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Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia Rhetoric and Reality

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Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia Rhetoric and Reality View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2006-03 Human rights and internal security in Malaysia rhetoric and reality Rahim, Noor Hishmuddian Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2973 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNAL SECURITY IN MALAYSIA: RHETORIC AND REALITY by Noor Hishmuddian Rahim March 2006 Thesis Co-Advisors: Aurel Croissant Michael Malley Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202- 4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2006 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Human Rights and Internal Security in 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality 6. AUTHOR(S) Noor Hishmuddian Rahim 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING ADDRESS(ES) AGENCY REPORT NUMBER N/A 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Since 1957, Malaysia has faced external and internal security threats. Over time, Malaysia has succeeded in solving the external threats but internal threats remained. The internal threats have come in many forms, including ethnic conflict, religious extremism and deviationism, and terrorism. Since the safety of the public lies in the hands of the government, measures have been taken to ensure the nation’s stability and security, including restriction on civil and political liberties. This thesis examines human rights in Malaysia with a special focus on civil and political rights, particularly during the government of Prime Minister Mahathir. This thesis also examines the different rationalities used by the government in order to legitimize the restriction of human rights. The rationales that have been used by the government were: the anti-communist, racial harmony, the “Asian values” and developmentalism, and terrorism. This thesis analyzes the reasons behind changes in the rationales and the consequences for internal security. In addition, this thesis addresses the question of the potential impact on internal security if human rights were to be improved. In the final chapter, the thesis summarizes the findings and gives an outlook of the development of human rights in Malaysia. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Human Rights, Internal Security, Malaysia, Rhetoric, Reality, Asian 15. NUMBER OF Values, Racial Harmony, Terrorism, Pluralism, Consociationalism, Semi-Democracy, New PAGES Economy Policy, New Development Policy and National Vision Policy 145 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution unlimited HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNAL SECURITY IN MALAYSIA: RHETORIC AND REALITY Noor Hishmuddian Rahim Major, Malaysian Army MCJ, University of Malaya (Malaysia), 2004 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 2006 Author: Noor Hishmuddian Rahim Approved by: Aurel Croissant Thesis Co-Advisor Michael Malley Thesis Co-Advisor Douglas Porch Chairman, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT Since 1957, Malaysia has faced external and internal security threats. Over time, Malaysia has succeeded in solving the external threats but internal threats remained. The internal threats have come in many forms, including ethnic conflict, religious extremism and deviationism, and terrorism. Since the safety of the public lies in the hands of the government, measures have been taken to ensure the nation’s stability and security, including restriction on civil and political liberties. This thesis examines human rights in Malaysia with a special focus on civil and political rights, particularly during the government of Prime Minister Mahathir. This thesis also examines the different rationalities used by the government in order to legitimize the restriction of human rights. The rationales that have been used by the government were: the anti-communist, racial harmony, the “Asian values” and developmentalism, and terrorism. This thesis analyzes the reasons behind changes in the rationales and the consequences for internal security. In addition, this thesis addresses the question of the potential impact on internal security if human rights were to be improved. In the final chapter, the thesis summarizes the findings and gives an outlook of the development of human rights in Malaysia. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 A. BACKGROUND ................................................................................... 1 B. RESEARCH SCOPE............................................................................ 7 C. METHODOLOGY............................................................................... 11 D. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY..................................................... 12 II. POLITICS AND SOCIETY IN MALAYSIA.................................................... 15 A. MALAYSIA AS A PLURALISTIC SOCIETY...................................... 15 B. MALAYSIA POLITICS: FROM CONSOCIATIONALISM TO SEMI- DEMOCRACY.................................................................................... 21 C. NEW ECONOMIC POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: FROM COLONIAL ECONOMY TO NEWLY INDUSTRIAL COUNTRY ........ 25 1. The Colonial Economy Era ................................................... 26 2. Economic Growth and Transformation from 1957 to 1969 28 3. New Economic Policy (1970 – 1990) .................................... 30 4. New Development Policy (1991-2000).................................. 33 5. National Vision Policy (2001 – 2010) .................................... 34 D. CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 36 III. HUMAN RIGHTS IN MALAYSIA BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER MAHATHIR'S GOVERNMENT ..................................................................... 39 A. HUMAN RIGHTS................................................................................ 39 B. HUMAN RIGHTS PRIOR TO MAHATHIR’S RULE ........................... 42 1. Tunku Abdul Rahman (1957 – 1970) .................................... 42 2. Abdul Razak (1970 - 1976)..................................................... 45 3. Hussein Onn (1976 – 1981) ................................................... 48 C. THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION UNDER MAHATHIR (1981 - 2003) .................................................................................................. 50 1. 1981 - 1990.............................................................................. 50 2. 1990 – 2003............................................................................. 53 D. HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION AFTER MAHATHIR (2003 – 2005) ... 61 E. CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 63 IV. LEGITIMIZING HUMAN RIGHTS RESTRICTIONS: THE RHETORIC AND THE REALITY...................................................................................... 67 A. THE ANTI-COMMUNIST RATIONALE.............................................. 67 1. Rhetoric .................................................................................. 68 2. Reality..................................................................................... 70 B. THE RACIAL HARMONY RATIONALE ............................................ 72 1. Rhetoric .................................................................................. 72 2. Reality..................................................................................... 74 C. THE “ASIAN VALUES” AND DEVELOPMENTALIST RATIONALE ...................................................................................... 78 vii 1. Rhetoric .................................................................................
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