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Mediterranean Endemic Freshwater Fishes of Italy

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Mediterranean Endemic Freshwater Fishes of Italy Biological Conservation 72 (1995) 159-170 © 1995 Elsevier Science Limited Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0006-3207/95/$09.50+.00 ELSEVIER 0006-3207(94)00078-6 MEDITERRANEAN ENDEMIC FRESHWATER FISHES OF ITALY Pier Giorgio Bianco Dipartimento di Zoologia, Via Mezzocannone, 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy Abstract The survival of native fishes in Italy is threatened by In Italy, as in several other circum-Mediterranean coun- a number of factors (pollution, habitat destruction and tries, there is a unique assemblage of endemic freshwater dam construction). In this article most attention will be fishes. Speciation processes, especially of endemic pri- paid to introductions of alien taxa. The reason for this mary or near-primary freshwater fish, most probably is that, while other factors rarely totally eradicate a occurred during the Lago Mare era of the Mediterranean species from a river basin (as small perennial uncon- (about 5 million years BP). However, the present-day taminated river sections operate as genetic reservoirs distribution patterns are surely the result of events that for the fish fauna), an alien taxon may eliminate or occurred more recently, from the Pleistocene until histor- exterminate a native species by competition or predation ical times. However, natural events are now being super- from the whole basin. seded by anthropogenic interference with fish faunas. Three kinds of introductions (any human alteration Among the various negative human factors the most of the composition of the native fish fauna) have been harmful is the introduction of non-native species, which in recently proposed (Bianco, 1995): (1) trans-introduc- Italy are responsible for the present catastrophic situation. tions -- fish transfers between isolated river basins Of the 71 species currently with natural self-sustaining within the same political country; (2) cis-introductions populations in Italian waters, only 45 are natives. Of the -- transfers between branches of the same river basin; latter, only 16 (or fewer) have not been subjected to (3) iso-introductions -- transfers between different deliberate human transfers. In Italy there about 28 endemic political countries. Trans-introductions are the most Mediterranean taxa, but most have either been deliberately dangerous because they may be responsible for at least or accidentally introduced to areas outside their natural five kinds of negative interactions with the local native range. The result of this persistent practice on a little populations: (1) loss of genetic identity; (2) zoogeo- known and unique fish fauna is zoogeographic pollution, graphical pollution; (3) massive cases of interspecific massive cases of hybridization and loss of genetic identity hybridization; (4) reduction or extinction by predation; by local native populations. The problem of freshwater or (5) by competition. Cis-introductions may produce fish conservation is not a matter of public concern in similar effects to those of trans-introductions when the Italy. Sport fishing has a political and econ~bmic value transfers are between tributaries separated by long and introductions are legally carried out and 'welcomed' distances. In iso-introductions, the introduced taxa by most fishermen; most biologists and conservationists sometimes originate from very distant and distinct zoo- are either unaware or unconcerned. geographic regions and are usually also genetically unrelated. Acclimatization is not always possible and Keywords: endemic, fish~ conservation, Italy. interactions with local communities are mostly by com- petition and predation. While in several parts of the world the effect of intro- INTRODUCTION duced species on native communities has been taken In Italy, as in several other circum-Mediterranean into consideration (Welcomme, 1984), in Europe, very countries, there is a unique assemblage of primary and little attention has been paid to this subject (Lelek, near-primary freshwater fishes. Several are endemic 1987). taxa, possibly isolated from present Danubian elements In Italy, transfers of non-native species have brought since the Messinian era (about 5 million years BP) about an ecological disaster in terms of biogeographic, (Bianco, 1987a, 1990b), but the modern distribution genetic and faunistic pollution and the local extinction pattern seems to be a result of more recent events, such of native species (Bianco, 1990a). The current situation as local plate-tectonics along the Apennine ridge which in Italy is very similar, on a smaller scale, to what caused river captures between the headwaters of rivers occurred as a result of the introduction of non-native (Bartolini & Pranzini, 1988; Cattauto et al., 1988) and commercial species into Central African lakes, which river catchments that occurred on the continental shelf caused the extinction of hundreds of endemic species (the Adriatic in Italy) during the last wtirm glacial (Barel et al., 1985; Ogutu-Ohwayo, 1989). marine regression (10,000-15,000 years BP) (Bianco, In Italy, more than 20 years of active trans-intro- 1990b). ductions have caused a process of fish fauna 'homo- 159 160 P. G. Bianco genization'. This is mostly due to stocking practices every other catchment in central and southern Italy operated from a 'major dispersal centre' located in (Fig. 1): in this way, the identity and the limits of the northern Italy near the town of Verona, which carried two main Italian ichthyogeographic regions (Fig. 1) out introductions from the Po and Adige basins to have become confused (Bianco, 1990a). • *'% X is f' # P ,o 4~ o~ . o o % / :- \..---. 11 0 0 C= D 0 0 a ,a o, % 0 200 I I I I I km % Fig. 1. The main ichthyogeographic district in Italy: P, Padano-Venetian; T, Tuscano-Latium; S, Southern Italy. M, location of the fishery more involved in native freshwater fish transfers. Italian endemic freshwater fish 161 Table 1. Threatened species in localities where translocations occurred, with an indication of the translocated taxa most responsible for reductions or extinctions of native local populations Native speciesa Locality Present status of native species Stocked (translocated) taxaa Rutilus rubilio (TL) Lake Trasimeno Virtually extinct Scardinius erythrophthalmus (PV) Rutilus rubilio (TL) Lake Bracciano Very seldom in the lake Rutilus aula (PV) Rutilus rubilio (TL) Lake Piediluco Nearly extinct Rutilus aula (PV) Rutilus rubilio (TL) River Tiber Seldom in main course of Alburnus alburnus arborella (PV) the basin Chondrostoma genei (PV) Alburnus albidus (SI) Rivers of S Italy Endangered in all rivers of Rutilus rubilio (TL) southern Italy Leuciscus cephalus (PV + TL) Alburnus albidus (SI) Lake Monticchio Virtually extinct Rutilus aula (PV) Scardinius scardafa (TL) Lake Trasimeno Endangered Scardinius erythrophthalmus (PV) Scardinius scardafa (TL) Tiber, Arno & Magra Rivers Endangered Scardinius erythrophthalmus (PV) Barbus fucini (TL) River Tiber Endangered Barbus plebejus (PV) Barbus fucini (TL) Arno, Ombrone & Magra Rivers Unknown Barbus plebejus (PV) Rutilus rubilio (TL) River Fiora Rare Chondrostoma soetta (PV) " Original district of the species: PV, Padano-Venetian district (basins north of the River Vomano in Italy and north of the River Krka in Dalmatia on Adriatic slopes); TL, Tuscano-Latium district (basins between the River Serchio and the River Tiber on Tyrrhenian slopes); SI, Southern Italy. (Modified from Bianco, P. G. (1990a). Vanishing freshwater fishes in Italy. J. Fish Biol., 37A (Suppl.), 235-7. Reprinted by permission.) FISH INTRODUCTIONS IN ITALY and mostly did trans-introductions from north to south, while the Brescia fish farm mainly carried out While in the past, fish restocking mostly involved restocking across northern Italy. It has been estimated species of value either commercially or for angling that about 350 million native cyprinids (chub, barbel, (both exotics and natives), in the last 25-30 years, minnow, rudd) were cis- and trans-introduced from the many 'less attractive' (for anglers and fishery managers) Padua-Venetian area, from the River Isonzo (which species were also involved in deliberate introductions. rises in Slovenia), as far as the eastern Liguria and The worst custom was stocking many catchments Piedmont Regions (Ministero Agricoltura e Foreste, in peninsular Italy with 'white fish': a mixture of 1931; Bianco, 1987b). The Rome fish distribution centre unidentified species, mostly native to northern Italy, trans-introduced conspecific and allospecific popula- including minnow, chub, barbel, cobitids, gobies, etc. tions of cyprinid species from northern basins (mostly (Bianco, 1990a). Some results of these practices, the Po, Adige and Lake Garda) to the River Tiber, recorded by the author in water bodies repeatedly sur- Lake Trasimeno and other basins in central Italy veyed in the last 10-15 years, are shown in Table 1. (Moretti & Gianotti, 1966; Sommani, 1969). These Official practices have allowed massive introductions practices have increased in the last 20-30 years when mostly from north to south, for nearly a century. From the official management of rivers was devolved to the the end of the last century until 1970, two major official regional and provincial level. institutions (the Rome and Brescia fish farm centres) By means of introductions, several species present as provided fish for introductions throughout Italy. The 'impurities' in the stocked samples were unintentionally Rome fish farm operated in central and southern Italy spread to several sites in Italy. This was the case
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