Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe
Terrorism and Political Violence, 26:129–155, 2014 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0954-6553 print=1556-1836 online DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe MATTIAS GARDELL History of Religion, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden The synchronized terror attacks on July 22, 2011 was the worst politically motivated assault in post-WW2 Norway. To the perpetrator, Anders Behring Breivik, 22=7 was a ‘‘marketing operation,’’ designed to draw attention to his compendium, 2083: A European Declaration of Independence. While Breivik acted alone, his political philosophy is far from unique. Through a detailed analysis of the compendium’s content, identifying the original authors whose texts Breivik used but did not always acknowledge, this essay discusses the political traditions that informed the assailant’s worldview: Islamophobia (anti-Muslim racism), cultural conservative nationalism, antifeminism, and selected elements of White Power thought, far Right evangelical theology, and the Knights Templar tradition, all permeated by romantic male warrior ideals. The stunning violence of July 22 was a hyper-masculine performative act aimed at producing a heroic avant-garde of nationalist warriors who will rise to purge Europe from the corrupting influence of its internal enemies and defeat its external enemies. Through the cleansing fire of the civil war, he believes that a reborn Europe will arise to reclaim its ordained position of glory as the world’s leading civilization. In the final analysis, Breivik’s political philosophy may thus be recognized as a 21st-century articulation of the fascist legacy. Keywords antifeminism, fascism, Islamophobia, Knights Templar, leaderless resistance, monoculturalism, political violence Friday afternoon July 22, 2011, a homemade bomb made with fertilizers, fuel, and chemicals detonated in the complex of buildings housing the Norwegian government in downtown Oslo.
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