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Broken Promises: Food Security Interventions and Rural Livelihoods in Ethiopia 172 Pages Broken Promises Food Security Interventions and Rural Livelihoods in Ethiopia Aschale Dagnachew Siyoum Broken Promises Food Security Interventions and Rural Livelihoods in Ethiopia Aschale Dagnachew Siyoum i Thesis committee Promoter Prof.dr.ir. D. Hilhorst Professor of Humanitarian Aid and Reconstruction Wageningen University Co-promotors Dr. A. Pankhurst Social Anthropologist Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Dr.ir. J.G. van Uffelen LEAFS project coordinator Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. ir. J.S.C. Wiskerke, Wageningen University Dr. ir. M.A. Slingerland, Wageningen University Dr. R.J. Slater, The Overseas Development Institute, London, United Kingdom Dr. ir. M. van Leeuwen, Radboud University Nijmegen This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences (WASS) ii Broken Promises Food Security Interventions and Rural Livelihoods in Ethiopia Aschale Dagnachew Siyoum Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 17 September 2012 at 1:30 p.m. in the Aula. iii Aschale Dagnachew Siyoum Broken Promises: Food Security Interventions and Rural Livelihoods in Ethiopia 172 pages. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2012) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN: 978-94-6173-366-5 iv Acronyms ACSI Amhara Credit and Saving Institute ADLI Agricultural Development Led Industrialization CCI Complementary Community Investment CFI Chronically Food Insecure CSA Central Statistics Authority DA Development Agents DFID Department for International Development DPPC Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission DS Direct Support EBSN Employment Based Safety Nets ECA Economic Commission for Africa EEA Ethiopian Economic Association EEPRI Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute EGS Employment Generation Scheme EPRDF Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front ETB Ethiopian Birr FAD Food Availability Decline FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FED Food Entitlement Decline FFSS Federal Food Security Strategy FFW Food For Work FGD Focus Group Discussion FHH Female Headed Households FSP Food Security Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product GGN Graduation Guidance Note GOs Governmental Organizations HABP Household Asset Building Programme HH Households HPG Humanitarian Policy Group HPN Humanitarian Practice Network IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute MDGs Millennium Development Goals MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development NCFSE New Coalition for Food Security in Ethiopia NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NPDPM National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ODI Overseas Development Institute OFSP Other Food Security Programmes ORDA Organization of Relief and Development of Amhara OSSREA Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. PA Peasant Associations PANE Poverty Action Network Ethiopia PIM Programme Implementation Manual PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSNP Productive Safety Net Programme v PW Public Works RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal RRN Relief and Rehabilitation Network RRC Relief and Rehabilitation Commission SDPRP Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Programme SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TGE Transitional Government of Ethiopia UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States’ Dollar UN United Nations WARDO Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme vi Acknowledgements This thesis is made possible with the support of so many people over the four year period since the beginning of my PhD in January 2008. At the outset I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Professor Thea Hilhorst who initiated the LEAFS research programme and enabled me to pursue my PhD at Disaster Studies, Wageningen University. I would like to thank her for her support during the writing process especially for her comments which helped me to view things differently and critically. I also would like to thank my other two supervisors Dr. Gerrit-Jan van Uffelen and Dr. Alula Pankhurst for their assistance and their advice, constructive comments and encouragement throughout the four years period. In fact, this thesis would not have been finalised in its present structure without their guidance. Furthermore, I would like to thank my research assistants Yeshitila Fekade and Setie Arega for their support in collecting primary data in the two research villages in Ebinat district of Amhara region and in facilitating the field work in general. Their presence was crucial and helped me a lot in undertaking my fieldwork. They were like friends to me throughout the field work period. Without their support it would have been very hard to have completed the fieldwork in the given period of time. My sincere gratitude also goes to the case study households who were very cooperative in giving me their time for the long discussion we had. They accepted me as one of their family during the frequent visits that I had with each one of them. They shared their stories and gave insight in their lives and livelihoods in their free time, during coffee ceremonies and over dinner. I cannot thank them enough for their openness and willingness to provide me with such detailed information which helped me to complete this thesis. I further would like to thank other individuals who helped me with the field work in one way or the other starting from the selection of the study district at the regional Food Security Bureau in Bahir Dar. In this regard I am particularly indebted to Ato Taffesse, Ato Aderaw, Ato Bamlaku, Ato Abate, Ato Amare, Ato Dessalegn, Ato Kerealem and Ato Tilahun. Moreover, I would like to thank Alemayehu G/Medihin for introducing me to the study area. I am also indebted to the Development Agents in the two selected study villages, for their support in sharing with me their data and, facilitating my fieldwork and also in providing me food and shelter especially at the beginning of my fieldwork period. In this regard, my special thanks goes to Esubalew and Mekuanint who were like a friends during my stay in the district. Special thanks also to the Kebele administrators of the selected villages, the Woreda Food Security Task Force, Kebele Food Security Task Force and the two Village Food Security Task Forces as well as others who provided me information during the fieldwork period. The support of the head of the District Agricultural Office Ato Masresha Mezigebu and the Productive Safety Net Programme Coordinator Ato Aragaw Misikir were also very instrumental. They allowed me to have access to the material in the hand of the district agricultural office. I have no words to thank them, especially Ato Aragaw, who was a close friend to me during my stay in Ebinat for everything he did. I can go to his office any time when I needed information even if he was in the middle of something. I cannot forget the time we had together including the many lunches I had with him at his house. I am also thankful for him that he allowed me to use his Motorcycle before I had my own. He was the person I can call for whenever there was something I needed in Ebinat. His presence in the district helped me to do things easily which otherwise I could not be able to do by myself. I would also like to thank all the staff of the District Agricultural Office that made their door vii open to me whenever I needed information. Especially I would like to thank Ato Awoke, Ato Mare and Ato Bewuket. My sincere gratitude goes to all my friends in Ethiopia: Metadel Belete, Getachew, Abebe, Adino Moges, Abrhama Mebrat, Hailu Sheferaw, Mossa Indris, Adnino Tegegne, Mulugeta G/Mariam, Berhanu Demeke, Hailu Moges, Dr. Mussie H/Melekot, Zelalem Wondimagegne, Zelalem Letibelu, Liqu, Josy and Bizuayehu for their encouragement and advice. I also would like to thank members of the Ethiopian Community in Wageningen and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Sunday School members especially Jonny Girma, Berhanu, Bethlehem and Martha for making my stay here in Wageningen a memorable one. I extend my heartfelt indebtedness to WOTRO (The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research) for funding this research programme and enabling me to undertake my PhD study at Wageningen University. Many thanks are due to other people who helped me in many different ways in this thesis including Jeltsje, James Coperstake and Dorothy Myers. Many thanks also to my colleagues at Disaster Studies for the experience that we shared together during my stay in the Netherlands: Patrick, Fons, Hilde 1, Hilde 2, Annelies, Luis, Bram, Winnie, Jeroen, Lucie, Wendy, Gemma, Rens 1, Rens 2, Carlos, George, Martijn, Lotte, Ninke, and Akin. Thank you for the time we had together and hope we will keep in touch for years to come. I am also greatly indebted to my parents, my mother Askal Moges and my father Dagnachew Siyoum, for their enduring support throughout my life. My brothers: Sol, Dave, Mini and Tedu, I cannot thank you enough for your constant encouragement throughout my life and for your social, material and financial assistance that always motivate me to try my best. Especially, I would like to thank Solomon for everything he did to support me and my family. Had it been without his support, I would not have reached at this point in my life. Thank you all for your love and support. You are the best family one can have in this world. I love you all and I dedicate this thesis to all of you. Elizabeth, my wife! Thank you for your understanding, care and unconditional love. There were times where I was not there for you when you needed me the most. I have been away for long periods of time to undertake my fieldwork and in writing up my thesis.
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