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Effects of Aquarium Collectors on Coral Reef Fishes in Kona, Hawaii

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Effects of Aquarium Collectors on Coral Reef Fishes in Kona, Hawaii Effects of Aquarium Collectors on Coral Reef Fishes in Kona, Hawaii BRIAN N. TISSOT∗ AND LEON E. HALLACHER† ∗Program in Environmental Science and Regional Planning, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, U.S.A., email [email protected] †Department of Biology, University of Hawaii–Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, U.S.A. Abstract: No previous studies have conclusively documented the magnitude of the effect of aquarium col- lecting on natural populations. In Hawaii concern over the effects on reef fish populations of collecting for the aquarium trade began in the early 1970s, primarily in response to multiple-use conflicts between aquarium- fish collectors and recreational dive-tour operators. In 1997–1998 we used a paired control-impact design to estimate the effect of aquarium collectors. We compared differences in fish abundance along visual belt transects between collection sites, where collecting was known to occur, and control sites, where collecting was prohibited. To test the assumptions of our observational design, we surveyed a combination of species captured by aquarium collectors and those not captured. The extent of bleaching, broken coral, and coral cover was also surveyed. Seven of the 10 aquarium species surveyed were significantly reduced by collecting. The abundance of aquarium fish at collection sites ranged from 38% lower (Chaetodon multicinctus) to 75% lower (C. quadri- maculatus) than that at control sites. In contrast, only two of the nonaquarium species displayed a significant collection effect. There were no significant differences in damaged coral between control and collection sites to indicate the presence of destructive fishing practices. In addition, there were no increases in the abundance of macroalgae where the abundance of herbivores was reduced by aquarium collecting. Although our results suggest that aquarium collectors have a significant effect on the abundance of targeted aquarium fishes, better knowledge of the intensity and location of collecting activities is required to make a rigorous assessment of the effects of collecting on nearshore fish populations. Several lines of evidence suggest that the current system of catch reporting underestimates actual removals. Efectos de Colectores de Acuario sobre los Peces de Arrecifes de Coral en Kona, Hawai Resumen: La magnitud del efecto de la recoleccion´ para acuarios sobre poblaciones naturales no ha sido documentada concluyentemente en ningun´ estudio previo. La preocupacion´ por los efectos de la recoleccion´ para el comercio de acuarios sobre las poblaciones de peces de arrecifes comenzo´ a principios de los anos˜ 70 en Hawai principalmente en respuesta a los conflictos de uso-multiple´ entre colectores de peces para acuarios y operadores de viajes de buceo recreativo. En 1997–1998 utilizamos un diseno˜ apareado de control de impacto para estimar el efecto de colectores de acuario. Comparamos diferencias en la abundancia de peces a lo largo de transectos visuales en sitios de recoleccion,´ donde se sab´ıa que ocurr´ıa recoleccion,´ en relacion´ con sitios control en los que la recoleccion´ estaba prohibida. Para probar los sopuestos de nuestro diseno˜ observativo examinamos una combinacion´ de especies capturadas por los colectores de acuario y otra de especies no capturadas. Se examino´ tambi´en la extension´ de blanqueo, coral roto y cobertura de coral. Siete de las 10 especies de acuario examinadas estaban reducidas significativamente por la recoleccion.´ Las abundancias de peces de acuario en sitios de recoleccion´ variaron de 38% menos (Chaetodon multicinctus) a 75% menos (C. quadrimaculatus) individuos que en los sitios control. En contraste, solo´ dos de las especies no recolectadas para acuario mostraron un efecto significativo de recoleccion.´ No hubo diferencias significativas en el coral danado˜ entre los sitios control y de recoleccion´ que indiquen la presencia de practicas´ pesqueras destructivas. Ademas,´ no hubo incrementos en la abundancia de microalgas donde la abundancia de herb´ıvoros se redujo Paper submitted August 26, 2002; revised manuscript accepted February 26, 2003. 1759 Conservation Biology, Pages 1759–1768 Volume 17, No. 6, December 2003 1760 Effects of Aquarium Trade on Hawaiian Fishes Tissot & Hallacher por la recoleccion´ para acuarios. Aunque nuestros resultados sugieren que los colectores de acuarios tienen un efecto significativo sobre la abundancia de los peces de su inter´es, hace falta un mayor conocimiento de la intensidad y localizacion´ de las actividades de recoleccion´ para evaluar rigurosamente los efectos de la recoleccion´ sobre las poblaciones de peces costeros. Varias l´ıneas de evidencia sugieren que el sistema actual de registros de captura subestima las remociones reales. Introduction of Hawaii (Taylor 1978; Walsh 1978). Controversy has centered on multiple-use conflict between aquarium-fish Global trade in ornamental fishes is a major industry in- collectors and recreational dive-tour operators over ap- volving approximately 350 million fish annually with a parent declines in nearshore reef fishes (Taylor 1978; value of $963 million (Young 1997). Although marine Grigg 1997; Young 1997; Clark & Gulko 1999). These con- fishes account for only 10–20% of the total ornamen- cerns prompted the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources tal catch, rapid increases in the collection of marine (DAR) to instigate monthly collection reports from all per- species occurred in the 1980s (Andrews 1990). More- mit holders in 1973 (Katekaru 1978), and these reports over, whereas freshwater fishes are largely derived from have been the primary basis for management of the aquar- cultivated stocks, <1% of marine fishes are cultivated, ium industry in Hawaii (Miyasaka 1994, 1997). and the majority are taken from wild populations (Wood Based on collection reports, about 90,000 fish, with a 2001). Almost all marine ornamental fish are of tropical reported total value of $50,000, were harvested in 1973 origin, and many are removed from coral reefs. Because under 75 commercial permits (Katekaru 1978). In 1995 aquarium-fish collectors are highly selective and often the annual harvest had risen to 422,823 fish (total value capture large quantities of individuals of high value, the of $844,843) under 160 commercial permits (Miyasaka potential for overexploitation is high (Wood 1985, 2001). 1997). Although aquarium collecting was primarily cen- Although numerous authors have discussed the poten- tered on the island of Oahu in the 1970s and 1980s, the tial effect of the aquarium trade on marine fishes in Aus- Kona and Milolii areas of the island of Hawaii became the tralia (Whitehead et al. 1986), Djibouti (Barratt & Medley predominant collecting areas in the late 1980s and early 1990), Hawaii (Taylor 1978; Walsh 1978; Randall 1987), 1990s. Between 1993 and 1995, the harvest from Kona Indonesia (Wood 1985), the Philippines (Albaladejo & increased 67% and accounted for 59% of the state harvest Corpuz 1981), Puerto Rico (Sadovy 1992), and Sri Lanka with 47 commercial permits (Miyasaka 1997). (Edwards & Shepherd 1992), few studies have estimated Although 103 fish species were collected statewide in the effects of collecting on natural populations. The most 1995, over 90% of the harvest was focused on 11 species: common approach has been to examine the rate of in- the Achilles tang (Acanthurus achilles), Potter’s angelfish ternational trade (Lubbock & Polunin 1975; Wood 1985; (Centropyge potteri), raccoon butterflyfish (Chaetodon Andrews 1990; Edwards & Shepherd 1992; Young 1997). lunula), multiband butterflyfish (Chaetodon multicinc- Other approaches include qualitative or quantitative ob- tus), ornate butterflyfish (Chaetodon ornatissimus), servations of fish densities in collected areas (Albaladejo four-spot butterflyfish (Chaetodon quadrimaculatus), & Corpuz 1981; Barratt & Medley 1990) or comparisons goldring surgeonfish (Ctenochaetus strigosus), longnose of collection rates to crude estimates of sustainable yield butterflyfish (Forcipiger flavissimus), clown tang (Naso based on field estimates of density (Edwards & Shepherd lituratus), moorish idol (Zanclus cornutus), and yellow 1992). Although Nolan (1978) concluded that aquarium tang (Zebrasoma flavescens), with Z. flavescens account- collectors did not have a significant effect on natural pop- ing for 52% of the total collection (Miyasaka 1997; DAR, ulations in Hawaii, the results are suspect because of prob- unpublished data). Thus, given the increasing rate of re- lems with suitable controls in the observational design. moval focused on a small number of species, the potential Thus, no study has conclusively documented the magni- for overexploitation of these reef fishes is high. tude of aquarium collecting on natural populations, de- In addition to the direct effects of collecting fish for spite repeated calls for such studies to help develop sus- the aquarium trade, there has been considerable concern tainability in the aquarium trade (Walsh 1978; Wood 1985; about destructive practices associated with fish capture. Young 1997). These practices include the use of poisons and explo- Many of the marine ornamentals originating from the sives to capture fish and damage to coral during collect- United States are captured in Hawaii, which is known ing (Lubbock & Polunin 1975; Wood 1985, 2001; Randall for its high-quality fishes and rare endemic species of 1987; Johannes & Riepen 1995; Young 1997). An addi- high value (Wood 1985). Concern over the effects of tional
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