An Analysis of Betrayal Trauma As Portrayed in Heather Lloyd's My Name Is Venus Black a Thesis by Sabrina Silmi Aulia Reg. No

AN ANALYSIS OF BETRAYAL TRAUMA AS PORTRAYED IN HEATHER

LLOYD’S MY NAME IS VENUS BLACK

A THESIS

SABRINA SILMI AULIA

REG. NO. 150705066

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AN ANALYSIS OF BETRAYAL TRAUMA AS PORTRAYED IN HEATHER LLOYD’S MY NAME IS VENUS BLACK

A THESIS BY SABRINA SILMI AULIA REG. NO. 150705066

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum. Dian Marisha Putri, S.S., M. S .i. NIP. 19630216 198903 1 003 NIP. 19901029 201706 2 001 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of

Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on August 5th, 2019.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.

NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D ______

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum. ______

Dr. Martha Pardede, M. S. ______

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SABRINA SILMI AULIA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM THESIS BY

WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO

OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed:

Date: August 5th, 2019

v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : SABRINA SILMI AULIA

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF BETRAYAL TRAUMA AS

PORTRAYED IN HEATHER LLOYD’S MY NAME

IS VENUS BLACK

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCREATION OF THE LIBRARIAN

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USER ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF

THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed:

Date: August 5th, 2019

vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Bismi-llāhi ar-raḥmāni ar-raḥīmi,

First of all, I am so thankful that I was finally able to finish my thesis which entitled “An Analysis of Betrayal Trauma as Portrayed in Heather Lloyd My Name Is

Venus Black”. I would like to express my gratitude to Allah SWT who has always giving me guidance’s, answer, and with blessed and mercies. Without all of it, I would not be able to accomplish my thesis. I also would like to thank and express my deepest appreciation to:

1. My family: My parents, Umi and Abi and my little sister and brother, Difa and

Ziyad. Thank you so much for loving me and for being my number one supporter

in my life. Thank you for always cheer me up when I have problems in my

thesis. Thank you for all your prayers and wise advices. You all are my

inspirations in finishing my study. I love you all so much from the deepest of my

heart. For my big family, Dolok Sordang (Harahap) and Napalombang (Siregar).

Especially for my beloved grandmother and grandfather: Uci, Ompung, Nek

Sayang, and Nek Odang (alm).

2. My supervisor and co-supervisor, Sir Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum. And

Mam Dian Marisha Putri, S.S, M. S .i. who always guides me and gives me

many good knowledges and advices for my thesis. Thank you Sir Parlin who

always reply in whatssap and give helpful advices when revise my thesis and

thank you Mam Dian for accept and signed my title of draft proposal just once. It

is such a magical thing for me.

vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S, the Head

of English Department, Mam Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D, the Secretary of

English Department, Sir Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D and all of the

lecturers in English Department for all the knowledges, attention, time and

guidance’s, also Bang Kirno (Kibot) from Department of English officer who is

very helpful especially when turnitin.

4. For my lovely, cute, and handsome orange tabby-bicolor cat named Gaudi or

Audi (full name: Auditorium USU), which suddenly come into my life when I

have been already accepted the title or draft proposal of my thesis, thank you for

coming to my home, our home.

5. My really best friend since the first time we met in the college, Indah, Isna, Zian.

Thank you so much for care and understand about me. My life would be less

interesting if I don’t have you all in my life. Thank you for all the random talks

and advices. You are always there through my ups and downs. I will miss you in

my life. And for my best friend from my past (primary, junior and senior high

school from Medan, Jakarta, West Java, and abroad) who still remember me

especially Nur Syamsiah Alam, who is becoming English teacher in Jakarta.

6. All my friends in college, especially in my class English Literature 15 B: Pushin,

Oktri, Febri, Raja, Vivi, Elsa, Laras, Ika, Agung, Desvita, Ahsan, Dilla, Yola,

Kak Anya, Gio, Diana, Cut Nadia, Widi A, Sri Wahyuni, Boni, Sri W, Moni,

Lewi, Frans David, Al and others who always support me and bring joy to my

life. Thank you for helping me in turnitin: Indah, Laras, Jaka, and Ika. Special

thanks to David Christian who is teaching me playing guitar at first semester in

viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the college. Thank you for all your helps this past four years. Thank you for

becoming my family in my life. Thank you for buying my product when I

become a reseller in class and whatever I sell always sold. You are all precious to

me and all my friends from 15 A (special for Desy), senior, extension class and

junior (Kila my younger sister, Mawaddah, Dewi, etc.) and friends in IMSI who I

can’t mention their name one by one. My partner at proposal seminar is my

senior sister Annisa Fitri from extension class and my partner at final

examination is my senior brother, Adam Alexander Tahil. Thanks for both of

you makes me confuse at that time. I will miss you both. Thank you Sir Wara

Sinuhaji to give me Rockaro disc when in philosophy class at third semester and

you give me that because I love rock song. Thank you for all my spiritual

masters from all over the world. My life will be a mess without love from the

universe. Thanks to myself too.

7. And lastly, thank you for everyone who supported me and thank you for loving

me. Wish God repay your love back.

Medan, August 5th, 2019

The writer,

Sabrina Silmi Aulia

150705066

ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled “An Analysis of Betrayal Trauma as Portrayed in Heather Lloyd My Name Is Venus Black”. This thesis is analyzing betrayal trauma on the main character. The thesis has aim to find out and understand how the trauma of betrayal occur. This study has two problems, depression and anxiety from betrayal trauma as portrayed in the novel. The main character in the novel is Venus Black and she has reasons behind her act of betrayal trauma. Venus betray to her stepfather by killing him in order to get out from the sexual harassment that she can't accept anymore and she betray to her mother because her mother neglect her even though she tell the truth of her stepfather did to her. The thesis use method of descriptive-qualitative and research of library. A researcher accumulate some data from novel and also from some articles, books, and journals that has relation of this thesis. Result from this thesis is uncovering the truth that betrayal trauma happened on the main character because the accumulation of depression and anxiety in her daily life. Keywords: Betrayal, trauma, depression, anxiety

x UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Betrayal Trauma as Portrayed in Heather Lloyd My Name Is Venus Black”. Skripsi ini menganalisis bagaimana trauma pengkhianatan di karakter utama. Tujuan skripsi ini yaitu untuk mengetahui dan memahami bagaimana itu terjadi, mencari kedua permasalahan depresi dan kecemasan dari pengkhianatan yang tergambarkan di dalam novel. Tokoh utamanya adalah Venus Black, dia memiliki alasan di balik tindakan trauma pengkhianatannya. Venus mengkhianati ayah tirinya dengan membunuhnya untuk keluar dari pelecehan seksual yang tidak dapat dia terima lagi dan dia mengkhianati ibunya karena ibunya mengabaikannya meskipun dia mengatakan kebenaran yang dilakukan ayah tirinya kepadanya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode deskriptif-kualitatif dan penelitian kepustakaan. Penulis mengumpulkan data dari novel dan dari beberapa sumber artikel, buku, dan jurnal yang memiliki hubungan dengan skripsi ini. Hasil dari skripsi ini adalah mengungkapkan kebenaran bahwa trauma pengkhianatan dapat terjadi pada karakter utama karena akumulasi depresi dan kecemasan di dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari. Kata Kunci: Pengkhianatan, trauma, depresi, kecemasan.

xi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... vii

ABSTRACT ...... x

ABSTRAK ...... xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 6

1.3 Objectives of Study ...... 6

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 6

1.5 Significances of the Study ...... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Literature ...... 8

2.2 Theory of Literature and Psychology ...... 9

xii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3 A Brief View on Character ...... 9

2.4 Depression and Anxiety ...... 12

2.4.1 Depression ...... 12

2.4.1.1 The Cognitive Triad (of negative automatic thinking) ...... 12

2.4.2.2 Negative self-schemas ...... 13

2.4.2.3. Errors in Logic (i.e. faulty information processing) ...... 14

2.4.2 Anxiety ...... 15

2.4.2.1 Reality Anxiety ...... 16

2.4.2.2 Neurotic Anxiety ...... 16

2.4.2.3 Moral Anxiety ...... 16

2.4.2.4 Defense Mechanism ...... 16

2.4.2.5 Types of Defense Mechanism ...... 17

2.5 Betrayal Trauma Theory ...... 18

2.6 Related Previous Study ...... 19

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design ...... 21

3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 21

xiii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3 Data Collecting Procedure ...... 22

3.4 Data Analysis Procedure ...... 22

3.4.1 Chart of Data Analysis Procedure ...... 24

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Depression as Betrayal Trauma ...... 25

4.1.1 The Cognitive Triad (of negative automatic thinking) ...... 26

4.1.2 Negative self-schemas ...... 27

4.1.3 Errors in Logic (i.e. faulty information processing) ...... 30

4.2 Anxiety as Betrayal Trauma ...... 32

4.2.1 Reality Anxiety ...... 32

4.2.2 Neurotic Anxiety ...... 34

4.2.3 Moral Anxiety ...... 36

4.3 Findings ...... 37

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions ...... 39

5.2 Suggestion ...... 40

xiv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

REFERENCES ...... 41

APPENDICES i. Author’s Biography and Works ii. Summary of The Novel

xv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In this era, many phenomenon about betrayal trauma are happening around us.

An example of betrayal trauma in reality life is when Bekasi police have not arrested the rapist suspect of a teenage girl, who is the stepdaughter of the suspect. “We have not been able to find the suspect. We have mobilized our detectives to find it. We think he has left Java,” said Bekasi Police spokesman Adj. Kawan Said Siswo on Tuesday as quoted by kompas.com. Siswo said the suspect might have left home when he learned the girl's uncle had reported it to the police more than a month ago. Responding to the accusation that the police were too slow to conduct an investigation, Siswo said that the

Bekasi Police received many reports and that is why they did not immediately arrest his stepfather. Siswo added, however, that they now had enough evidence and information regarding the case. The girl's family first noticed her case when she looked scared during her mother's funeral. Apparently, he was afraid that his stepfather would be completely out of control after his mother's death. The victim said she was raped the first time in

2012 and the next four times since. He said his stepfather took the opportunity to attack him whenever his wife was away from home. The girl's family took her case to the

National Commission for Child Protection (Komnas PA) because they thought the police were too slow. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/14/suspected-stepfather-rapist-lam.html.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Betrayal is breaking contract that causes ethic and mental conflict within a relation between personal and organizations. The act of supporting a rival group is called by betrayal. Trauma is defined as a very sad experience that is usually followed by emotional and physical shocks. Example of betrayal trauma is sexual assault.

Trauma is defined as a deeply distressing or overwhelming experience that is commonly followed by emotional and physical shock. If it is left unresolved or untreated, traumatic experiences can lead to short and long-term challenges. Betrayal trauma condition can be happened because of sudden death of a loved one, physical or sexual assault, witnessing violence, natural disasters, car accidents, military combat, and many more.

In addition, we can get suffering betrayals major and minor in our life. Even according to Jones & Burdette (1994:2), we may unwittingly betray others. Betray definition according to The Macquarie Dictionary (1991:2) lists a number of different, though closely related, meanings of the term “to betray,” including to deliver up to an enemy, to be disloyal or unfaithful, to deceive or mislead, to reveal secrets, to seduce and desert, and to disappoint the hopes or expectations of another. It also can be defined as the rejection by others. However, the relationship between interpersonal betrayal and rejection has not been explicitly discussed in social psychological literature. In fact, most researchers act both of them as different phenomena. Jones and Burdette (1994:2) also argued that rejection tends to occur early in the process of trying to establish a relationship, meanwhile betrayal occurs in an established relationship where partners are involved with, and to an extent, trust one another.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA According to their argument, rejection can be so painful, in addition if the pain is for the loss of a potential relationship. While in the other hand, betrayal is devastating because it disrupts an ongoing, meaningful relationship in which partners have invested material and emotional resources. Similarly, Jones, Couch and Scott (1997:2) argued that rejection and betrayal are the two basic risks people take in close relationships, but that betrayal is worse than rejection.

My Name Is Venus Black is a novel by Heather Lloyd that tells the story of

Venus Black, a girl thirteen-year-old teenager, she is imprisoned for killing her stepfather as a result of past betrayal trauma she experienced, namely sexual harassment for many years she did not realize before. His stepfather peered at her from the wall hole of her room all this time she did not know until Leo, her younger brother who found the hole in her room first.

He was lying on Venus bed, naming planets, when he stopped at Saturn. He got up and went over to the wall near dresser and stood on his tiptoes, reaching for something. The sunlight was slanting through the window just so and Venus saw what

Leo was after. Venus put her pinky in the perfectly round hole at the center of a knot in the knotty-pine paneling and it went all the way through. The more she looked at the hole, the stranger see this. She sees nothing through it, but she knew where it led.

Venus stuck a pencil into the hole, then she went out to the garage, telling herself it was probably just a natural flaw in the knotty pine. The garage was unfinished.

Raymond, his stepfather used portable heaters in winter to work on cars. His hot-rod calendar on the far wall was jutting out a little bit. When she lifted the calendar, she saw the end of her pencil. She froze in shock and disbelief as the truth pounded through her

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA brain. Raymond (Venus stepfather) had been spying on her for God knew how long through that hole, watching her dress, watching her walk in naked from the shower.

Watching her friends undress.

Everything buzzed. Her body felt like it burst into flames of shame.

It was the worst possible thing she could imagine happening to her. It was the end of her world. Panicked and gasping for breath, she shoved the pencil back through the hole and let the hot-rod calendar fall to cover it again. She stumbled to her room and sat on bed, shaking with rage and terror. Raymond was out, helping a friend at his shop. But

Inez (Venus mother) should get home from work any minute. And when she did, she would see the truth. She would finally throw the bastard out.

To prove it, Inez had follow Venus to the garage and lifted the calendar. Inez looked sick, like she’d been slapped. Venus expected outrage, but instead Inez began to explain it away. She promised to fix the hole, and then she said she had to make dinner.

Venus sat on her bed, immobilized. She kept thinking back, putting together the pieces.

Surely this was why she had been so revolted by Raymond her entire childhood. Without knowing why, she had always known without knowing, which was the most horrifying part of all.

Finally, don’t remember how long she sat there, her rage boiling until it turned into something like a plan. Venus calmly went upstairs and passed Inez in the kitchen. In

Venus parents’ bedroom closet, Venus stood on tiptoe and caught the edge of a shoe box, the one where Raymond kept his handgun buried under a bunch of Inez’s scarves.

At night after dinner, when Venus announced within Raymond’s hearing that she was getting into her pajamas. She went down to her bedroom. Waited. Heard the outside

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA garage door open and shut. A radio came on, and the sequence was suddenly familiar.

And with it a parade of mortifying images passed before her. When she paraded around naked, dancing to the radio, when her friends spent the night and used shower. Every morning when Venus came out of the shower right in sight of the hole.

Burning shame and fresh resolve took over. She held the gun to the hole and pulled the trigger. She heard the heavy sound of him falling, followed by a last gasp of shock or pain, sounds that she would never forget. Raymond’s body was sprawled backward over the hood of a car, blood splattered everywhere. Weird little globs that reminded of pink popcorn slid down the car’s window, and she realized it must be brain matter. She recalled thinking: Who knew it would look like that? She went to her room while pointing the gun at the right hole, Raymond was in the garage working and

Raymond was shot dead right on his head.

Heather Lloyd is the writer of My Name Is Venus Black novel. She is an

American author. My Name Is Venus Black is her first novel. Venus Black is a straitlaced. A student fascinated by the study of astronomy, until the night she commited a shocking crime that tore her family apart and igniteda media firestorm. Venus refused to talk about what happened or why, excepted to blame her mother. Adding to the mystery, Venus’s developmentally challenged younger brother, Leo, went missing.

In this gripping story, debut novelist Heather Lloyd brilliantly captured ordinary lives trust into extraordinary circumstances. Told through a constellation of captivating voices, My Name Is Venus Black explored the instability of right and wrong, the pain betrayal, then love & family purpose.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In doing this research, the writer chose the title of betrayal trauma because

Venus betrayal to her stepfather by killing him and what happened to her makes her life into trauma. She is not only betray to her stepfather but also her mother because neglect of her mother did to her after the incident happened.

Retrieved from (https://www.amazon.com/My-Name-Venus-Black-Novel- ebook/dp/B071W4JJHP).

1.2 Problems of the Study

1. How is depression as betrayal trauma portrayed in the novel My Name Is Venus

Black?

2. How is anxiety as betrayal trauma portrayed in the novel My Name Is Venus Black?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The researcher would like to achieve the following objectives:

1. To find out how depression as betrayal trauma portrayed in the novel My Name Is

Venus Black.

2. To find out how anxiety as betrayal trauma portrayed in the novel My Name Is

Venus Black.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The researcher doing a research with only focused analyzing depression and anxiety on the main character of Heather Lloyd novel, it is My Name Is Venus Black.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Furthermore, the writer uses the theory of betrayal trauma proposed by Rachel E.

Goldsmith & Jennifer Freyd (2005). Betrayal Trauma Theory (BTT) also supporting theory of Depression by Beck (1967) and Anxiety by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

1.5 Significances of the Study

This analysis can be hope giving significance for the reader, both theoretical and practical.

Theoretically:

1. The significance is to enrich reader’s knowledge related to the study of

betrayal trauma in further understanding through a novel.

2. In addition, it is also expected to give an overview of how psychology and

literature can be involved in analyzing betrayal trauma as portrayed in My

Name Is Venus Black novel.

Practically:

1. This study is made as a reference for those who are interested in studying

novel, especially the analysis about betrayal trauma as a review of related

literature.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Literature

Literature is writing. More limited, literature refers to writing that is considered an art form or a single intellectual property value, often because it uses language in a different way than ordinary use.

According to Richard Taylor in his book Understanding the Elements of

Literature (1981: 1) said that literature "like other arts, basically is an imaginative action which is doing of the author's fantasy in choosing, reserving, and defining life experiences." Here Taylor says that the focus of literature is on the activities and processes of making literature.

There are a number of external points discussed in the literature study. Except settings and environment. Extrinsic studies only connect literature with the social structure and prior growth. Through some points, this is a 'ordinary' information, claiming responsibility of the literature, explaining then ultimately reducing it to a

'fallacy of origins'. However, causal studies can never be separated from the analysis, evaluation, and description some objects such as literary art. According to Wellek,

Warren (1977: 73), the causes and consequences are not commensurate: the concrete results of this extrinsic cause, artwork is always unpredictable.

Wellek, Warren (1963: 22) define literary terms seem best if we limit them to literary art, namely imaginative literature. Literature is also created by the author's fictions. Literature is not only fact papers or a collection in pure events. It also make

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA some products from unlimited imagination. Literature is the whole written expression in imagination, which explains definition of life and nature.

2.2 Literature Theory and Psychology

In this thesis, the author uses literary theory and psychology by Wellek and

Warren. "There are four possible definitions of literary psychology: the psychological study of the writer, as a type and as an individual, or the study of creative processes, or the study of the types and psychological laws in literature, or, finally, the literary effect on the reader (audience of psychology) (Wellek and Warren, 1977: 81).

According to Russell (1964: 551), "Psychologists are more likely to be replicated observations, while writers are more inclined to analogy and metaphor". However, both of them share the purpose of understanding the development of the subject, real / fictional character, respectively. According to Russell, knowledge leads to facts from one field that can contribute to others in four categories: author psychology, creative process psychology, behavioral studies, and literature responses.

2.3 A Brief View on Character

Character is an important element that gives an impression in a story. It is a messenger of author in conveying a message of the story. Abrams (1985:23-24) states:

"Characters are people who are in a drama or narrative work, which is believed by the audience as a dish that gets blessings, and deep emotions in life always speaking in conversation and do in action. The grounds in the characters’ temperament, desires,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and moral nature for their speech and actions are called motivation. A character may remain essentially “stable,” or unchanged in outlook and disposition. …. Whether a character remains stable or changes, the reader of a traditional and realistic work expects

“consistency”-the character should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded in his or her temperament”.

Duffy and Petit (1953: 24) stated that “Character is a person in a story or a play”.

The process of creating and developing character in a work fiction is called characterization. Jones, (1968: 84) states that characterization is the depicting of clear images of a person. Characterization, by this definition, means the real description of the characters participating in the story through their actions.

Character development involves both physical description and classification of the mental and spiritual qualities of the person.The general character in a story, whether he is sympatric or an unsymphatic person, is related to the protagonist, they forced arrayed against him, whether person or things, they are the antagonist. (Perrine, 1978:

43). a. The Major or Main Character

The major characters play an important role in the story or the novel. The major characters can further be analyzed into three groups they are as follows: (1) protagonist

(2) antagonist (3) companion. b. Minor Character

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Minor character also can be called as supporter of the drama, novel and they do not have an important role inside the novel.

1. Physical appearance of the main characters. It contains the physical of the appearances, related about their age, performance, describe how old they are, how they look like, about sex both men or women is like have pale skin, handsome or beautiful, long, black or brown, etc.

2. Social status of the main characters

This section describes how the main character of life (rich or poor), how education and treasure dignity. And discusses the background of the main character, such as: their educational background, their life in middle, high modern classes.

3. Social relationship of the main characters.

In this case, the writer wants to discuss the relationship between the main characters and others characters surrounding them (minor character or supporting character).

4. Personality of the main characters

It describes the personality of the main character such as: how to create romantic situation, can see good condition to play a role, whether or not are they responsible, neat persons or discipline.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4 Depression and Anxiety

According to Goldsmith & Freyd (2005:297), the initial focus of Betrayal

Trauma Theory (BTT) is a response to unawareness, but because the theory has been expanded and developed, other responses such as depression, and anxiety have been considered.

2.4.1 Depression

There are three mechanisms that found by Beck (1967:3) were responsible for depression, which are:

1. The Cognitive Triad (of negative automatic thinking)

2. Negative self-schemas

3. Errors in Logic (i.e. faulty information processing).

2.4.1.1 The Cognitive Triad (of negative automatic thinking)

The cognitive triad are three forms of negative (i.e. helpless and critical) thinking that are typical of individuals with depression: namely negative thoughts about the self, the world and the future. These thoughts tended to be automatic in depressed people as they occurred spontaneously.

E.g depressed personality incline to show themselves as helpless, worthless, and inadequate. They interpret events in the world in an unrealistically negative and defeatist

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA way, and they see the world as posing obstacles that can’t be handled. Finally, they see the future as totally hopeless because their worthlessness will prevent their situation improving.

As these three components interact, they interfere with normal cognitive processing, leading to impairments in perception, memory and problem solving with the person becoming obsessed with negative thoughts.

2.4.1.2 Negative self-schemas

Beck (1967:3) believed that depression prone individuals develop a negative self-schema. They possess a set of beliefs and expectations about themselves that are essentially negative and pessimistic. Beck claimed that negative schemas may be acquired in childhood as aresult of a traumatic event. Experiences that might contribute to negative schemas include:

1. Death of a parent or sibling.

2. Parental rejection, criticism, overprotection, neglect or abuse.

3. Bullying at school or exclusion from peer group.

However, a negative self-schema predisposes the individual to depression, and therefore someone who has acquired a cognitive triad will not necessarily develop depression. Some kind of stressful life event is required to activate this negative schema later in life. Once the negative schema are activated a number of illogical thoughts or cognitive biases seem to dominate thinking. People with negative self-schemas become

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA prone to making logical errors in their thinkingand they tend to focus selectively on certain aspects of a situation while ignoring equally relevant information.

2.4.1.3 Errors in Logic (i.e. faulty information processing)

Beck (1967:3) identified a number of systematic negative bias in information processing known as logical errors or faulty thinking. These illogical thought patterns are self-defeating, and can cause great anxiety or depression for the individual. For example:

1. Arbitrary Inference. Drawing a negative conclusion in the absence of supporting data.

2. Selective Abstraction. Focusing on the worst aspects of any situation.

3. Magnification and Minimization. If they have a problem they make it appear bigger than it is. If they have a solution they make it smaller.

4. Personalization. Negative events are interpreted as their fault.

5. Dichotomous Thinking. Everything is seen as black and white. There is no in between.

Such thoughts exacerbate, and are exacerbated by the cognitive triad. Beck believed these thoughts or this way of thinking become automatic. When a person’s stream of automatic thoughts is very negative you would expect a person to become depressed. Quite often these negative thoughts will persist even in the face of contrary

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA evidence. Retrieved from (https://www.simplypsychology.org/simplypsychology.org-

Depression.pdf).

2.4.2 Anxiety

Anxious (anxiety) is excessive anxiety about threats that are not necessarily real.

Often the term anxiety is equated with fear. Though both are things that are different.

According to Freud Sigmund (1856-1939:97), the human is driven towards tension reduction, in order to reduce feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is an aversive inner state that people seek to avoid or escape.

Humans seek to reduce anxiety through defense mechanisms. Defense

Mechanisms can be psychologically healthy or maladaptive, but tension reduction is the overall goal in both cases. A comprehensive list of Defense Mechanisms was developed by Anna Freud, Sigmund's daughter. Anna remained with her Father throughout his life, never marrying.

In Freudian terms, she remained trapped in her Oedipus complex, never giving up her longing to possess her father sexually. However, because of a strong ego and super ego, this ID based desires were sublimated into psychological creativity which advanced Freudian theory, her father's greatest love. Freud specified three major types of anxiety:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.2.1 Reality Anxiety

The most basic form, rooted in reality. Fear of lion bites, fears arising from future accidents. (Ego Based Anxiety). The Most Common Tension Reduction Method:

Remove yourself from dangerous situations.

2.4.2.2 Neurotic Anxiety

Anxiety arises of an unconscious fear. Anxiety that perched before the threat occurred. For example, we are already afraid of the coming apocalypse.

2.4.2.3 Moral Anxiety

Anxiety caused by fear in violating the rules made by the community. So if that happens, the perpetrators will be exiled by the community.

2.4.2.4 Defense Mechanisms

When several types of anxiety occur, the mind responds in two ways: First, problem solving efforts increase, and second, the defense mechanism is triggered. All

Defense Mechanisms share two general characteristics: They can operate unconsciously, they can be distorted, altered, or falsified.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.2.5 Types of Defense Mechanisms

Sigmund Freud (1894, 1896: 1) records types of defense mechanism. They are:

1. Compensation

Compensation is a negative process of covering oneself that is felt by developing a positive self-concept. For example, if someone is not capable in the academic field, then he tries to excel in other fields, for example sports.

2. Denial

Denial is the process by which the unconscious realizes something negative is near us but ourselves try to ignore it or not want to face it. For example, a father who is drinks alcohol.

On the one hand, the community will regard the father's deeds as neither good nor negative. However, in the family it was considered normal or positive because it was done by a father in the family. And a father is a positive person.

3. Replacement

Replacement is when you express your feelings for a substitute target because you don't want to reveal it to the actual target. An example is when a father is scolded by his boss in the office, he feels annoyed but cannot repay him so that the mother is his target at home.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.5 Betrayal Trauma Theory

The theory of betrayal trauma (BTT) introduced by Jennifer Freyd in 1994,

Traumatic betrayal is defined as trauma carried out by someone close to life. BTT suggests that a child who relies on their caregivers for support is needed to spread the traumatic experience of consciousness.

Betrayal trauma refers to a social dimension of psychological trauma, independent of post-traumatic stress reactions (Freyd, 1996:76). Betrayal trauma occurs when the people or institutions on which a person depends for survival significantly violate that person’s trust or well-being: Childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse perpetrated by a caregiver are examples of betrayal trauma. When psychological trauma involves betrayal, the victim may be less aware or less able to recall the traumatic experience because to do so will likely lead to confrontation or withdrawal by the betraying caregiver, threatening a necessary attachment relationship and thus the victim’s survival. Research findings indicate that adults are less likely to fully recall childhood abuse by caregivers or close others than by strangers (Freyd, DePrince, &

Gleaves, 2007:295).

The initial focus of BTT was on the response of unawareness, but as the theory has been extended and developed, other responses such as alexithymia, depression, and anxiety have been considered (e.g., Goldsmith & Freyd, 2005:297). In addition, betrayal trauma associated with other problems such as physical illness, alexithymia, depression, and anxiety (Freyd, Klest, & Allard, 2005:76). Females, compared with males, report greater exposure to traumas high in betrayal; the reverse is true for traumas low in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA betrayal (Goldberg & Freyd, 2006:56). Betrayal trauma theory highlights the importance of safe and trustworthy attachment relationships in understanding post-traumatic outcomes.

2.6 Related Previous Study

1. This study is a script by Julie Fitness (2013) which the title is Betrayal, Rejection,

Revenge and Forgiveness. This journal concerns about the acts of betrayal that

happen between individuals in a relationship. This journal provides some knowledges

about the action of betrayal that happens in a relationship and also the explanation of

it. The contribution for this thesis that betrayal trauma make the process of trauma

and healing for the trauma itself depending on the victim of betrayal trauma.

Retrieved from Fitness, J. 2001. Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge, and Forgiveness: An

Interpersonal Script Approach. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University.

Retrieved from

http://www3.psych.purdue.edu/~willia55/392F/FitnessBetrayal.pdf. (March 15,

2019).

2. Ben-Yehuda's (2001) with his book “Betrayals and Treason Violations of Trust and

Loyalty Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press”. His book framed all forms of betrayals

and treason under a unifying analytical framework using loyalty, trust and moral

boundaries as explanatory tools.

Retrieved from Ben-Yehuda's. 2001. Betrayals and Treason Violations of Trust and

Loyalty. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. Andini Putri (2017) in her thesis is entitled “The Betrayal of The Main Characters in

Two Novels Arsen A Broken Love Story and Supernova Kesatria, Putri dan

Bintang Jatuh”. The contribution for this thesis that the research of betrayal

trauma happened not just only from one place but it can be everywhere.

Retrieved from Andini Putri. 2017. The Betrayal of The Main Characters in Two Novels

Arsen A Broken Love Story and Supernova Kesatria, Putri dan Bintang Jatuh.

Medan, Sumatera Utara: Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies,

University of Sumatera Utara. Retrieved from

http://repositori.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/4053. (March 14, 2019).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design

In writing critical analysis, a research method is needed in the process for the writer to get a fully understanding and collect all the data to complete a research. In analyzing Heather Lloyd My Name Is Venus Black, the writer will use descriptive and qualitative method. The descriptive-qualitative research is a research method to study about a phenomenon in life, to find out the patterns and themes of that phenomenon and to seek an answer about the phenomenon in a descriptive way.

According to Parse, Rosemarie Rizzo (2001:57), the purpose of the qualitative descriptive method is to studyintensely a phenomenon to discover patterns and themes aboutlife events when the researcher has a specific questions about the phenomenon.

Qualitative research methods were developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomenon. It is an inductive approach, and its goal is to gain a deeper understanding of a person or group’s experience. The writer will go through the necessary steps for achieving the most effective study results and these steps involves research design, data sources, data collection, and data analysis.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

The source of this study is primarily from the novel of My Name Is Venus Black.

The novel is published in 2018 by Penguin Random House. It has five parts with 7 chapters and 260 pages. The data in the novel can be the form of words, phrases or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA sentences. However, the writer only focuses on data that indicates depression and anxiety in betrayal trauma that encountered. Supporting a primary data, a writer also uses secondary data from some related textbooks, reports, articles, and journal in reference to further guidance.

3.3 Data Collecting Procedure

In the step of data collecting problem, the writer needs both primary and secondary data sources. First of all, the writer starts with reading the My Name Is Venus

Black novel more than twice to get further understanding and taking down any notes of depression and anxiety in betrayal trauma theory which are the found in the novel. The writer also looks into secondary data such as collecting related data from books, articles, website or internet, and other supporting material that is relevant to the topic of study.

3.4 Data Analysis Procedure

In order to analyze the data, the writer will re-reading the primary data for the first step. In this step the writer re-read the novel My Name Is Venus Black to really understand and interprete the content of the novel. The purpose of re-read the data is because it is quite hard to understand, analyze and interpret the data later if the writer only read it once. It is suggested to read the data twice or more.

Then, the second step is identifying the betrayal trauma on the My Name Is

Venus Black novel that is Venus Black to find out how the betrayal trauma happened.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The writer will analyze it based on dialogues and inner thought that depicts in betrayal trauma on the main character.

The third step is analyzing betrayal trauma theory problem. They are depression and anxiety with using supporting theory of depression and anxiety on the main characters inthe novel. In this step, a research will analyse the betrayal trauma problem of the Venus Black in to find out the depression and anxiety of it.

And then, the last step is drawing and summarizing the conclusion. In this step, the writer will conclude and summarize the result of the analysis.

The research design is the picture of the planning and the implementation that can support a writer in completing this thesis in accordance with the correct element.

The writer makes the chart to help the readers in understanding the research of the method, and chart on the next page below:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Chart 3.4.1

Data Analysis Procedure in the novel My Name is Venus Black by Heather Lloyd

Novel: My Name is Venus Black by Heather Lloyd

1. How is depression as 2. How is anxiety as betrayal betrayal trauma portrayed in trauma portrayed in the novel the novel My Name Is Venus My Name Is Venus Black? Black?

Depression on the main Anxiety on the main character in the novel My character in the novel My Name is Venus Black by Name is Venus Black by Heather Lloyd with using the Heather Lloyd using the theory of BTT by Goldsmith theory of BTT by Goldsmith & Freyd (2005) and & Freyd (2005) and supporting theory of supporting theory of Anxiety Depression by Beck (1967) by Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939)

Descriptive Qualitative Method

Conclusion

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Depression as Betrayal Trauma

Depression is a mood change that disrupts individuals from undergoing daily activities socially. Depression is a feeling where the negative emotions that accumulate become an inner pressure within a person and then a collection of stress becomes depressed in a long period of time.

Depression can be triggered from deep sadness, loss, disappointment, and fear and other things that have been collected for a long time. Depression can be caused by closest people such as spouses, family and friends.

Depression can cause someone to do something negative things. They are crying, complaining, and talking about suicide. So that it alienates itself, increases social isolation and unhappiness. Moreover, a person's personality is so rigid that it is very difficult to make adjustments in socializing.

This is because humans naturally survive with what they think and feel. If the person or the sufferer is depressed, he may not care about anything except himself and can try negative things beyond the limits of reasonableness or recklessness.

Depression occurs wherever and whenever. Therefore, positive support from the closest people is needed for the sufferer of depression in order to reduce little by little feelings of depression and can even cure people affected by depression.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.1 The Cognitive Triad (of negative automatic thinking)

The triangle cognition is a condition where a person who is depressed for a long time is caused by negative life views that come from the inner pressure of the sufferer of depression which causes him to have a bad view of himself, this world, and his future.

Examples of negative views from yourself that he, the sufferer of depression feels unable to live life, his view of the world, that in this world no one supports him or loves him and wants him to leave.

Depressed person can only think negatively and will not care about the environment unless someone realizes it, he, the depressed person has a bad view of the future that he is no longer in this world and has no future if he remains continue his life so he decided to just leave all of this world.

In My Name Is Venus Black novel, cognitive triad can portray in the quotation below is about Venus problems:

“Oh, Venus,” Inez says in a softer tone. She dares to reach out as if touch me,and I slap her hand away.“No!” I yell. “Don’t you touch me! This is all your fault! ”She gives me a wounded look. “No, Venus. If something has happened to Leo,it’s because of what you did.”(Chapter 7, Page 32).

In the quotation above, Venus blame her mother because Leo, her younger brother is missing. Leo is kidnapped and Inez blame Venus too. They blame each other.

Venus feel guilty because she in jail and cannot believe that Leo is missing. Everything go wrong because after Venus kill her stepfather and get arrest in jail, Inez lost her son too.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Other quotation is when Venus meet with Betty Tuesday morning, Venus can tell that she’s worried for her or angry or something. Venus start out begging to get out so she can look for Leo. But Betty voice takes on a briskness that shuts her down.

Now she’s scaring me. I’d been picturing staying here at Denney. I figured I’dget privileges for being good, so I could get out early. (Chapter 9, Page 32).

From the quotation above explains about Venus feel distraught and fear.

Probably she must lie if she want to free from jail and tell what Betty and everyone wants to hear. But she can’t bring herself to it. She just want to people know that her stepfather, Raymond doesn’t hurt her, he just peer on her wall room that only god knows how long he do that and Inez know about that but unfortunately Venus doesn’t want people know what true accident she have because she is victim of betrayal trauma and have many problems such as depression and anxiety, so she is not really open to Betty although Betty helps her because Venus know the perpetrator and doesn’t want people know because she feel scare, panic, and guilty.If she tell Betty the truth, everything can get worse and Betty cannot believe to Venus.

4.1.2 Negative self-schemas

A negative self scheme is a design idea from a depressed sufferer caused by the negative or bad experiences of a depressed sufferer that he experiences daily as long as he suffers from depression. The negative experiences he has can come from friends,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA family, even his own spouse. Someone who is depressed only thinks of himself in a negative way because of negative experiences he had before.

In My Name Is Venus Black novel, negative self-schema can portray in the quotation below is about Venus and her family. Venus problems are death of Venus father in her family and neglect by her parents. The writer has listed the quotations in the novel My Name Is Venus Black related to betrayal trauma in the form of depression.

“What kind of relationship did your mother have with your stepfather?” “They fought a lot. I don’t think she really even loved him. I was always rooting for her to kick him out, but she never would.”(Chapter 6, Page 26).

In the quotation above explains that her father, Raymond and her mother Inez sometimes get fight but they want to get separate because Inez doesn’t want to get poor again if divorce with him, although she know that Venus get sexual harassment from his husband. Because when she becomes single parents, she work in bar and work at midnight. Venus lost his father, Joseph Black when she is five years old, that is why Inez feel lonely and depression too.

Joseph just a factory worker and his death because he using wrong belt that is caught on a piece of machinery. It is a tragedy for Inez and Venus because she take cares

Venus alone and their economic life is just like other family who work in factory, middle to lower economic family and Inez is just ordinary mother with no job outside home. Inez doesn’t married with Raymond if they don’t meet at bar she work there because Raymond Miller celebrate his roll six strikes in a row and stroll into the bar to celebrate. They get married because Raymond buy four hole-toaster machine.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The next quotation is about Venus neglect by her parents:

“I want her out of here,” I say, trembling with anger. And then louder, “I want her out! She’s the one you should arrest!” (Chapter 1, Page 9).

The quotation above explains that when Venus see Inez, Venus very angry.

When she get arrest by the police, she so sad and she realize that her mother, Inez doesn’t really care about her. She realize that Inez always choose Raymond, her second husband than Venus, her daughter. Before Venus kill her stepfather, Inez take Venus to see “a shrink,” as Raymond call him, because Venus has anger problems and lack impulse control. It’s true that Venus was angry a lot, and it was also true, at least at home that she has a temper, especially when it came to Raymond. Sometimes, she pick fights with him for no good reason. It was almost like she want him to hurt her so she can have some way to explain to herself why she hate him so much until she get arrested right now and she understand why she hate Raymond so much.

Other quotation about Venus neglect by her parents are:

“I hated the way he treated Leo.” “How did he treat Leo? Did he hurt him physically?” “Yeah,” I say. Once, he threw me down the stairs.” (Chapter 6, Page 28).

In the quotation above, When Betty ask Venus what she really hate the most from her stepfather, Venus explains that not only she ever neglect and physical abuse by her stepfather, Raymond but his younger brother, Leo too. Raymond hurt them without

Inez knowing why especially when Venus get fight with Raymond. Her mother Inez sometimes believe Venus and sometimes Inez defend Raymond. Actually, Venus do not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA get sexual abuse but she get sexual harassment from his stepfather although she is really try to explain to Betty that she never get sexual abuse.

Before Venus leave Betty’s office, Betty asks if Venus want to hurt herself. She tell her no. That is when Betty mentions that Venus is on suicide watch her first three days of detention. Betty explains to her that every fifteen minutes someone is looking in at Venus through that small glass window in her door. The news totally freaks Venus out. Venus possibly try to suicide. Suicide hasn’t cross Venus mind since she get to jail and now she feel kind of bad, like she fail to meet expectations. She doesn’t realize she was supposed to feel so guilty about what happen that it shall make she wants to die.

Venus know, because she has try to do that. It was just last week after she kill her stepfather, and she is still alive.

4.1.3 Errors in Logic (i.e. faulty information processing)

Someone who is depressed will tend to have negative thoughts, but he cannot state that what he thinks is wrong so he becomes misunderstood by something due to his negative thoughts.

An example of error in logic is someone who is depressed stating that he thinks someone rebukes him because of his own mistakes, but he immediately concludes that the person does not care about him anymore just because he reprimands him without thinking what he is doing so that the person rebukes him.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Other example is when we fall from a tree, when we climb again we are sure we will fall or we will repeat the same failure.

In My Name Is Venus Black novel, errors in logic can portray in the quotation below:

When I try to explain this to Officer Andy, he totally doesn’tget it. “You don’t deny you’re guilty, Venus,” he says. “So what do you mean you might be innocent?” “I mean, what if it was just my destiny and there’s nothing I could have done to change it?”“Well,” he says. “Maybe that’s true in some way,” he offers. “I guess we all have a destiny. But it doesn’t change the law. And the law says you have to take responsibility.” (Chapter 3, Page 17).

In the quotation above explains about logical errors or faulty thinking. Venus denial, her personalization, and dichotomous thinking. Venus admit that she is guilty but she think she is innocent because she kill her stepfather for her sake. She thinks when she kill her stepfather to defend herself but she must take responsibility for what she do.

Maybe her destiny to kill her stepfather but the law in this world make her must be punish into the jail.

After analyzing the data, the writer will analyze anxiety on Venus Black.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2 Anxiety As Betrayal Trauma

Anxious or anxiety is a natural thing that has ever been experienced by every human being. Anxiety is considered a part of life daily. Anxiety is a feeling that is general, where someone feels fear or loses unclear self-confidence origin and form.

For example, we feel worried and anxious about examinations, or undergo medical tests or job interviews. At times like this, anxiety can be very normal. But some people find it difficult to control their worries. Their anxieties are more constant and often can affect their daily lives.

4.2.1 Reality Anxiety

Reality anxiety or traumatic anxiety is reality-oriented anxiety imagining about never feel safe anywhere in the world. Reality anxiety occurs due to an event in which the sufferer of anxiety considers other people will do something bad and bad to him even though it is all a result of negative thoughts and excessive feelings of anxiety from the sufferer.

Anxious sufferers can worry about anything even in the real world. For example, when on public transportation, we see a large, tattooed man reaching into his pocket. We begin to feel anxious because we are worried about the object behind his pocket. We assume that the man has a gun. In fact, the man only took a cellphone in his pocket.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Other example, when he thought someone was whispering in his head and tried to control his mind when he was stressed or depressed or when he saw a large group of people he felt smaller than them and thought the people would attack him.

The writer has listed the quotations in the novel My Name Is Venus Black related to betrayal trauma in the form of reality anxiety.The problem of reality anxiety comes after she in jail. Inez tell Venus in the quotation below:

“Leo’s gone missing,” she announces. “What do you mean, missing?” “He’s gone!” Inez exclaims angrily. “But it’s been a week! Surely by now…”She looks at me with a mixture of panic and guilt. (Chapter 7, Page 31).

In the quotation above explains that Inez express her anger, panic and guilty.

Venus is surprised because Inez actually explaining and defending herself to Venus this way, like she matter. But then Venus realize Inez isn’t really talking to her. Inez blabbering on because she’s so scare and she knows it’s her fault. Pretty soon her fear triggers Venus her own and she realize this is real. Venus feel same like Inez too. Venus very angry because Inez gives all her blame to Venus. Venus cannot do anything because she in the jail right now. Venus doesn’t believe the truth and reality that Leo is missing.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.2 Neurotic Anxiety

Neurotic anxiety, "neurotic" can be referred to as the level of depression or anxiety, and emotional instability. Neurotic anxiety that arises without knowing the danger that threatens it. Neurotic anxiety occurs because the unconscious and anxiety sufferer does not realize that his mind is filled with anxieties that he cannot measure in his mind so it becomes excessive.

A term example is when a mother worries that her child does not come home from the night until tomorrow when her new child arrives her mother immediately scolds him for anxious or when someone is having an exam and feeling overly anxious that his value will be bad even though he hasn't filled out all the exam questions and only thinks badly. Other example is that people feel anxious about meeting with a lecturer, even though he has no experience or experience with a lecturer. This anxiety can come from his unconsciousness.

The writer has listed the quotations in the novel My Name Is Venus Black related to betrayal trauma in the form of neurotic anxiety, the problem come in the quotation below:

“Mitigating means we’ll try to show that there are extenuating circumstances that should be considered,” Betty explains. “The most important one is probably going to be whatever drove you to do this, Venus. For example, if your stepfather sexually abused you, that would be a serious mitigating circumstance.” “But he didn’t sexually abuse me!” I exclaim.By now I’m distraught and terrified. (Chapter 9, Page 37).

In the quotation above, Venus explains that she become anxious because she must explain what her stepfather do to her again but actually her stepfather just peer at

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA hole wall in her room all this time. She feel distraught and terrify because if she cannot explain clearly what actually happen to her when she kill her stepfather, Venus can live in jail for six years if she cannot explain to Betty very well but she cannot do that because she feel guilty and she feel shame about the incident that happen to her.

Other quotation is about Venus thinking about Raymond after she kill her stepfather:

Once, when I tried to explain to Jackie how Raymond gave me the creeps, Jackie defended him. “Okay, but what about that time after we we’re shooting cans in the woods and he stopped at Thirty-one Flavors without us even asking?” Now I want to call up Jackie and yell, “See? You were wrong. I was right about Raymond all along! ”But I know I’ll never make that call, because if my friends ever learn the truth about Raymond, they’ll wish they’d never met me. And besides, if I say, “I was right all along,” it makes it sound like I knew all along when I really had no idea. (Chapter 3, Page 19).

The quotation above explains that Venus ever thoughts negative thinking about her stepfather, Raymond. She feel creep to him and when first time she meet Raymond, she knows there is something bad about him although she does not think too much about that because when Raymond is still date with her mother, Inez, Raymond act good and always give presents to Venus and her mother, until they are get married, everything is change.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.3 Moral Anxiety

Moral anxiety occurs between one self and the environment. Moral anxiety occurs when in us what we think is true but according to others and the environment is wrong if we do it.

Moral anxiety is from within or instinctively. When someone does or expresses it, then someone will be punished with guilt and shame.

For example: An older brother killed a man who raped his sister. After he was relieved by doing what had been pushed in him, he also felt guilty for breaking the law.

The writer has listed the quotations in the novel My Name Is Venus Black related to betrayal trauma in the form of moral anxietyin the quotation below:

Venus was devastated because it felt clearly that her legs were burning. A female cop and a cranky older detective in plain clothes are trying to interview her, but she is sobbing so much it’s not going well. They keep saying things like,

“Calm down.” “Take a deep breath.” “We can’t understand what you’re saying.” But I can’t calm down. A bubble of horror has enveloped my brain and left me hysterical. I make it about five more minutes before pain trumps pride. “I think I wet my pants,”I sputter, looking at the female officer. (Chapter 1, Page 9).

The quotation above explains about Venus anxiety because she feel hysteria after killing his stepfather, Raymond. She helpless. But how can she help herself if none of this seems real. She thinking about panic, fear, guilty, and angry at the same time. She doesn’t believe that she get arrest and live in jail for six years.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.3 Findings

Based on the analysis before, the writer can invent Venus Black betray by her parents, Inez and Raymond by having depression and anxiety. For depression, there are quotations that shows the type of depression itself. They are: two quotation about the cognitive triad, three quotation about negative self-schema and the rest is one quotation about errors in logic. For anxiety, there are quotations that shows the types of anxiety itself. They are: one quotation about reality anxiety, two quotations about neurotic anxiety and one quotation about moral anxiety. Moreover, the betrayal trauma happens because Raymond betray her stepdaughter because she do sexual harassment to her with peer her in hole of Venus wall bedroom and Venus betray him with kill him using gun on his head. On the other hand, Inez betray Venus with believe that Raymond is not guilty, she neglect Venus although Venus tell the truth what happen to her and show her the proof but Inez consider that Venus just hallucinate and act ridiculous and Venus is decide to kill Raymond at that night she find the truth about her stepfather do that to her so far. That is why, Venus betrays both of them. The writer also found out that Venus betrays parents based on their individual action who don’t care about her at the time when that moment happen.

Therefore, Venus act of betrayal trauma are consider as depression and anxiety of her dissatisfaction life. However, Venus betrayal that happen in the novels is quite different with the reality because the victim of betrayal trauma is usually not doing any action because the victim know the perpetrator from their family or close relationship

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and still depending their life on their family but in this novel, Venus becomes the one who does the betrayal trauma.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the novel some conclusions are drawn as follows:

1. Types of depression experienced by Venus are:

 First, Venus blames her mother because Leo is missing and her mother,

Inez blames Venus because what Venus does to her stepfather which is

killing her stepfather with gun and Venus fear because she in jail for six

years because what she had done to her stepfather.

 Second, death of Venus father makes Inez, her mother married again with

Raymond, Venus stepfather. Although Raymond and Inez often fight but

Inez do not want to separate with her husband because she does not want

to poor again. Venus is neglect by her parents with the proof that Inez do

nothing after Venus tell her about what her stepfather did to her, when

Venus after she get into jail and before Raymond still alive because

Raymond ever do physical abuse to Venus and Leo.

 Third, Venus cannot thinking clearly after she kills her stepfather because

she feels guilty and innocent at the same time but what actually she does

to her stepfather make her must take responsibility for her lifetime.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. Types of anxiety experienced by Venus are:

 First, when Venus must accept truth that Leo, her younger brother is

missing when she in jail.

 Second, when Venus terrify because she cannot explain clearly to Betty

what actually happens to her. She feels guilty and shame at the same time

and she feels that Raymond is the bad person when the first time they

meet.

 Third, when Venus get arrest in jail and when police ask her about the

incident what she did for the first time, she feels hysteria (panic, guilty,

angry) at the same time after she killing her stepfather.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer hopes that the topic of the study of betrayal trauma can be learned by all people because this problem can happen to ourselves, others, families, even the people closest to us. Next, expectation of the researcher additional research on betrayal trauma especially the problem of depression and anxiety in order to understand more deeply about the knowledge of betrayal trauma. Finally, it becomes a reference for researchers and other people for those who want to research it and can anticipate the problem of betrayal trauma if it happens to them.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Abrams M. H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

Beck, A. T. 1967. Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of

Pennsylvania Press.

Ben-Yehuda's. 2001. Betrayals and Treason Violations of Trust and Loyalty. Boulder,

Colorado: Westview Press.

DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. 2002b. The Intersection of Gender and Betrayal in

Trauma. In R. Kimerling, P.C. Oumette, & J. Wolfe (Eds.), Gender and PTSD

(pp. 98113). New York: Guilford Press.

DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. 2007. Trauma-induced dissociation. In M. J. Friedman,

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDIXES

Biography of Heather Lloyd

HEATHER LLOYD, who has spent many years working as an editor and writing coach, lives with her husband in New York City. My Name Is Venus Black is her first novel. (Heather-Lloyd.com). Retrieved from https://heather-lloyd.com/ (April 8, 2019)

A bit about me. I’ve worked as an editor for more than twenty years and have authored, or collaborated on, a bunch of non-fiction books (under my married name). Venus is my first novel and I’m working on a second. Fiction is my new love and I may never write a “true” book again!

My husband and I have four adult children who live in Oregon, and one who is gone but still near in spirit (we miss you, Noah). Three years ago, Dave and I moved from Colorado to New York City, which was quite a culture shock, not the least of which has been the size of our apartment. Think postage stamp. But we love it here. We enjoy walking or riding bikes around Central Park. We like to do dinner and an Indie movie with friends, the occasional play, and on those hot and humid evenings of summer, head down to the truck vendor at the corner for soft ice cream. I love reading novels, of course, and meeting friends over coffee and the bad habit I love most is watching dumb TV to help me wind down before bed.

I kind of, sort of, like walking my dog, Henri–except in winter when he hides under the couch as soon as I grab the leash. Problem is, he’s pretty sure I’ll make him wear his cute little coat in front of all the other dogs in Midtown (so embarrassing!). Why can’t he see they’re all wearing silly coats, too.

A bit about how Venus came to be. One morning I heard a girl’s voice in my head. She sounded really scared. And really angry. She had places to go, people to see– and I soon realized a crime to commit. Clearly, she expected me to follow her around, listen to her talk, get it all down, and most importantly, get it right.

Like so many novelists, my characters often felt more real than conjured, like they already existed and knew exactly what they wanted to say or do next. In this way,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA they led me around tight corners in the plot and generously confided what they were thinking. In such moments, the writing process felt mysterious, even magical. (Other times, it was just damn hard!).

I do share some things in common with Venus. I grew up in Everett, Washington, when it was still mostly a mill town (lumber, paper) and before it was a bedroom community for high tech companies in Seattle. Like Venus, I was often angry and mouthy as a teen, and I had a volatile relationship with my stepdad. Fortunately, we worked things through before he passed, and (thanks be to God) without help from a gun.

Losing our son a couple years ago was the hardest thing I’ll ever experience, I’m sure. But his full-on enthusiasm for an early version of this novel sustained me as I wrote. And so did the story and the character themselves. Strange, how that happens. Wonderful, too. It probably explains why I was never tempted to abandon Venus (like she’d ever let me!). Even when I lost my way in the writing, it felt like I was participating in some kind of small, messy miracle. Of course, it also helped that I kept falling for these flawed, but mostly lovable, characters. I hope you’ll fall for them too.

Summary of the Novel My Name is Venus Black by Heather Lloyd

My Name Is Venus Black is a novel that tells the story of Venus Black, a girl thirteen-year-old teenager, she is imprisoned for killing her stepfather as a result of past betrayal trauma she experienced, namely sexual harassment for many years she did not realize before. His stepfather peered at her from the wall hole of her room all this time she did not know until Leo, her younger brother who found the hole in her room first. He was lying on Venus bed, naming planets, when he stopped at Saturn. He got up and went over to the wall near dresser and stood on his tiptoes, reaching for something. The sunlight was slanting through the window just so and Venus saw what Leo was after. Venus put her pinky in the perfectly round hole at the center of a knot in the knotty-pine paneling and it went all the way through. The more she looked at the hole, the stranger see this. She sees nothing through it, but she knew where it led.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Venus stuck a pencil into the hole, and then went out to the garage, telling herself it was probably just a natural flaw in the knotty pine. The garage was unfinished. Raymond, his stepfather used portable heaters in winter to work on cars. His hot-rod calendar on the far wall was jutting out a little bit. When she lifted the calendar, she saw the end of her pencil. She froze in shock and disbelief as the truth pounded through her brain. Raymond (Venus stepfather) had been spying on her for God knew how long through that hole, watching her dress, watching her walk in naked from the shower. Watching her friends undress. Everything buzzed. Her body felt like it burst into flames of shame. It was the worst possible thing she could imagine happening to her. It was the end of her world. Panicked and gasping for breath, she shoved the pencil back through the hole and let the hot-rod calendar fall to cover it again. She stumbled to her room and sat on bed, shaking with rage and terror. Raymond was out, helping a friend at his shop. But Inez (Venus mother) should get home from work any minute. And when she did, she would see the truth. She would finally throw the bastard out. To prove it, Inez had follow Venus to the garage and lifted the calendar. Inez looked sick, like she’d been slapped. Venus expected outrage, but instead Inez began to explain it away. She promised to fix the hole, and then she said she had to make dinner. Venus sat on her bed, immobilized. She kept thinking back, putting together the pieces. Surely this was why she had been so revolted by Raymond her entire childhood. Without knowing why, she had always known without knowing, which was the most horrifying part of all. Finally, don’t remember how long she sat there, her rage boiling until it turned into something like a plan. Venus calmly went upstairs and passed Inez in the kitchen. In Venus parents’ bedroom closet, Venus stood on tiptoe and caught the edge of a shoe box, the one where Raymond kept his handgun buried under a bunch of Inez’s scarves. At night after dinner, when Venus announced within Raymond’s hearing that she was getting into her pajamas. She went down to her bedroom. Waited. Heard the outside garage door open and shut. A radio came on, and the sequence was suddenly familiar. And with it a parade of mortifying images passed before her. When she paraded around

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA naked, dancing to the radio, when her friends spent the night and used shower. Every morning when Venus came out of the shower right in sight of the hole. Burning shame and fresh resolve took over. She held the gun to the hole and pulled the trigger. She heard the heavy sound of him falling, followed by a last gasp of shock or pain, sounds that she would never forget. Raymond’s body was sprawled backward over the hood of a car, blood splattered everywhere. Weird little globs that reminded of pink popcorn slid down the car’s window, and she realized it must be brain matter. She recalls thinking: Who knew it would look like that? She went to her room while pointing the gun at the right hole, Raymond was in the garage working and Raymond was shot dead right on his head. The Novel My Name Is Venus Black is written by Heather Lloyd. She is American author, who has spent many years working as an editor and writing coach, lives with her husband in New York City. My Name Is Venus Black is her first novel. Venus Black is a straitlaced. A student fascinated by the study of astronomy, until the night she commits a shocking crime that tears her family apart and ignites a media firestorm. Venus refuses to talk about what happened or why, except to blame her mother. Adding to the mystery, Venus’s developmentally challenged younger brother, Leo, goes missing. More than five years later, Venus is released from prison with a suitcase of used clothes, a fake identity, and a determination to escape her painful past. Estranged from her mother, and with her beloved brother still missing, she sets out to make a fresh start in Seattle, skittish and alone. But as new people enter her orbit, including a romantic interest and a young girl who seems like a mirror image of her former lost self, old wounds resurface, and Venus realizes that she can’t find a future while she’s running from her past. In this gripping story, debut novelist Heather Lloyd brilliantly captures ordinary lives trust into extraordinary circumstances. Told through a constellation of captivating voices, My Name Is Venus Black explores the fluidity of right and wrong, the pain of betrayal, and the meaning of love and family. Retrieved from (https://www.amazon.com/My-Name-Venus-Black-Novel- ebook/dp/B071W4JJHP).

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