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Sociolinguistic Research Among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa

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Sociolinguistic Research Among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2018-009 Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, and Isapdaile Zeliang Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, and Isapdaile Zeliang SIL International® 2018 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2018-009, August 2018 © 2018 SIL International® All rights reserved Data and materials collected by researchers in an era before documentation of permission was standardized may be included in this publication. SIL makes diligent efforts to identify and acknowledge sources and to obtain appropriate permissions wherever possible, acting in good faith and on the best information available at the time of publication. Abstract This research was started in November 2003, initially among the Monpa varieties of Western Arunachal Pradesh, India, and was later expanded to Sherdukpen, Chug, Lish, Bugun and Miji because of their geographical proximity. The fieldwork continued until August 2004 with some gaps in between. The researchers were Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Isapdaile Zeliang and Elina Kinny. The languages studied in this report, all belonging to the Tibeto-Burman family, have the following ISO codes:1 Tawang Monpa [twm], Tshangla (Dirang) [tsj], Kalaktang Monpa [kkf], Sartang (But Monpa) [onp], Sherdukpen [sdp], Hruso (Aka) [hru], (Aka) Koro [jkr], Chug [cvg], Lish [lsh], Bugun [bgg], and Miji [sjl]. [This survey report written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research may be available. Historical data is quite valuable as it provides a basis for a longitudinal analysis and helps us understand both the trajectory and pace of change as compared with more recent studies.—Editor] 1 See Ethnologue 2018. Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.2 Peoples 1.2.1 Monpa 1.2.2 Tawang, Dirang and Kalaktang Monpa 1.2.3 Sartang, Lish and Chug 1.2.4 Sherdukpen 1.2.5 Aka 1.2.6 Bugun 1.2.7 Miji 1.3 Languages 1.4 Purpose and goals 1.4.1 Goals for Monpa survey 1.4.2 Goals for Bugun survey 1.4.3 Goals for Miji survey 2 Summary of findings 2.1 Language variation 2.2 Language use, attitude and vitality 2.3 Bilingualism 3 Language variation 3.1 Wordlists 3.1.1 Procedures 3.1.2 Site selection 3.1.3 Results and analysis 3.2 Recorded text testing 3.2.1 Procedures 3.2.2 Site selection 3.2.3 Results and analysis 3.3 Informal playing of narrative text 3.4 Questionnaire responses 3.4.1 Monpas and Sherdukpen 3.4.2 Bugun 3.4.3 Miji 4 Language use, attitudes and vitality 4.1 Questionnaire procedures 4.2 Questionnaires among the Monpas and Sherdukpen 4.2.1 Language use 4.2.2 Language attitudes and vitality 4.2.3 Dialects 4.3 Questionnaires among the Bugun 4.3.1 Language use 4.3.2 Language attitudes and vitality 4.3.3 Dialects 4.4 Questionnaires among the Miji 4.4.1 Language use 4.4.2 Language attitudes and vitality 4.4.3 Dialects iii iv 5 Bilingualism 5.1 Sentence repetition test 5.1.1 Procedures 5.1.2 Sampling and site selection 5.1.3 Results and analysis 5.2 Questionnaires 5.2.1 Monpas and Sherdukpen 5.2.2 Bugun 5.2.3 Miji 6 Recommendations 6.1 Monpas 6.2 Sherdukpen 6.3 Miji and Bugun 6.4 Aka Appendix A: Wordlists Appendix B: Recorded Text Testing Procedures, Scores and Responses Appendix C: Sentence Repetition Test Appendix D: Language Use, Attitude, Vitality and Bilingualism Questionnaires References 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview Arunachal Pradesh is bordered on the south by Assam state, on the west by Bhutan, on the north and northeast by China, and on the east by Burma (Myanmar). Before 1962, the state was known as Northeast Frontier Agency and was constitutionally a part of Assam. In 1972, Arunachal Pradesh was constituted as a union territory, and in 1987 it became the 24th state of India, with the capital at Itanagar. It is sparsely populated, with 1,383,727 people according to the 2011 census, inhabiting an area of 83,743 square kilometres. Most of Arunachal Pradesh is mountainous, with high ridges and deep valleys. The state’s main river is the Brahmaputra. The climate of the foothills is subtropical; in the mountains, temperatures decrease rapidly with altitude. Rainfall averages between two and four metres a year. Arunachal Pradesh’s rugged terrain makes transport and communications difficult. With few surfaced roads and no railways in the state, links with the rest of India are limited. 1.2 Peoples This survey project covered the following people groups in the districts of Tawang, West Kameng and East Kameng: Tawang Monpa, Dirang Monpa, Kalaktang Monpa, Sartang, Lish, Chug, Sherdukpen, Aka, Bugun, and Miji. Information about these groups is presented in this section. Maps 1 and 2 show the location of the survey area and the districts of Arunachal Pradesh. Map 1. Location of survey area Created by Shinu PR, NLCI. Used by permission. 1 2 Map 2. Arunachal Pradesh districts Created by Shinu PR, NLCI. Used by permission. The populations of the various groups in this survey are shown in table 1.2 Table 1. Populations of the surveyed groups Variety (according to census) Population Year of census Tawang 6,503 1981 Dirang 3,599 1981 Kalaktang 8,000 1971 But Monpa 348 1981 Lish 1,567 1981 Chug 483 1971 Sherdukpen 2,096 1981 Aka 2,947 1981 Bugun 625 1981 Miji 4,085 1981 2 In the 1991 census, the population of Monpa was reported to be 43,179. It appears that prior to 1991, population figures for various groups were reported separately, and that in the 1991 census they were classified together under the broad term of Monpa. 3 1.2.1 Monpa The Monpa group is a tribal community found mostly in the West Kameng and Tawang districts of Arunachal Pradesh. Monpa is a generic name given by the Tibetans to the people living in the lowland. Their main centres of habitation are in and around the administrative headquarters of Tawang, Dirang, Bomdila and Kalaktang. The Monpa can be divided into two groups based on population: the larger group includes Tawang, Dirang and Kalaktang Monpa; the smaller group includes Chug Monpas, Lish Monpas and Sartang. These individual groups will be discussed in later sections of this report. The Monpas cover their bodies with varieties of well-designed woollen garments. The women also weave and make carpets of sheep wool. The men do wood-carving and painting. The Monpas are settled agriculturalists. Maize, millet, pulses, onion, paddy, and wheat are the main crops in their fields. The favourite beverage of the Monpas is a local alcoholic drink called phak, made from fermented maize. Both men and women drink in large quantities. Monpas are widely known for their hospitality and their gentleness to both people and animals. It is difficult to determine the route and approximate time of their migration to their present location and to trace their relationship either with the Tibetans or with Bhutanese, or even with the peoples of the pan-Indian region as a whole. This is because the Monpas never had the habit of maintaining any written records, nor do they have any written documents regarding their settlement in the present habitat. The Monpa people adhere strongly to their indigenous cultural practices. They celebrate many cultural festivals throughout the year related to agricultural practices and religious occasions. Marriage in Monpa culture is by negotiation. Cross-cousin as well as levirate marriage are also prevalent. Monogamy is the norm, but polygamy is not unknown. Monpas are strongly Buddhist, and their religious beliefs and practices are centred on the Tawang Monastery. They are very firm in maintaining their own religion. There are also small numbers of animists and Christians. The Monpas are very fond of religious songs and dances. Dances such as Ajilanom and Sathemine are popular. The Losar and Yorgya are the main festivals celebrated as per the Buddhist calendar and procedure. Literacy is generally very low among the Monpas; however, attitudes toward education for both boys and girls are positive. Because of better opportunities for education, it is assumed that the literacy rate among the Monpas is rising. 1.2.2 Tawang, Dirang and Kalaktang Monpa As stated above, Tawang, Dirang and Kalaktang are larger subgroups among the Monpas. They have been referred to as Northern Monpas; other terms used for them include Brahmi and Monkit. Tawang Monpas are primarily settled in the Tawang district and number 6,503 according to the 1981 census. Tawang is known as the most beautiful tourist attraction in Arunachal Pradesh. Travelling north, the last administrative centre one passes is Zimithang, which lies on the international boundary between India and Tibet. The land is mostly sloped, with steep rocky mountains covered with snow from November to March. The Dirang Monpas are sometimes called Central Monpas (Singh 1995:216). According to the 1981 census, their population was 3,599, and they live in West Kameng district around the Dirang administrative centre. The Kalaktang, or southern Monpas, are settled around the Kalaktang administrative centre. The 1971 census did not mention the population of Kalaktang Monpa, but they are estimated to be nearly 8,000. The Kalaktang Monpas as well as Dirang Monpas are commonly known as Tsangla Monpas. The word ‘Kalaktang’ is derived from the name of a village around one kilometre from the Kalaktang town.
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