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I Skuggan Av Ett Brottsoffer

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I Skuggan Av Ett Brottsoffer Södertörns högskola | Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och IT Kandidatuppsats 15 hp | Journalistik C | Höstterminen 2012 (Frivilligt: Programmet för xxx) I skuggan av ett brottsoffer – En kvantitativ studie om mediebevakningen av de personer Peter Mangs stod åtalad för brott mot i Malmö tingsrätt. Av: Eric Johansson och Ola Hakefelt Handledare: Jöran Höök Abstract I skuggan av ett brottsoffer – en kvantitativ studie om mediebevakningen av de personer Peter Mangs stod åtalad för brott mot i Malmö tingsrätt undersöker hur serieskytten Peter Mangs påstådda offer porträtterats i medierna. Uppsatsen undersöker om och hur samhällets bild av brottsoffer påverkar mediernas rapportering om dem. Uppsatsen utgår från den norske kriminologen Nils Christies teori om ideala brottsoffer, som ställer upp en tes för vilken typ av personer som lättast får fullständig och legitim status som offer, samt annan forskning om hur brottsoffer framställs i medierna. Detta för att undersöka vem som anses vara en offer- eller straffvärdig person i samhällets och mediernas ögon. Utifrån Christies teori och övrig forskning undersöks artiklar i Sveriges fem största dagstidningar, samt två andra dagstidningar, som behandlar de personer Mangs stod åtalad för brott mot, från den 6 november 2010, det datum då Mangs greps, fram till den 23 november 2012, då livstidsdomen mot honom slogs fast av Malmö tingsrätt. Uppsatsförfattarna har bland annat mätt hur många artiklar som skrivits om respektive offer, om offren porträtterats med positiva eller negativa egenskaper, om offrens familj har framträtt i medierna, om och hur offren har namngetts i medierna samt i vilken utsträckning vänner eller släktingar till offren framträder i artiklarna. Dessa resultat har sedan jämförts med den information om respektive offer som funnits tillgänglig och analyserats utifrån de faktorer som tidigare forskning påvisat spelar roll för samhällets och mediernas bild av vem som anses vara ett legitimt offer. Resultaten visar att det offer som fick mest medieutrymme var en mördad ung svensk kvinna utan utländsk bakgrund, vilket överensstämmer relativt väl med Christies teori och övrig genomgången forskning om vem som ges status som legitimt offer i samhället och mediernas ögon. De andra två mordoffren, som är män och har utländsk bakgrund, visade sig få mycket mindre medieutrymme än den mördade kvinnan. Kön och utländsk bakgrund är faktorer som andra forskare än Christie pekat på som betydelsefulla för mediernas behandling av brottsoffer. Nyckelord: Peter Mangs, lasermannen, ideala offer, idealiska offer, brottsoffer, Nils Christie. 2 Ojämlika brottsoffer i Mangs-fallet Av: Eric Johansson och Ola Hakefelt Unga svenska kvinnor ses lättare som legitima offer än unga invandrarmän. Den slutsatsen dras i en journalistikuppsats som gjorts vid Södertörns Högskola. Uppsatsförfattarna har undersökt hur rapporteringen om Peter Mangs offer sett ut i Sveriges fem största dagstidningar samt GT och Kvällsposten. Malmöskytten stod åtalad för att ha mördat tre personer. Trez West Persson, den unga svenska kvinna som Mangs mördade, fick påtagligt större medieutrymme än de två invandrade män som Mangs stod åtalad för att ha mördat. En av männen, Firas al-Shariah, omnämndes inte ens hälften så ofta av tidningarna som kvinnan. Vid en jämförelse av artiklar som endast eller i huvudsak handlade om ett enskilt offer visade det sig att det publicerats 16 gånger fler sådana artiklar om West Persson än om al-Shariah. Detta trots att båda hade ett oklanderligt förflutet. Det som skiljer sig åt är deras etnicitet och kön. Liknande tendenser återfanns i rapporteringen gällande andra av Mangs offer. Utifrån resultaten och tidigare forskning drar uppsatsförfattarna slutsatsen att etnicitet och kön påverkar vem som ses som ett legitimt offer i de sju undersökta tidningarna. Eftersom medierna påverkar den allmänna synen på vem som ses som ett legitimt offer kan detta påverka hur svenska rättsliga instanser ser på och behandlar olika brottsoffer. Undersökningen kan bli en ögonöppnare för journalister, redaktörer och personer verksamma inom rättsapparaten. Studien är viktig för forskningen. Viktimologi, läran om offer, är ett relativt outforskat område i Sverige. Hur medierna bidrar till samhällsdiskursen om brottsoffer är i ännu högre grad outforskat. Uppsatsen bidrar till att bredda kunskapen inom området. Uppsatsförfattarna har lutat sig mot den begränsade nordiska viktimologiska forskning som gjorts, i synnerhet den norske kriminologen Nils Christies teori om ideala offer. Kortfattat innebär teorin att vissa offer anses mer skyddsvärda än andra. Skillnaden kan exempelvis bero på offrets styrka och bakgrund. Uppsatsens resultat styrker i viss mån Christies tes, men pekar också på faktorer som hans teori förbiser. 3 Innehållsförteckning 1. Inledning s.7 2. Bakgrund s.8 2.1 : Varför undersök offren? s.9 3. Tidigare forskning s.11 4. Teori: Ideala offer och förövare s.16 5. Frågeställningar s.18 6. Metod och Material s.19 6.1 : Definition av ”utländsk bakgrund” s.20 6.2 : Gärningsmannen och offren s.21 6.3 : Den kvantitativa innehållsanalysen s.22 6.4 : Variabler och variabelvärden s.23 6.5 : Resultatsvaliditet s.26 6.6 : Material och avgränsning s.27 7. Gärningsmanna- och offerprofiler s.28 7.1 : Peter Mangs: en ideal gärningsman s.28 7.2 : Kooros Effatian s.30 7.3 : Firas al-Shariah s.31 7.4 : Trez West Persson s.32 7.5 : Xhafer Dani s.33 7.6 : Offer 5 och Offer 6 s.33 7.7 : Offer 7 s.33 4 7.8 : Adriana Johansson och Rolf Johansson s.34 7.9 : Edmir Smajlaj s.34 7.10 : Offer 11 s.34 7.11 : Ahmed al-Hamid och Offer 13 s.35 7.12 : Offer 14, Offer 15, Lang Conteh s.35 7.13 : Ali Hussein s.36 7.14 : Bilal Bingöl s.36 7.15 : Younes Cheikhi s.36 7.16 : Innocent Ozor s.37 7.17 : Offer 21 och Offer 22 s.37 7.18 : Naser Yazdanpanah s.37 7.19 : Offer 24 s.38 7.20 : Offer 25 s.38 8. Resultat: Hur har offren porträtterats? s.40 8.1 : Omnämnanden s.40 8.2 : Namngivning av offren s.45 8.3 : Omnämnanden med förnamn s.47 8.4 : Omnämnanden av rubriker s.49 8.5 : Omnämnaden av offrens familjer s.50 8.6 : Släktingar och vänner till offren som framträder i artiklarna s.55 8.7 : Artiklar där offren tillskrivs negativa eller positiva s.58 9. Analys s.61 9.1 : Mord s.61 5 9.2 : Mordförsök s.63 9.3 : Förberedelse till mord s.65 9.4 : Grov misshandel s.66 9.5 : Grovt olaga hot s.67 9.6 : Övergrepp i rättssak s.67 10. Slutdiskussion och förslag på fortsatt forskning s.68 11. Källförteckning s.71 6 1. Inledning Den 6 november 2010 ringer en telefon i en lägenhet i Malmö. Personen som bor i lägenheten svarar. Det är polisen som ringer. Runt tio minuter senare är en av Sveriges värsta seriemördare genom tiderna gripen. Peter Mangs gripande blir slutet på sju års dödskjutningar i Malmö. De flesta offren har bara en sak gemensamt: de hade en annan etnicitet och hudfärg än Mangs, ett faktum som leder till att svenska medier kallar Mangs för den andre lasermannen. 7 2. Bakgrund ”Brotten har varit hänsynslösa och kallblodigt utförda. Morden har karaktär av rena avrättningar”, sa kammaråklagare Håkan Larsson när han yrkade på att Mangs skulle få livstids fängelse (Ölander 2012A s.24-25). Mangs dömdes den 23 november 2012, två år efter gripandet, till livstids fängelse för två mord, nio mordförsök, skadegörelse, tre fall av olaga hot och ett fall av övergrepp i rättssak. Utöver brotten Mangs fälldes för var han även misstänkt för ytterligare ett mord, fem mordförsök och förberedelse till mord. Han frikändes från de sistnämnda brotten (Mål Nr B 10425-10 2012 ss.27-88). De flesta av Mangs offer hade utländsk bakgrund, vilket resulterade i att Mangs kallats för ”den andre lasermannen”. Den förste lasermannen, John Ausonius, sköt invandrare i Stockholm under 1990-talet. Epitetet ”lasermannen” har sitt ursprung i att Ausonius använde en pistol med lasersikte när han sköt sina offer. Hela Stockholm tyckte sig plötsligt se röda laserprickar (Tamas 2002 ss.9- 23). Eftersom det inte verkade finnas något samband mellan de olika offren, bortsett från att de alla hade utländsk bakgrund eller hade mörkt hår spred sig oron bland Stockholms invandrare, och rädslan för att bli lasermannens nästa offer. Historien upprepade sig när skjutningarna i Malmö började ett decennium senare. Flera personer med utländsk bakgrund besköts. Återigen fanns inget klart samband mellan de drabbade. Malmöbor med mörk hy levde i skräck för att bli en anonym serieskytts nästa offer (P1 Dokumentär: Klart att det skulle hända i Malmö 2012). De bägge lasermännen har flera likheter, men de skiljer sig även på ett antal punkter. Under rättegången mot Ausonius motiverade han sina brott med att han inspirerats av det främlingsfientliga partiet Ny Demokrati som då satt i riksdagen. Mangs har inte motiverat sina gärningar, utan tvärtom förnekat alla brott med undantag för skadegörelse mot ett par skyltar (Chukri 2012 : Mål Nr B 10425-10 2012 s.13). Mangs höll tyst, svarade ”ingen kommentar” eller sjöng Don’t worry be happy och Nu grönskar det under förhören tills förhörsledarna gav upp (Johansson 2012A s.12-13). Mangs tystnad höll i sig under rättegången. Med tummarna i öronen spenderade han rättegången med att läsa böcker (Walin 2012 s.37). Frågor som skulle ha kunnat förklara vad som fick en misslyckad musiker att börja mörda invandrare fick inga svar. Offren och deras anhöriga har inte fått veta varför de drabbats. Men denna uppsats handlar inte om Mangs utan om hur medierna har rapporterat om hans offer. 8 2.1 Forskning om brottsoffer ”Domstolar samt förvaltningsmyndigheter och andra som fullgör offentliga förvaltningsuppgifter ska i sin verksamhet beakta allas likhet inför lagen samt iaktta saklighet och opartiskhet” (Regeringsformen 1 kap 9 §). Så lyder nionde paragrafen i Regeringsformens första kapitel.
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