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15034-0039F-Printer Pdf-0FM-R01.Indd The Renewable Energy Landscape Energy The Renewable ‘Long overdue, this guide on how to place renewable energy in the landscape to maximize public acceptance is critical to the energy transition that is so desperately needed.’ Paul Gipe, early advocate of aesthetic design for wind and solar power plants, author of Wind Energy for the Rest of Us: A Comprehensive Guide to Wind Power and How to Use It. ‘Instrumental reading for those that want an energy future that is not only sustainable and affordable, but inclusive and just. If we are to achieve public support for a sustainable energy future, we must minimize natural public resistance to change. This book shows how to do it.’ Benjamin K. Sovacool, Professor of Energy Policy, University of Sussex, UK The Renewable Energy The Renewable Energy Landscape is a definitive guide to understanding, assessing, avoiding, and minimizing scenic impacts as we transition to a more renewable energy future. It focuses attention, for the first time, on the unique challenges solar, wind, and geothermal energy will create for landscape protection, planning, design, and management. Landscape Topics addressed include: • Policies aimed at managing scenic impacts from renewable energy development Preserving scenic values in our sustainable future and their social acceptance within the USA, Canada, Europe and Australia • Visual characteristics of energy facilities, including the design and planning techniques for avoiding or mitigating impacts and improving visual fit • Methods for assessing visual impacts of energy projects and the best practices for creating and using visual simulations • Policy recommendations for political and regulatory bodies. A comprehensive and practical book, The Renewable Energy Landscape is an essential resource for those engaged in planning, designing, or regulating the impacts of these new, critical energy sources, as well as a resource for communities that may be facing the prospect of development in their local landscape. Dean Apostol is Senior Landscape Architect and Restoration Ecologist for MIG Inc, a consulting firm with offices in California, Oregon and Colorado, USA. Richard Smardon and Robert Sullivan and Robert Smardon Richard Martin Pasqualetti, James Palmer, Dean Apostol, James Palmer has had a distinguished professional career in landscape architecture spanning thirty-five years, focusing on the assessment of landscape character and aesthetic quality. Martin Pasqualetti is Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University, USA, and a Senior Sustainability Scientist in the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, USA. Richard Smardon is a SUNY Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse, New York, USA. Robert Sullivan is an environmental scientist in Argonne National Laboratory’s Environmental Science Division, USA. LANDSCAPE / IMPACT ASSESSMENT Cover image: Photo by Martin Pasqualetti. Palm Springs, California. Dean Apostol, James Palmer, ISBN 978-1-138-80898-0 Martin Pasqualetti, Richard Smardon and Robert Sullivan www.routledge.com Routledge titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats 9 781138 808980 THE RENEWABLE ENERGY LANDSCAPE The Renewable Energy Landscape is a defi nitive guide to understanding, assessing, avoiding, and minimiz- ing scenic impacts as we transition to a more renewable energy future. It focuses attention, for the fi rst time, on the unique challenges solar, wind, and geothermal energy will create for landscape protection, planning, design, and management. Topics addressed include: • Policies aimed at managing scenic impacts from renewable energy development and their social acceptance within North America, Europe and Australia • Visual characteristics of energy facilities, including the design and planning techniques for avoiding or mitigating impacts and improving visual fi t • Methods for assessing visual impacts of energy projects and the best practices for creating and using visual simulations • Policy recommendations for political and regulatory bodies. A comprehensive and practical book, The Renewable Energy Landscape is an essential resource for those engaged in planning, designing, or regulating the impacts of these new, critical energy sources, as well as a resource for communities who may be facing the prospect of development in their local landscape. Dean Apostol is Senior Landscape Architect and Restoration Ecologist for MIG Inc, a consulting fi rm with offi ces in California, Oregon and Colorado, USA. He researches, consults, and does environ- mental analysis on energy projects and aesthetic impacts. James Palmer has had a distinguished professional career in landscape architecture spanning thirty- fi ve years, focusing on the assessment of landscape character and aesthetic quality. Through publica- tions, peer reviews, court expert testimony, and teaching, he has raised the standards in the fi eld. He frequently consults on wind energy aesthetic impacts in the Northeast. Martin Pasqualetti is Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University, USA, and a Senior Sustainability Scientist in the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, USA. For over forty years, he has been examining the relationships between energy and environment, especially the formation and mitigation of renewable energy landscapes. Richard Smardon is a SUNY Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse, New York, USA, and has over thirty-fi ve years of experience with visual impact assessment methodology development, twenty years of project manage- ment, and has testifi ed in over fi fteen cases with visual impact assessment issues. Robert Sullivan is an environmental scientist in Argonne National Laboratory’s Environmental Sci- ence Division, USA. He conducts research on the visual impacts of fossil fuel and renewable energy systems, and develops guidance documents for federal agencies on visual resource inventory, manage- ment, and protection. THE RENEWABLE ENERGY LANDSCAPE Preserving scenic values in our sustainable future Edited by Dean Apostol, James Palmer, Martin Pasqualetti, Richard Smardon and Robert Sullivan First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Dean Apostol, James Palmer, Martin Pasqualetti, Richard Smardon and Robert Sullivan The right of Dean Apostol, James Palmer, Martin Pasqualetti, Richard Smardon and Robert Sullivan to be identifi ed as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Apostal, Dean, editor. Title: The renewable energy landscape : preserving scenic values in our sustainable future / edited by Dean Apostal, James Palmer, Martin Pasqualetti, Richard Smardon and Robert Sullivan. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2016007800 | ISBN 9781138808980 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315618463 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Renewable energy sources. Classifi cation: LCC TJ808 .R4135 2016 | DDC 333.7/16—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007800 ISBN: 978-1-138-80898-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-61846-3 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix Plates ix Figures xi Tables xvi Foreword xviii Preface xx Acknowledgements xxii 1 Introduction to the changing landscapes of renewable energy 1 1.1 Driving across America in the year 2030 2 1.2 The challenge 8 PART I 2 Conserving scenery during an energy transition 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Visual elements of renewable energy landscapes 18 2.3 The early years 23 Case study 2.1: The San Gorgonio California Wind Study 27 2.4 Evolving visual impact assessment methods 30 2.5 Visibility assessment techniques 32 Case study 2.2: Cape Wind, Massachusetts 32 2.6 Visual impact thresholds 33 2.7 Summary 36 3 Managing new energy landscapes in the USA, Canada, and Australia 41 3.1 Introduction 41 vi Contents 3.2 US federal and state support for renewable energy 42 3.3 State and local review of renewable energy projects – the crazy quilt 49 3.4 What about utility-scale solar development in North America? 56 3.5 US legal issues with State and local renewable energy siting 57 3.6 Canadian laws, ordinances, regulations, and standards 58 3.7 Renewable energy guidance for Australia 61 3.8 Summary and conclusions 67 4 Adjusting to renewable energy in a crowded Europe 78
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