagne. I ett andra steg utvärderas en affärsplan för att genomföra vindkraftsprojektet. Genom att studera valet av topologi, valet av maskiner och projektets anslutningspunkt till det franska elnätet kan en teoretisk LCOE uppskattas. LCOE gör det möjligt för Valeco, en producent av förnybar energi i Frankrike, att positionera sig på den franska elmarknaden. Enligt resultat från studierna med aktuell affärsplan kan valet att välja en turbin snarare än en annan påverkas inte bara av vindturbinens effektkurvor, som man kan tro, utan också av viktiga faktorer som buller från turbinerna. För att minska buller kan exempelvis vindkraftsturbiner behöva stängas av vilket leder till minskad elproduktion. På samma sätt kan optimeringen av den elektriska topologin drastiskt minska CAPEX i ett projekt. Den elektriska anslutningen är en av de dyraste faktorerna i ett vindkraftsprojektet. En minskning av anslutningsavståndet med en faktor på tre gör det möjligt att spara cirka 2,5 miljoner euro och därmed minska LCOE med 4,5 € / MWh. Detta gör det också möjligt att placera projektet på lägre anbud. En intelligent användning av aluminium istället för koppar när det är möjligt gör det också möjligt att minska projektets CAPEX. Denna avhandling uppskattar dock inte kostnaden för social acceptans, eftersom det franska folks uppfattning om förökningen av industriella vindkraftparker är olika beroende på deras sociala, demografiska, kulturella och ekonomiska egenskaper och därför svårt att kvantifiera. 3 Table of Figures Figure 1: Map of Valeco branches in France, Valeco ............................................................................ 11 Figure 2: Tuchan (Solar Power) and Lunel (Wind farm), Valeco ........................................................... 11 Figure 3 : The French Energy mix in 2019, FEE ...................................................................................... 17 Figure 4 : Objectives in terms of installed capacity as determined by the PPE, FEE ............................. 18 Figure 5 : Wind Power in France after 31 march 2020, FEE .................................................................. 18 Figure 6: French electrical consumption coverage in 2019, FEE ........................................................... 18 Figure 7: Wind power and electricity production in Pays-de-la-Loire, FEE ........................................... 19 Figure 8 : Location of Séglien ................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 9 : Local context at Séglien, Valeco ............................................................................................ 22 Figure 10: Wind speed extrapolation .................................................................................................... 24 Figure 11: Mean wind speed in France, MétéoFrance .......................................................................... 24 Figure 12: Weibull distribution at Séglien ............................................................................................. 25 Figure 13 :Map of all the RTBA in France, Army.................................................................................... 26 Figure 14: Map of the VOLTAC zone in France, Army ........................................................................... 26 Figure 15 : Map of all the SETBA zone in France, Army ........................................................................ 27 Figure 16 :Map of weather radar range in France, MétéoFrance ......................................................... 28 Figure 17 : Aeronautical context next to Séglien, Valeco ...................................................................... 29 Figure 18 : map of all the ZNIEFFs in France, MNHM ............................................................................ 31 Figure 19: NRP In France, Supagro Institute .......................................................................................... 32 Figure 20 : Environmental context next to Séglien, Valeco ................................................................. 33 Figure 21 : Patrimonial context next to Séglien, Valeco ....................................................................... 34 Figure 22: Saint-Germain chapel, photo credit: Lanzonnet .................................................................. 34 Figure 23 : Saint-Laurent chapel, photo credit : Elita1 .......................................................................... 34 Figure 24: Locmaria chapel, photo credit: XIIIfromTOKYO ................................................................... 34 Figure 25: The 3 study zones at Séglien, Valeco.................................................................................... 36 Figure 26: Environmental sensitivity on the ZIP at Séglien during exploitation, Calidris ...................... 40 Figure 27 :Environmental sensitivity on the ZIP during construction, Calidris ..................................... 41 Figure 28: Photomontage of the wind farm from Sifliac and Langoëland, Calidris .............................. 42 Figure 29: Wind rose on site, AWS ........................................................................................................ 43 Figure 30: First topological layout ........................................................................................................
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