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Migrants Incountries Incrisis MIGRANTS IN COUNTRIES IN CRISIS Libya Case Study An Unending Crisis – Responses of Migrants, States and Organisations to the 2011 Libya Crisis Francesca Zampagni, Hassan Boubakri, Remadji Hoinathy, Leander Kandilige, Hamidou Manou Nabara, Sara Sadek, Mohamed ElSayeh, Mahamadou Zongo & Maegan Hendow Project funded by the European Union Project implemented by ICMPD In partnership with IMI International Migration Institute IMI Migrants in Countries in Crisis (MICIC) Libya Case Study: An Unending Crisis – Responses of Migrants, States and Organisations to the 2011 Libya Crisis Insights from Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Ghana, Niger and Tunisia Francesca Zampagni, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Hassan Boubakri, University of Sousse Remadji Hoinathy, Centre de Recherches en Anthropologie et Sciences Humaines (CRASH) Leander Kandilige, Centre for Migration Studies, University of Ghana Hamidou Manou Nabara, Laboratoire d'études et de recherche sur les dynamiques sociales et le développement Local (LASDEL) Sara Sadek & Mohamed ElSayeh, Center for Migration and Refugee Studies, American University of Cairo Mahamadou Zongo, Université de Ouagadougou Maegan Hendow, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Prepared by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna - Austria Commissioned and funded by the European Union, Brussels – Belgium International Centre for Migration Policy Development • 2017 i Authors Francesca Zampagni is a post-doctoral fellow at the Institute of Law, Politics and Development at the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Italy. She holds a PhD in Political and Social Sciences from the University of Pisa. She has conducted consultancies for the Fundamental Rights Agency on issues of asylum and HR, as well as the International Centre for Migration Policy Development, working on the MICIC project. She has previously worked as researcher at ICMPD in Vienna on various EU- funded research projects on issues of migration, asylum, biometrics and border control. Hassan Boubakri is Senior Professor of Geography at the University of Sousse (Tunisia). He is a researcher in the field of irregular migration, migration and development, and migration policies in the Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan Africa. He is also an expert in the fields of migration and asylum with the Tunisian government, with the European Commission (EU-SC Neighbourhood-South Dialogue & European Research Programs), and with International Organisations (ICMPD, UNHCR, IOM, ILO, UNESCO). Remadji Hoinathy is a Chadian anthropologist. A former PhD Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (Halle-Germany), he defended his thesis on oil and social change in Chad at the Martin Luther University (Halle-Wittenberg) in 2012. Since 2008, he has lead the Centre de Recherches en Anthropologie et Sciences Humaines (CRASH) and conducted extensive research in and on Chad. In addition, Hoinathy has served as an associate lecturer at the Department of Anthropology, University of N’Djamena (Chad) since 2013. Leander Kandilige is a Lecturer in Migration Studies at the Centre for Migration Studies, University of Ghana. He is also a Visiting Lecturer at the University of Northampton and Research Associate at the Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford. He holds a DPhil (PhD) in Migration Studies from the School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford. In addition, he holds an MSt. in Forced Migration (University of Oxford); an MA in International Affairs (University of Ghana); a Postgraduate Certificate in Managing Voluntary Organisations (University of Southampton) and a BA (First Class Honours) in Political Science and Philosophy (University of Ghana). Hamidou Manou Nabara is a PhD student in Sociology at the University of Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki- Zerbo (Burkina Faso) and Research Assistant at LASDEL. He is a migration specialist whose research focuses on Nigerien migrations to Maghreb countries (Libya and Algeria) and to West Africa, as well as transit migration and their socio-economic and political implications. Sara Sadek is a researcher and trainer in the field of migration and protection. She is currently a research affiliate and has worked as an adjunct professor at the Center for Migration and Refugee Studies at the American University in Cairo. She is a PhD Candidate at the Center for Applied Human Rights at the Politics Department at the University of York, with a BA in Political Science (AUC) and MA in Refugee Studies at the University of East London (UEL). She has consulted for a number of UN agencies, Inter-governmental and Non-governmental organisations as well as international academic institutions. Her research interests cover: civil society-state relations, trafficking and smuggling, protection and vulnerable groups. Mohamed ElSayeh is a Research Officer at the Center for Migration and Refugee Studies (CMRS) at the American University in Cairo. He holds an LLM in International Human Rights from the National University of Ireland, Galway. He previously held the positions of Refugee Status Determination (RSD) Legal Advisor Intern and RSD Legal Officer at the Africa and Middle East Refugee Assistance (AMERA) in Cairo. He further worked in the field of protection for human rights defenders at risk when he held the position of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Research and Training Fellow at Front Line Defenders in Dublin. Mahamadou Zongo is a lecturer in Sociology at the University of Ouagadougou I Professor Joseph Ki Zerbo with research expertise in socio-economic integration. Maegan Hendow is a Research Officer at the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD). She has an interdisciplinary background in Global Studies, with a BA from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and MAs from University of Leipzig and University of Vienna. Her work focuses on (irregular) migration, border control, and human rights. ii Acknowledgements This paper has been prepared based on the indispensable input of Konkobo Bourahima (University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso), Lompo Dimitri (University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso), Faten Msakni (University of Sfax, Tunisia), Hiddi Horchani (University of Tunis, Tunisia), Khouloud Chakroun (University of Carthage, Tunisia), Marwen Bouneb (University of Sousse, Tunisia), Elham Daadaa (University of Sousse, Tunisia), Djimet Seli (Centre de Recherches en Anthropologie et Sciences Humaines, Chad), Abdouramane Oumarou, M. Chaibou Argi Ibrahim and M. Hamissou Alassane Ibrahim (Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey), who collaborated in conducting interviews, transcription and translation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the review and input provided by colleagues at the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), the International Migration Institute (IMI) and the European Commission (EC), who contributed to improving the quality of this report. International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Gonzagagasse 1 A-1010 Vienna Austria www.icmpd.org International Centre for Migration Policy Development All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the copyright owners. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ICMPD, IMI or the University of Oxford, nor can they in any way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. iii Table of Contents Authors ..................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... iv List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................1 2. Case Study of the 2011 Crisis in Libya .............................................................................................4 2.1.Background to the Case Study ...................................................................................................4 2.2. The Choucha Transit Camp ...................................................................................................6 2.3. The Libyan Civil War from 2014 Onward ...............................................................................7 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1. The Research Teams and Fieldwork .................................................................................. 10 3.2. Fieldwork Locations ............................................................................................................
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