The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, Volume IV Edited by Steven T

Cambridge University Press 0521772486 - The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, Volume IV Edited by Steven T. Katz Index More information

INDEX

2 Baruch Abba bar Manayumi (Abba bar Martha) attitudes to the failure of the First Jewish (sage) 642 Revolt 31, 32 Abbahu, R. on the destruction of the Jerusalem on anti-Semitism in street theater in Temple 204 Caesaria 724 on Jewish uprisings 93 knowledge of Scripture 842 messianism 1061 on the neglect of the study of not christianized 249 Scripture 911 3 Baruch 59 on ridicule of Sabbath observance 147 Christian interpolations 249 on the sacrificization of prayer 585 4 Baruch, Christian interpolations 249 and the Tosefta 316 1 Clement, views on Judaism 253 on women’s education 917 2 Clement 65 Abramsky, R. Yeh.ezkel, commentary on the views on Judaism 252 Tosefta 333 4 Ezra Abudarham, David, on resurrection 963 anti-Judaism 264 academies 821 attitudes to the failure of the First Jewish Athens academy, closure by Justinian I the Revolt 31 Great 1047 Christian interpolations 249 and the creation of biographical on the destruction of the Jerusalem legends 727 Temple 204 cultural role 721, 722 on Jewish uprisings 93 curricula 912–13 messianism 1061 infestation by demons 733 Nahardea academy, foundation 19 Aaron, association with R. Ishmael b. Elisha, in Sura academy, foundation 19 Heikhalot literature 763 acceptance, concept 880, 888 Abaye acquital (kapparah ) 941 on conflict between midrash halachah Acts of Cyprian , The 73 and the legal demands of Acts of John 249 Scripture 359 Acts of Marian and James, The 73 on demonology 703, 731, 732, 733 Acts of Montanus and Lucius, The 73 mother Acts of Paul 251 aphorisms attributed to 704 Acts of Pilate 248 as informant about folk tales 724 Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs, The 73 on property rights 862 Adam, and Eve, marriage 619 Abba Arika, Rav 19, 88, 319, 738 Adan-Bayewitz, A. 40 on the addition to the kingship motif to Adan-Bayewitz, David 538 the blessing formulary of the Adar, second Adar 558 Shema 601 Adiabene, Diaspora, second to third on controversies between the schools of centuries 83, 85 Shammai and Hillel 889 Adoniram (Solomonic commander), funeral on education of children 913 inscription (Murviedro, Suran academy 19, 822, 826, 827, 829 Spain) 508

1077

1078 INDEX Adra (Spain), Jewish colony 509 Ah.a Midifti, Rav, and property rights 863, 864, adversus Iudaeos 14 865–7 (Tertullian) as evidence of Jewish presence in Akabiya, R., banning of 272 Carthage 72 Akedah scene on Jewish proselytes to Christianity 980 Bet Alpha synagogue 547 Adversus Judaeos (Cyprian?), as evidence of Jewish Dura Europos 529 presence in Carthage 73 Akiva, R. 855 Aelia Capitolina acclaim of Bar Kochba as messiah 35, 109, 186, decline as a result of the Bar Kochba Revolt 37 235, 729, 1064 foundation 138 associations with Heikhalot literature 749, 759 and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 34, attribution with references to God as Father 106, 107 and King 584 See also Jerusalem biographical legends about 726 Aesop, influence upon rabbinic fables 736–7, on conflict between midrash halachah and the 738, 739, 740 legal demands of Scripture 359 Africa, Roman army’s presence (first century) 28 death 124 afterlife and the sovereignization of the liturgy beliefs, among the Diaspora in Rome 497, 601, 602 500–2, 507 exegetical school 339 lack of references to on funerary monuments for fables 739, 740 the Diaspora in Rome 497 on Gentiles studying Torah 918 Against the Judaizers ( John Chrysostom), on the on humanity’s majesty 927 public nature of religious practice 986 on humanity’s subservience to God 925 aggadah 318 on Israel’s elect status through the action of components 681–4 God’s love 971 development 679–81 learning 912, 920 as sources for PT 670 Merhavah mysticism 715 See also midrashim on merit 930 aggadic midrashim 11, 369 and the relationship between law and scriptural and the midrash halachah 338 authority 340 in the Talmuds 841 role in Heikhalot literature 763 Agnetos hegemon, on the relationship between oral on scriptural exegesis and the Law 351 and written Torah 907 sees the Torah as directed at the Jews agoranomoi 46, 802 alone 904 Agrat bat Mah.lath (she-demon) 732 on seforim ha-chizonim 277 agriculture and the Shiur Qoma 783 Babylonian Jewish involvement 809 Torah the means through which the world was crop yields, in Palestine, second and third created 921 centuries 39–40, 42 on Torah study 909 crop-bearing capacity, first-century and the Tosefta 316 Palestine 23 and the transmission of the Mishnah 215 displacement of tenant farmers in Cyrenaica, travels, as evidence of the authority of the after the First Jewish Revolt 56–7 Yavneh academy 269 effects of Second Jewish Revolt 60 Akkadian 457 in Cyrenaica 63 influence on Babylonian Aramaic 473 intensive farming policies pursued by and Mishnaic Hebrew 389, 392 Zoroastrians, effects on Jewish Akko, destruction mentioned during the Jewish population growth 807 revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411 livestock farming, in Palestine, second and Akmonia, Jewish citizenship 81 third centuries 38 Alaric II (Visigothic king), anti-Jewish in Palestine, second and third centuries 38 policies 512 women’s work in 636 Albania, Diaspora 503 Agrippa II (king of Abilene) 46 Albeck, C. 327, 334 Ah.a ben Jacob, R., and the conquest of Albeck, Hanokh, and the dating of the midrash demons 733 halachah 337

INDEX 1079 Alexander, Julius (Roman general in Trajan’s sacrificization 579 Parthian campaign) 86 second blessing, on resurrection 959–65 Alexander, Tiberius Julius (Philo of Alexandria’s and tefillah 576 nephew; Jewish apostate) 160, 198 use of the Birkat ha-Minim 281, 282, 284 Alexandria Ammianus Marcellinus, on the unruly nature anti-Judaism within under Cyril of of the Jews 48 Alexandria 1004 Amoraim 19, 319, 821 burial sites 522 on the celebration of Purim 568 destruction, during Jewish uprisings, in definition of categories of work forbidden on Trajan’s reign 97, 98 the Sabbath 560 Diaspora emigrate to Milan 503 on the eating of meals 562 Jewish community, third century 66 and the foundation of the Babylonian Jewish emigration to Italy 503 academies 830–3, 834–6, 837 Jewish pogrom (414/15 CE) 68 generations, their numbers as an indication Jewry law in 141 of the completion of PT 666 Second Jewish Revolt 59, 62 language, influence on Mishnaic Hebrew 380–1 Aleynu prayer, on the hope of the universal literature 369, 370 acceptance of God’s sovereignty 970 and the Talmuds 556 Alfasi, Isaac 332 Babylonian Talmud 840 Allegorists 261 Palestinian Talmud 216, 670, 672 allegory use of Aramaic 469–82 Augustine of Hippo’s arguments against its use works, editorial work 384 in the teaching of Scripture 1016 Amram ben R. Simeon bar Abba, R., on the Origen’s use, and its incipient anti-Judaism destruction of Jerusalem as the effect 1014 of sin 937 use in the interpretation of Jewish amulets Scriptures 980–2 and magic 708–11 used as counter to millenarianism 1009 wearing by women 642–3 Alon, Gedaliah 5, 207, 267, 291 anachoresis 808 am ha-aretz, uncleanness, and women’s work in Andreas (leader of Jewish uprising in Libya) 94 the home 633 androcentrism 956 Amalekites 10 anecdotes 746 relationship with Israel and with God 648, angels 649–50, 651 angel of death, existence before creation 935 Ambrose of Milan, St. heavenly liturgy attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism as described in Merkavah literature 771 ineffective 505 in Heikhalot literature 764, 765, 766, 768 clash with Theodosius I over Callinicum 153, in Heikhalot literature 715, 716, 717, 749, 753 1036, 1043 identification of Metatron 760 sermons relating to the Jews 505 prayer practice 594 use of the concept of ‘‘Jew’’ 984 standing posture when praying 591, 592 Amidah 560, 580–6, 695 aniconism 175–6 inclusion of references to God’s acting ‘‘for His animal tales, and fables 735–7, 738, 739–40 Name’s sake’’ 930 animals, selection for sacrifice, in the light of Kedushah, in the Eighteen Benedictions 767 midrash halachah and scriptural kingship motif within 601 exegesis 352–5, 360 lay practice in leadership 598 anonymous material, within PT 671 New Year Amidah, and God’s sovereignty 604 anthropology 14 practice 589–98 humanity’s majesty 927–8, 932 preceded by the act of washing, in analogy with humanity’s subservience to God 925–7 the priests washing in the Temple 575 Antichrist, Judaistic characteristics 1008 priestly benediction 599 anti-Judaism as a reflection of demographic decline in Christian anti-Judaism 14, 977 Palestine 405 Gentile Christianity 978–84 as sacrifice questioned 587 and regionalism 244–6

1080 INDEX anti-Judaism (cont.) Apollonios (Greek strategos), leads Greek attacks and millenarianism 1008 on Jews at Apollinopolis-Heptakomia, in North Africa, existence questioned 2 during Jewish uprisings in Egypt, origins and growth 988–98 during Trajan’s reign 96 in Spain, third to seventh centuries 510–16 apostates, Jewish status, even though banned within the Christian New Testament 977 from the synagogue 273 See also Christianity, anti-Judaism ApostolicConstitutions , on Christian attendance at anti-Semitism 244 synagogues 1005 in street theater 724 Appian, on Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Antiochus III, settlement of Jews in Asia Trajan’s reign 95, 97 Minor 76 Apuleius, on resurrection 962 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, anti-Jewish policies 137 Apulia, Jews not exempted from serving on city Antitheses (Marcion) 979 councils 505 Antoninus Pius (Roman emperor) Aqiba, R. see Akiva, R. issuing of circumcision permits to Egyptian Aquila (Greek version of the Hebrew Bible), priests 34 Justinian I endorses 1024, 1048 permission for Jewish circumcision 37, 107 Aquileia (Italy) regulation of the ban on circumcision 138 Diaspora 494 Apamea, Jewish citizenship 81 mob violence against the synagogues 505 aphorisms 704 Aramaic 8 Aphrodisias (Asia Minor) Amoraic period 469–82 God-fearers’ roles in synagogues 80, 81 eastern and western Aramaic, as reflected in the women’s roles in synagogues 80 Talmuds 480–2 apikoros 933 Galilean Aramaic 469–71 Apocalypseof Peter 65, 254 vocalized manuscripts 485 apocalyptic literature, attitudes to the failure of Genoim Aramaic 476–7 the First Jewish Revolt 31 as influenced by other languages 482–4 apocalypticism 235 lack of use in funerary inscriptions, in Roman growth in popularity, after the First Jewish Jewish catacombs 496 Revolt 58 Middle Aramaic 464–8 and messianism 1053 and Mishnaic Hebrew 389–92 in BT 1068 origins and use 457–60, 488 popularity in Egypt and Cyrenaica, Second preservation of Palestinian forms in BT Jewish Revolt 59 478–9 apocrypha relationship of late to early Aramaic connections with the emergence of Heikhalot 484–5 literature 757 subdivisions 461 and information about festivals 557 use 2 Apocryphonof James 65, 250 in amoraic literature 370 Apocryphonof John 254 in incantation texts 479 Apollinarius (bishop of Hierapolis), in Jewish literature 461–3 anti-Judaism 251 in legal documents 630 Apollinopolis Magna (Edfu), taxation ostraca as in PT 663 evidence of Jewish uprisings in Egypt, in the Talmudic tractates 477 during Trajan’s reign 95 vocalization traditions 485–7 Apollinopolis (strategos of Hermoupolis), wife, See also Babylonian Aramaic; letter concerning Jewish uprisings, Galilean Aramaic during Trajan’s reign 95 arbitrators, in Israel, under paganism 136 Apollinopolite (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Arcadius Trajan’s reign 95 on baptism of Jewish converts 163 Apollo, sanctuary (Cyrene), destruction in Jewish on the legal authority of the Patriarchate 155 uprisings under Trajan 94 pro-Jewish policies 1043 Apollodorus of Damascus, treatise on the conduct reinstates legal privileges of the Jewish of war in mountainous regions 125 religious leaders 157 Apollonia (port of Cyrene) 94 Arch of Titus, detail showing menorah 195

INDEX 1081 archaeology Assaf, S., on the Babylonian academies 828 and information about Palestinian Jewry 792 Assumption of Moses , messianism 1058 interpretation of archaeological remains 494 Athanasius, use of the concept of ‘‘Jew’’ 984 role in discussions of the Diaspora in Italy, Athenagoras, on death as an intensification of third to seventh centuries 494 sleep 963 archiriparios 414, 415 Athenians, Jewish confrontation with 743–4 archisynagogos 498 Athribite district (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, architecture 8 during Trajan’s reign 95 Israel, first to third centuries 177–88 atonement, and sacrifice, as signs of repentance Jewish architecture defined 176 940–1 archon 498 Augustine of Hippo, St. arcosolia 184 on the biblical canon 233 Arianism, spread favorable to the Jewish legal City of God 1046 position 1046 on the importance of the Hebrew text for the Ariosto, views of Judaism 249 Septuagint and the link between Aristides Judaism and Christianity 1011–12 apologetic nature 252 on Jewish attitudes to idolatry 989 views of Judaism 251 on Jews and Judaism 1014–20 Arnobius, on God’s sovereignty 605 on the persistence of Jewry law 147–8 Arsinoe, exorbitant fees for water supply to on the relationship of Judaism and synagogue exacted in response to the Christianity 1007 First Jewish Revolt 56 Augustus Caesar (Roman emperor), attitudes art 8 towards Jews 147 and architecture 519–20, 547–53 Aurelian (Roman emperor), cult 602 material remains 520–42 Aurelius Victor, on the Jewish revolt under biblical narrative scenes, paintings, Dura Gallus (351/2 CE) 411, 412 Europos synagogue 527–9 Aurum coronarium 157–8 Byzantine Palestine 542–7 Avi-Yonah, M., on abortive attempts to rebuild Israel, first to third centuries 174–88 the Jerusalem Temple 196 narrative scenes, paintings 520 Avidius Cassius, Gaius, Jewish support for 48 symbolic art, Dura Europos synagogue 529 Avigdor, R. Shmuel, commentary on the See also menorot Tosefta 333 artifacts Avitus (bishop of Clermont), compulsory baptism Israel, first to third centuries 186–8 of Jews 1022 Richard Cohen’s definition 176 avodah (sacrificial cult), as tefillah 581 artisan guilds, Gentile guilds working on behalf avon (sin) 932 of Jews, and Jewish attitudes to art 176 Avot de-Rabbi Nathan 690 ascent texts 715, 716–17 and the development of the rabbinic asceticism 950 movement 216 Asclepius, sanctuary (Balagrae), damage in Jewish final redaction 925 uprisings under Trajan 94 on students’ eligibility to study Torah 916 Ashi, Rav (principal of Suran academy) 823 Avraham ben Rambam, R. death 667 on the analogy between washing and on exposition and application of talmudic sacrifice 575 law 891 on the rooting of Amidah in mercy 587 on slavery (the case of one both half slave and awakening, blessings upon 954–5 half free) 869–72 Aziza, C. 68, 73 Ashkenazim, Mishnaic Hebrew 388 Asia, Roman army’s presence (first century) 28 Ba bar Cohen, R., on the relationship between Asia Minor 74 oral and written Torah 905 Diaspora ba-zman ha-zeh (‘‘in this time’’) (legal concept) 201 first to second centuries 2 ba’alhabayit 179 first to third centuries 75 Babatha archive 26, 27, 28, 629 Judaism and Christianity, first to second Babatha (daughter of Simeon), displacement as centuries 250–2 a result of the Bar Kochba Revolt 113

1082 INDEX Babatha archive (cont.) on the Diaspora in Babylon 103 ignorance of redistributive laws 44 editing 843–7 and the legal system 131, 132 use of sugyot 862–73 reports on date farming 39 editorial stratum casts light on the history Babylon (fortress, Egypt?) 96 of the Babylonian academies 821 Babylonia 12, 806 evidence of the cultural role of the belief systems, effects on Babylonian Jews synagogue 721 812–15 exegesis of tannaitic texts 676 Diaspora and Genoic Aramaic 476–7 first to second centuries 3 as a historical artifact 854–7 second to third centuries 82, 85 importance for knowledge of Babylonian festivals, known by Jewish population 812 Jewry 792–3 influence on Judaism 12 influence on Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and the rabbinic attitudes towards Gentiles 654–5 Targums to the Hagiographa 472 rabbis’ influence contrasted with women’s role and information about festivals 557 in the synagogues 641 and internal rabbinic discourse 852 Babylonian academies 837–8 on Jewish uprisings, in Cyprus, during Trajan’s consensus approach to their histories 830–6 reign 97 early accounts of 821–5 on judicial deviations 894 existence questioned 12 language distinguished from that of PT 380 modern accounts of 825–30 limits knowledge of Iranian cultural and Babylonian Aramaic 473–4 religious influence upon the Jewish forms used in incantation texts 479 community 815 as language of discourse between Babylonian mandates one hundred blessings a day 948 Jews and Gentiles 811 material within PT 675 morphological varieties 475–6 messianism 1064, 1065–9 vocalized manuscripts 485 and the Mishnah 663 See also Aramaic not quoted in the midrashim 686 Babylonian Jewry 1 preservation of amoraic teachings less accurate celebrations of festivals a day later than in than in PT 672 Jerusalem 559 rulings on rabbinic relations with the amme civic pride 808 ha-aretz 218 demography 804–7 style 676 economic life 809–11 terms used as indication of the development the Exilarchate 801–4 of the Babylonian academies 831–7 social interaction with Gentiles 811–18 textual diversity 847–52 and taxation 807–8, 809 theology 13 third to seventh centuries 792–3 and the Tosefta 317 under the Sasanians 794–801 transmission affects the form of Babylonian Babylonian Rabbinate Aramaic 476 influence compared with that in Palestine vocalization 487 816–17 on the washing of hands as a miniature legal spheres of influence 808 immersion 577 understanding of marriage and sexuality 10, on the wearing of fringes (tzitzit)by 617, 620–4 women 641 Babylonian Talmud 13, 369 and Zoroastrianism 793 audience 857–9 See also Palestinian Talmud; Talmuds Bava Batra, tall tales 745 Bacchyllus of Corinth, views on Judaism on the celebration of Hannukah 569 252, 253 compared with PT 841–2 Baer, Y. 68 composition 8, 840–3 Baghdad, and the Babylonian academies 821, 822 criticisms of laws recorded in the baraitot 320 Bahram I (Sassanid ruler) (274–276 CE) 797 and demonology 703 Bahram II (Sassanid ruler) (276–293 CE) 797 development 678–81 Balaam, entices Israel into idolatry 615 on the Diaspora in Adiabene 84 Balearics, Jewish colony 509

INDEX 1083 Baltrusch, E. 146 Baron, S. 828 bans (excommunication) 272–6 Baru, involvement in the Bar Kochba Revolt 113 baptism, forced baptism 1048, 1050 Basilides Bar-Asher, M. 5, 7, 369 missionary work 65 Bar bar Hana, Rabbah, tall tales 745 views on Judaism 254 Bar Kappara 320 Basilius the Hebrew (slave trader) 168 Bar Kochba 33, 35, 36, 109–10 bathhouses, Israel, first to third centuries 183 letters Bauer, Walter 64 about the Four Species 119, 120 Baumgarten, A. I. 207 language 370 Bava Metzia, as means of comparison between the and the Mishnah 304 Tosefta and Mishnah 322–5, 328–9 rebuking commanders 114, 118 Bavli see Babylonian Talmud use of Aramaic 458, 463, 465 be midrasha, use in Babylonian Talmud as seen as messiah 1064 indication of the development of the Bar Kochba Revolt 1, 4, 15, 105–6 Babylonian academies 833, 834 administration 110–11 be rav, use in Babylonian Talmud as indication archives, and women’s legal standing 628, of the development of the Babylonian 629–31 academies 833, 834, 837 armed forces involved 122 be rav X, use in Babylonian Talmud as indication causes 106–8 of the development of the Babylonian coinage 186–7, 188 academies 833, 834, 837 didrachm (Shekel) 114 Beer, Moshe, on the Babylonian academies 828 geographical distribution 117 beit din, and the role of the Yavneh academy 211 dating 111–12 Ben Azzai, on women studying Torah 917 defeat 122–5 Ben Baboi, Pirkoi 801 economics 121 Ben Bavoi, Pirkoi, on the contents of PT 664 effects 33, 125–7 Ben-David 41 on canonization of the Hebrew Bible Ben/Bar Kosiba, see Bar Kochba 235, 241 Ben Menachem, H. 13, 877 on Jewish–Christian relations 295 Ben Sira, messianism 1056 geographical extent 113, 116 Ben Zoma Jewish preparations for 108–9 on evil inclinations 937 leadership 109–10 on masculinity 614 legal effects 134 Benjamin, Abba, on demonology 703, 731 legends about 728–30 Benjamin ( Jewish leader from Tiberias, during Palestinian demography 23 the Byzantine reconquest of possible course 111–22 Palestine) 423 possible liberation of Jerusalem 138 Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary 1044 Bar Nachmani, Rabba, on purity in the heavenly Berbers, converts to Judaism, as reported by yeshiva 920 Ibn Khaldun 69 Bar Rav Shilah, Rabba, on eligibility to teach Beruriah, on Torah study 917 Torah 915 Bet Alpha (Galilee), synagogue, mosaic Bar-Hebraeus, on the number of Jews at the time floors 12, 548 of Claudius’ census 991 bet hamidrash, use in Babylonian Talmud as baraitot 314, 319, 902 indication of the development of the in BT 840 Babylonian academies 833, 834 differences between the Talmuds 332 bet midrash (study house), and the rabbinic as source for PT 669 movement 223–4 Baram (Galilee), synagogue 537 Beth Gubrin, raised to consular rank 46 Barnabas, Epistleof 65 Beth Shearim allegorization of the Septuagint 981 catacombs 184 and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 108 cemeteries 12, 521 views on Judaism 248, 253 Catacomb 14, site of the burial of the Barnes, T. D. 68, 95, 97 Patriarchal family 523 Baroja, J. C. 731 necropolis 185

1084 INDEX Beth Shearim (cont.) in the talmudic versions of the avodah 582–5 sarcophagi 4–5 within the Amidah 580 showing Leda and the Swan 523 Bloedhorn, Hanswulf 75 secondary burials 186 bloodshed, death penalty for in the halakhah 129 Bethar body fall 107, 121, 126 Babylonian views 621 headquarters for the Bar Kochba Revolt 109 rabbis view as good 613 siege 35 resurrection 956–65 recorded in folk tales about Bar Kochba 728 and soul 952–6 betrothals 617, 624 Bonz, M. P. 77, 80 Bible Book of Creation, see Sefer Yetzira perceptions of Gentiles 647–8 Book of Judges (Laws of the Visigoths ) translations (Recceswinth) 514 See targumim Book of Mysteries (Sefer ha-Razim) (magical use of Aramaic 458 handbook) 713, 714 See also Christian Bible; Hebrew Bible; Booths, see Sukkot Scriptures Botermann, H. 77 biblical figures, portrayal in the Talmuds 859 Bova Marina (southern Italy) Biblical Hebrew 371 archaeological evidence of the Diaspora 492–3 and Mishnaic Hebrew Diaspora, third to seventh centuries 492, common and contrasting features 373–4 494, 506 diachronic differences 374 synagogue 493 dialectical differences 374–6 bowing, during prayer 593 differences of tradition 376–8 bowls literary influences 378–9, 383–4 hand bowls, and inscriptions against demons, See also Hebrew among Babylonian Jewry, as influenced biblical narrative designs 520 by Iranian beliefs 814 bigamy 618 magic bowls 711–13, 815, 816 See also marriage Bowman, Steven 14–15, 1035 Bilam (son of Beor), subject of fables 738 Bradbury, Scott 8, 508 Birkat ha-Minim 268, 274, 280–95 Braulio (bishop of Zaragoza) 514 identification of the minim 287–93 bread, eating, halachah, as response to original form 281–7 romanization of Palestine 17 purpose 293–4 Breuer, Yochanan 8, 457 bishops brigands (lestai) 197 civil role, in the Christianized Roman Britons, uprisings under Trajan 94 Empire 1003 Brooten, Bernadette 637, 638 and local government, effects on Judaism 1020 Broshi, M. 23, 40 role under the Gothic kingdoms, as Brown, P. 1004 representatives of Romano-culture and brit (covenant), and circumcision 609, 966 traditions 1025 Brunt, P.A. 102 use by Constantine I for imperial Bruriah, halachic decision-making 644 administration 999 Bu¨chler, Adolph 207, 288 Blau, Ludwig, on Jewish magic 700 Bucoli, uprisings under Trajan 94 blessings Budde, Karl 230 aimed at promoting the rabbinic Buhl, Franz 230 understanding of body and soul 954 burial societies, Sardis synagogue 81 blessings over bread to succeed hand-washing burials immediately 577 Israel, first to third centuries 184–7, 188 contents 948 See also catacombs; cemeteries link creation with the divine 951–2 ‘‘Byzantine’’ 404 malkuyot blessings, introduction into the Byzantine emperors 14–15 New Year liturgy 600 Byzantium 1035 Modim 593 Judaism within 14 saying 947–52 Byzantium (city), Jewish presence 1035

INDEX 1085 Caecilianus (defensor civitatis, Magona) 510 encourages Jewish participation in city Caesarea Maritima, rabbinic movement in 47 councils 986 Caesarea (Palestine) Carmel, demography, after the Bar Kochba demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37 Revolt 37 Jewish emigration to Naples 503 Carthage (North Africa) rabbinic settlement within 220, 222 burial sites 522 Caesareum (Cyrene), destruction in Jewish Diaspora, first to third centuries 68 uprisings under Trajan 94 founding by Jews reported by Josephus 69 Caesarius (bishop of Arles, 469–542), and Jewish community 2 Judaism 1021–2 Cassiodorus, on Jewish legal standing 169 Cain, symbolism, in Augustine’s teaching on Cassius Dio Jewish observance of the Law account of the foundation of Aelia 1017–19 Capitolina 107 Cairo Genizah 206, 281, 282, 713, 714 on brigandage in Palestine 48 Aramaic vocalized manuscripts 486 on the destruction of the Jerusalem Calabria, Jews not exempted from serving on city Temple 194 councils 505 on Hadrian’s involvement in the suppression calendars of the Bar Kochba Revolt 125 Patriarch responsible for organization of the on Jewish preparations for the Bar Kochba Jewish calendar 416 Revolt 108 rabbinical concerns with 89, 557–9 on Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, during Trajan’s regulation, and the role of the Yavneh academy reign 96, 98 212, 269 on Jewish uprisings in Libya under religious role 9 Lukuas 94 solar calendar 559 and the Jewish uprisings in Mesopotamia, Tishri during Trajan’s reign 99 Tishri 1 558 on public practice of Judaism 30 Tishri 3, and fasting 569 on Quietus’ campaign against the Jews 86 See also months; Nisan reports of the Bar Kochba Revolt 33, 34, 35, Callinicum affair, Ambrose of Milan clashes with 36, 105, 114, 122 Theodosius I over Callinicum 153, on Roman casualties, in the Bar Kochba 1036, 1043 Revolt 123 calques, Aramaic influence on 391–2 and the ‘‘war of Kitos’’ 100 ‘‘Camel and the Bull, The’’ (Aesop’s fable) 738 Cassius of Tyre, and the Sunday celebration ‘‘Canaanite slaves’’ 10, 656 of Easter 247 candles catacombs lighting, at the beginning of Sabbath 562 Beth Shearim (Byzantine Palestine) 521 use for religious purposes, as cause of Catacomb 14 521, 523 Zoroastrian anti-Jewish activities 798 Catacomb 20 521 canonization 5 Israel, first to third centuries 184 concept 231–2 Rome 495–9, 503, 522–5 formation of the canon of the Hebrew Bible Monteverde 495–6, 522 230–1, 232–4, 241–2 Vigna Randanini 496, 522 and theology 238–41 Villa Torlonia 522 Capercontna (Kefar Othnai/Legio/ Venosa (Italy) 499–501, 508 Maximianopolis) 25 See also cemeteries; sarcophagi Capernaum (Galilee) Catania, Diaspora 508 siting of church and synagogue, as indication Catholics, attitudes to Jews, in Spain 512 of Jewish–Christian relations 256 ‘‘Cave of Letters’’ (Nah.al H. ever) 304 synagogue 177, 178, 552 cemeteries capital trials, the Patriarchate’s involvement in Byzantine Palestine civil justice 420 Bet Guvrin 521 Caracalla (Antoninus) (Roman emperor) 186 Beth Shearim 8, 520, 521 Constitutio Antoniniana 48, 135, 139, 1035 Jaffa 521 cult 603 Khirbet Midras 521

1086 INDEX cemeteries (cont.) importance of the Hebrew text behind the Khirbet Shema 521 Septuagint and parts of the New Meiron 521 Testament 1010–12 Zoar 521 importance of the land of Israel 1008–10 Christians possibly buried in Jewish cemeteries through Judaism’s historical priority (western North Africa) 70 1013–20 Jewish art 8 declared a religio licita by Constantine I the Rome 8 Great 1 see also catacombs; sarcophagi demography, in Palestine 410 Chalkoprateia (quarter of the city of Byzantium), early Christian beliefs 237 Jewish presence 1035 effects on Jewish legal status 144–69 chavuroth 218 and the emperor cult 602–5 Chernick, Michael 362 failure to appreciate the pleasure factor in cherubim Sabbath observance 950 in Merkavah literature 773, 775, 776 Gentile Christianity, and anti-Judaism See also angels 978–84 children 620 heterodoxy within 245 education 913 illegality under Roman law 30 role in the family 625 Jewish Christianity, in Egypt and Cyrenaica, women not regarded as legal guardians, Salome after the Second Jewish Revolt 63–4 Komaise archive 629 Jewish heritage leads to anti-Judaism 977 women’s role in child-rearing 634, 635 and Jewish identity, in the light of the Chintila, king (636–9), anti-Jewish destruction of the Jerusalem policies 514 Temple 202 chizbats (Arabic, tales of lies) 745 and Judaism, see Judaism, and Christianity Chouraqui, A., on Josephus’ reports on Berbers as relations between Common law and Jewry law Canaanites 69 144–8 Christian Bible religious symbolism, effects on Jewish anti-Judaism within the New Testament art 550 977, 983 rise development of the canon, in relation to and effects on Jewish settlements in the area Judaism and Christianity, first to of Nisibis 805 second centuries 255 and the schism with Judaism 6 foundations in the Septuagint 977 separation from Judaism See also New Testament first and second centuries 268–95 Christian–Jewish relations origins 6, 259–66 Asia Minor, second to third centuries 82 First Jewish Revolt 266–7 Spain, third to seventh centuries 509–11 tolerance of, in the Sasanian empire 799 Christian literature, and the process of triumph, and the dating of the midrash canonization of the Hebrew halachah 337 Bible 276–7 unity, Irenaeus’ views 244 Christianity women’s cultic role 642 adoption as the imperial religion and its Christianization effects upon Judaism 796, 998–1007, effects on the legal system and Jewish legal 1036, 1041 status 132–3 anti-Judaism 6, 14–15 effects upon the rabbinic movement 224 fifth to seventh centuries 1020–7 Christians and regionalism 244–6 attendance at synagogues, as evidence of See also anti-Judaism positive attitudes towards Judaism apostasy from, legal provisions 163–9 1005, 1006 building projects, in Palestine, links with biblical exegesis, effects on Jewish pilgrimages 1010 exegesis 679 and the canonization of the Bible 231, excommunication from the synagogue 232, 233–4 271–6 continuity with Judaism recognized 1006–8 Jewish Christians, as minim 288–91

INDEX 1087 not to be tried in the Patriarch’s court 158 Cicero persecution, Jewish participation possible, and and Jewish law 130 its effects on the growth of Christian on the Jewish presence in Asia Minor 75, 76 anti-Judaism 994–8 on talmudic and natural law 882 possible Christian burials in Jewish cemeteries circumcision 33 (western North Africa) 70 and the ascription of merit to Israel 930 possible involvement in the Bar Kochba Augustine of Hippo’s teachings on its Revolt 114 sacramental nature 1015 reactions to the First Jewish Revolt 30 banning 138, 163 responsibility for reintroduction of Jewish after Constantine I’s adoption of literature into Egypt and Cyrenaica Christianity 1000 after the Second Jewish Revolt 63 as covenant (brt) 609, 966 understanding of the destruction of the demanded of proselytes 660 Jerusalem Temple 197, 204 Hadrian’s ban, and the causes of the Bar Christology Kochba Revolt 34, 106, 107 effects on Jewish–Christian relations 260–1, imposition on Gentile slaves held by Jews 657 265–6 Jewish insistence on criticized 1013 Jewish foundations 977 Jewish rights 154 Justin Martyr’s understanding 982 legal position, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37 Chromatius of Aquileia under Justinian’s Code 1075 attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism Cirta (North Africa), inscriptions as evidence of ineffective 505 Jewish presence 70 sermons relating to the Jews 505 cities Church cultic organization of social life in the ancient and Judaism, Augustine of Hippo’s teachings world 985 1016–20 Jewish involvement in communities in Asia universalism, adoption by Constantine I 998 Minor 81 church buildings, use, in relation to Judaism rabbinic settlements within 220, 222, 224 and Christianity, first to second city councils centuries 255 Jewish membership 413–14 Church councils Jews not exempted from serving on city Agde (506), anti-Judaism 1021 councils in Apulia and Calabria 505 Elvira (c. 300/13), anti-Jewish legislation 509 Jews not exempted from, in Italy 505 Nicaea (325) 1041 political powers affected by mid-third-century Toledo (fourth council) (633) 1023 inflation 49 Church Fathers political standing (after First Jewish Revolt) 28 anti-Judaism 14, 1039 City of God (Augustine of Hippo) 1046 on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289 on the Jews as the protected people of dialogue with the Rabbis on the relationship God 1019 between oral and written Torah civic pride, among Babylonian Jewry 808 905–6 civil administration on God’s sovereignty, links to the rabbinic Jewish participation, Venosa 500 liturgy 604–5 Jews not exempted from serving on city information about Palestinian Jewry 793 councils in Apulia and Calabria 505 on the logic underlying resurrection 961 prohibited to Jews, under Justinian’s reports of the Bar Kochba Revolt 35 Code 1075 See also Augustine of Hippo, St.; Clement of civil and imperial government, Jewish Alexandria; Clement of Rome; Cyprian membership, in late Roman-Byzantine of Carthage, St.; Jerome, St.; Justin Palestine 414–15 Martyr civil service churches Jews excluded from major positions 505 existence as indication of Christian population Jews excluded from major positions in the fifth levels in Palestine 409 century 505 Holy Trinity (Venosa) 500 Clarus, Erucius (Roman general in Trajan’s San Vitale (Ravenna) 544 Parthian campaign) 86

1088 INDEX Clarus of Ptolemais, and the Sunday celebration Collatio legum Mosaicarum et romanarum of Easter 247 (Comparison of Mosaic and Roman Claudius (brigand) (third-century Palestine) 48 Law) 495, 504–5 Claudius (Roman emperor), and Jewry law 140, Cologne, Jews admitted to the decurionate 1042 141, 142 commandments Clement of Alexandria authority, accepted within the Shema 603 considers the Apocalypseof Peter canonical 254 time-bound commandments, women’s role on resurrection 964 638–40 use of Jewish sources 66 women’s observance 10 views on Judaism 255 See also Decalogue Clement of Rome, on God’s sovereignty 604 commerce, Babylonian Jewish involvement Clermont (Auvergne), Christian–Jewish 810–11 unrest 1022 Commodus (Roman emperor), cult 603 clients, names used on amulets 710 Common law climate, effects on halachah 18 as affected by christianization of the Roman Codex Justinianus 15 Empire 132 Codex Theodosianus 146 and halakhah 131 anti-Jewish laws 512 in Israel, under paganism 133–6 effects on Jewish legal position on the borders Jewish legal status in the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire 1046 130, 131 incorporations into Justinian’s Code, Jewish in relation to Jewry law, effects of legal status 1074 Christianization 144 on intermarriage between Jews and See also law Christians 1023 community life, Asia Minor, second to third and its effects on Jewry law 132 centuries 79–80 Jewish legal status 1043, 1045 community needs, and canonization of the in the period before the promulgation of the Hebrew Bible 242 code 1041–3 conditional betrothal 618 on Jewish ownership of Christian slaves confession (viddui), as the third element of 164, 166 repentance 939 on Jews and Samaritans 150 conjugal sex, affirmation 956 codices, influence on the development of the Constans (Roman emperor) canon 231 religious policy 999 Cohen, Richard 176 on superstitio 148 Cohen, S. J. D. 425 Constantine I the Great (Roman emperor) Cohen, Shaye 27, 856 anti-Jewish legislation 1042 cohorts building projects in connection with Christian I Augusta praetoria Lusitanorum equitata shrines 1009 (Egyptian cohort, during the Jewish commissions Joseph of Tiberias to build uprisings, during Trajan’s reign) 97 churches in Israel 256 I Ulpia Afrorum equitata (Egyptian cohort, conversion 144 during the Jewish uprisings, during effects on Judaism 14 Trajan’s reign) 97 declares Christianity a religio licita 1 involved in suppression of Jewish uprisings in on Jewish religious leaders 155, 157 Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 97 on Judaism as a sect 149–50 coinage legal provisions on Jewish ownership of Bar Kochba didrachm (Shekel) 114 Christian slaves 166 Bar Kochba Revolt 33, 35, 36, 113–15, 116, legal provisions for Jewish participation in 186–7, 188 municipal government 159 geographical distribution 117 protects converts from Judaism 162 as evidence of Ben Kosiba’s leadership of the recognition of Jewish citizenship 130 Bar Kochba Revolt 110 recognizes synagogues as the center of Jewish as evidence of the foundation of Aelia religious activity 155 Capitolina 107 religious policy and its effects 998–1007 See also currency values renames Byzantium as New Rome 1035

INDEX 1089 Constantine II (Roman emperor) linked with God, through the first blessing of anti-Jewish legislation 1042 the Shema liturgy 951–2 legal provisions on Jewish ownership of in Sefer Yetzira 785 Christian slaves 166 cross-dressing 621 Constantius II (Roman emperor), legal cultic life prohibitions on apostasy from as basis of cities’ social life in the ancient Christianity 164 world 985 Constitutiones Apostolorum , on God’s Jews exempted from the public cult 986 sovereignty 605 public nature 986 Constitutio Antoniniana 48, 1035, 1040 encourages participation in both Jewish and effects upon halakhah 135 Christian worship 1006 inclusion of Jews 139 women’s role 638–44 Contra Faustum (Augustine), as a defense of Jews curial service and Judaism 1015–20 Jewish participation under the christianized conversion Roman Empire 1001 forced conversions 1042 Jews not exempted from, under Justinian’s agreed by the fourth Council of Toledo Code 1074 (633) 1023 currency values seventh century 1026 changes as justified in halachah 885 from Christianity to Judaism, under Justinian’s and interest levels, Bar Kochba Revolt 121 Code 1074 See also coinage from Judaism to Christianity, under Justinian’s Cyprian of Carthage, St., on Jewish presence in Code 1074 Carthage 73 imposition on Gentile slaves held by Jews 657 Cyprus CorpusIurisCivilis ( Justinian’s lawcode) 15, Jewish settlements 1038 146, 507 Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 96, abrogates jurisdiction of Jewish courts 158 97, 98 anti-Judaism within 15 Cyrenaica on apostasy from Christianity 163 Diaspora court cases involving Christians to be tried first to second centuries 2 in imperial courts 161 first to third centuries 53 and its effects on Jewry law 132 Cyrene in Italy 507 Jewish uprisings under Trajan 94, 98 Jewish legal status 1043, 1073–6 Jewry law in 141 on Jews and Samaritans 150 Cyril of Alexandria, drives out Jewish legalizes Sabbath observance 151, 154 settlers 1038 Corycos, Jewish citizenship 81 Cyril of Jerusalem, on the logic underlying cosmology, Christian cosmology 977 resurrection 961 cosmos, continued existence ascribed to human Cyrus of Persia, as viewed by deutero-Isaiah 240 merit 929 Cotton, H. M. 630 Dabrowa, E. 101 covenant 965–75 Daldianus, Artemidorus, on the death of brt, and circumcision 609, 966 Turbo, during Jewish uprisings in Christian and Jewish attitudes towards Libya 97 264–5 Dalman, G., on Aramaic vocalization 486, 487 indelible nature 661 Daniel, book of as partnership with God and acceptance of his messianism 1057, 1068 sovereignty 966 on the persecution of the Jews and its seen in the act of repentance 943 relationship to the Jerusalem theology, avoided by Josephus 609 Temple 196 within the Shema, replaced by theology of practice of prayer, as pattern for the practice God’s sovereignty 606 of Amidah 591, 595 creation See also messianism as the basis for the seven-day week 560 Danie´lou, J. 68 goodness of man’s creation questioned 937 Dasoi, Simeon ( parnas , Bar Kochba Revolt) 111

1090 INDEX David deeds, and merit 929 messianic role 1054 defecation, blessings for the process of 954 in BT 1066, 1067 defensor civitatis (legal office), forbidden to Jews, in PT 1064 under Justinian’s Code 1074 David, messiah of 1068 Delattre, A.-L. 69, 70 Davies, W.D. 15, 271, 282 demography Day of Atonement see Yom Kippur after the Bar Kochba Revolt 36, 37 Day of the Lord, theme, in messianism 1055, Babylonian Jewry 804–7 1056, 1066 effects of Second Jewish Revolt 60 Days of Awe 563 in Egypt and Cyrenaica, after the Second de Ieiunio (Tertullian), on the public nature of Jewish Revolt 63 religious practice 986 Italian Diaspora 494 dead third to seventh centuries 493 burial, as cause of Zoroastrian anti-Jewish Jewish settlements activities 798 fifth to seventh centuries 1044–6 denial of their resurrection leads to exclusion Late Byzantine Palestine 551 from ‘‘the world to come’’ 943 Late Roman and Byzantine periods resurrection 953 1036–40 Dead Sea Scrolls Palestine and the canonization of the Hebrew Bible 230, patterns of rabbinic settlement 220–2 232, 237 second and third centuries 40 Community Rule scarcity of resources in connection with Jewish discussion of Shema as covenant 967 marriage and sexual ethics 613 messianism 1059 demonology 703–4, 706 connections with the emergence of Heikhalot expulsion, by means of demons 709 literature 757 incantations against 479 Copper Scroll, language 370 Jewish beliefs in possibly fostered by Iranian Damascus Document, on prayer and beliefs 813 sacrifice 587 in magic tales 731 and information about festivals 557 and use of magic bowls 711, 712 language 371 deutero-Isaiah, theological outlook 240 as means to dating the midrashim 686 Deuteronomy Temple Scroll, prescription of firstfruits as the basis of cultic reforms 192 celebrations 565 covenant within 966 use of Aramaic 463, 464–5, 466, 471 halachic midrash 687 WarScroll , messianism 1059 on instruction in Torah 901–2 See also Qumran community understandings of the destruction of the death Solomonic Temple 196 as an intensification of sleep 963 Deuteronomy Rabbah 690 as atonement 941 deuterosis, Justinian I forbids reading and study of not seen as the reward of sin 935 1024, 1045, 1048, 1076 death penalty, abolition, and the reasons for this Dhu Nuwas, Yusuf Asar Yathar (Jewish king of as seen within halachah 885 Himyar), disputes with Justinian the debt, cancellation 44 Great over the right of way through the Decalogue Red Sea 1049 covenant renewal within, superseded by the Dialogue between Jason and Papiscus (Ariosto?), understanding of covenant within the views of Judaism 249 Shema 966, 967–70 Dialogue with Trypho ( Justin Martyr) 254 Second Commandment, effects on Jewish allegorization of the Septuagint and art 175 anti-Judaism 981–3 structure 600 anti-Judaism 264 likened to that of the Shema 600 on Jewish persecution of Christians 995 See also commandments on Jewish proselytes to Christianity 980 Decapolis, tensions between Judaism and views of Judaism 249 Christianity 248 See also Justin Martyr

INDEX 1091 Diaspora Diospolis (Lod), destruction mentioned during Asia Minor, first to third centuries 75 the Jewish revolt under Gallus Babylonia, second to third centuries 82, 85 (351/2) 411 in Babylonia, second to third centuries, Diospolis-Lydda, rabbinic movement in 47 self-government 86–8 disciple circles 835, 837 Carthage, first to third centuries 68 divine grace, essential for the continuation of Cyrenaica, first to third centuries 53 life 960 Egypt, first to third centuries 53 divorce 619 first to second centuries 2 rabbinic laws, dating and the origins of the first to third centuries 53 Mishnah 200 in Italy 8, 505–7 rabbinic views 18 legal and social situation, third to seventh women allowed to divorce their centuries 496–8, 500–1, 503–4 husbands 631 third to seventh centuries 492–508 writs of divorce (get), use of Aramaic 468 Mesopotamia, second to third centuries 83 See also marriage observance of halakhah 131 ‘‘DM’’/’’DMS’’ (‘‘Dis Manibus’’/’’Dis Manibus operation of Jewry law, under paganism 139–44 Sacrum’’) (funerary inscription), Jewish organization of economic support for Jews in use 70 Palestine after First Jewish Revolt 269 Docetism, opposition to stresses the humanity privileges, effects on Jewry law, under of Christ 1008 paganism 136 Domitian (Roman emperor) in the Roman Empire 493 ban on castration 107 in Rome, third to seventh centuries 495–9 harassment of Jews 137 in Spain 8 levying of the fiscus Judaicus 32 third to seventh centuries 508–16 Donatists, legal situation 150 synagogues 54 Dorotheus, discovery of the garments worn by third to seventh centuries 492–516 Jesus on the day he was uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 93 crucified 1010 in Venosa (Basilicata) (Italy), third to seventh Dothan, Moshe, excavation of Hammat Tiberias centuries 499–502 synagogue 542 western North Africa, first to third Drake, H. A. 999 centuries 68 dreams, and their interpretation, in BT 847, Didache 847–8, 849 attitudes towards Judaism 246 duplications, within PT 673–5 on Jewish blessings 949 Dura Europos 12 views of Judaism 248 Diaspora, second to third centuries 83, 85 Dijouana, inscriptions as evidence of Jewish siting of church and synagogue 256 presence 70 synagogue 12 Dimi, R., on the teaching of Torah 915 western wall 528, 531 dinim (lawcourts), establishment by the Torah shrine 530 Gentiles 653 Dio Cassius see Cassius Dio ‘‘Eagle and the Fox, The’’ (Aesop’s fable) 736–7 Dio Chrysostom, on Zeus’s sovereignty 607 early Christian literature Diocaesarea (Sepphoris) 46 allegorization of the Septuagint 981–2 destruction mentioned during the Jewish anti-Judaism within 983 revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) Easter 411, 412 Quartodeciman celebration of, supported by Diocletian (Roman emperor) Melito of Sardis 251 accession (284) 19 Sunday celebration favored rather than mentioned in the midrashim 686 Nisan 14 247 sister, conversion to Judaism 1039 Ebionism 245 Dionysius of Corinth, views on Judaism 252 possible contents of an Ebionite biblical Dionysos canon 255 mosaic designs 4–5 Eck, W. 25, 35 Sepphoris 181 economics, Babylonian Jewry 809–11

1092 INDEX Edessa election, Christian and Jewish attitudes towards capture by Quietus 86 264–5 destruction, during Jewish uprisings in Eliav, Y. 34 Trajan’s reign 99, 100 Eliezer, R. 855 Edfu (Upper Egypt), tax records of Jewish criticism of R. Ishmael 364 communities, after the Second Jewish on Israel’s merit 930 Revolt 63 magical acts 708 Edictum Theodorici 506 on the status of Torah 921 Egica (king of Spain, 687–702), anti-Jewish on women studying Torah 917 policies 515 on women’s work 635 Egypt 12 Eliezer ben Azariah, R., travels, as evidence of the association with magic 708 authority of the Yavneh academy 269 Diaspora 1038 Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, R. first to second centuries 2 banning of 272 first to third centuries 53 biographical legends about 726 Jewish taxation (second century) 137 Eliezer ben Jacob, R., on judicial deviations 894 Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 93, 95, Elijah 96, 98 as harbinger of the messiah 1057, 1062 Judaism and Christianity, first to second seen as sinless 935 centuries 254–5 Elijah Gaon, R., commentary on the Tosefta 333 as source of information about the operations Elior, Rachel 12, 749 of Common law under Elisha (commander, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110 christianization 132 Elisha ben Abuyah, never described as having Egyptian priests, permitted to practice been excommunicated 275 circumcision 34 continues to teach after his apostasy 914 Eighteen Benedictions, Kedushah of the seen as a receptacle of Torah 921–2 Amidah 767 Elvira, Council (c. 300/13 CE), anti-Jewish Elazar ben Azariah, age when appointed to legislation 509 succeed Rabban Gamliel 914 Em (woman with medical knowledge) 642 Elazar ben R. Shimon, R., learning 911 emperor cult Elazar the Priest, named on coinage of the Bar Christianization 1009 Kochba Revolt 36 Constantine I’s use of 998 Elbogen, I., on the purpose of the Birkat and the sovereignization of the liturgy 602–3, ha-Minim 293 604–5 Elche (Spain), Jewish colony 509 En-Gedi, involvement in the Bar Kochba Eleazar (wonder-worker) 700 Revolt 113 Eleazar, R. (disciple of R. Yoh.anan) (third-century Enoch amora) 604 books of on landownership in Palestine 409 connections with the emergence of Heikhalot Eleazar ben Azariah literature 757 authority questioned 213 EthiopicEnoch , messianism 1058 and the Yavneh academy 211 Enoch Eleazar ben H. itah (commander, Bar Kochba described as a priest 760 Revolt) 110 identification with Metatron 761 Eleazar ben Shimeon, R. (ben Yohai) 319 Enoch literature, reflected in glorification of Eleazar ben Yosef (En-Gedi’s parnas , Bar Kochba the Throne of Glory in Heikhalot Revolt) 111 literature 766 Eleazar ha-Kappar, R., on the covenant 969 enporia 323, 331 Eleazar Ha-Qallir, R., on the first two sayings of Ephesus, Jewish citizenship 81 the Decalogue and the acceptance of Ephraim, demography 40 God’s sovereignty 967 ‘‘Epicureans,’’ excluded from ‘‘the world to Eleazar of Modi’in, R., role in folk tales about Bar come’’ 943 Kochba 728, 729 epigraphical remains, role in discussions of the ‘‘Eleazar the Priest’’ (coin superscription, Bar Diaspora in Italy, third to seventh Kochba Revolt) 110 centuries 494

INDEX 1093 epiklarete 623 on Jewish uprisings in Libya under Lukuas Epiphanius 94, 95 on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289, 291 on Jewish uprisings in Mesopotamia during on Jewish population levels in Galilee 408 Trajan’s reign 99 epispasm 33 on Quietus’ campaign against the Jews 86 Epistleof the Apostles , views on Judaism 254 on Rufus’ involvement in the Bar Kochba Epistleof Aristeas , on God’s sovereignty 606 Revolt 124 Epistleof Barnabas , see Barnabas, Epistleof on the sending out of messengers from Epistleof Rav Sherira Gaon 800 Palestine to discredit Christianity 268 Epistleto Diognetus , views of Judaism 251 and the ‘‘war of Kittos’’ 100 EpistulaApostolorum 65 Eve, and Adam, marriage 619 Epstein, J. N. evening synagogue service 580 on dialect within Mishnaic Hebrew 382 evil, and good, not correlated with soul and body on Mishnaic Hebrew 389 in rabbinical thought 956 on the relationship between the Tosefta and the excommunication, jurisdiction of Jewish courts Mishnah 326, 327 recognized 159 on the relationship of the Tosefta to other Exilarchate 801–4 rabbinic literature 334 and Jewish self-government, in Babylonia Erfurt manuscript (Tosefta) 323, 332 87, 90 Ervig, King (680–87), anti-Jewish policies 515 Exodus, book of eschatology, rabbinic eschatology, understanding halachic midrash 687 of the destruction of the Jerusalem and the merit of Israel and Moses 930 Temple 201 Exodus Rabbah 690 Eshel, Hanan 4, 105 Exodus story, focus for anti-Jewish rhetoric in Esther, book of Egypt, after the First Jewish appealed to as the basis of the moral imperative Revolt 56 to observe Torah 880 Ezekiel, book of and the festival of Purim 568 Merkavah vision Esther Rabbah 11, 689–90 and the emergence of Merkavah literature messianism 1069 755, 758, 765, 766 use of fable 739 reflected in Merkavah literature 772, 775, Esther scroll (Megillah), reading of on the festival 776–7 of Purim 568 rabbinical concerns about 343 Etana, myth 735–7 Eudaimonia (mother of the strategos Apollonios), fables concern for son in the Jewish uprisings as Aggadah 683 in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 96 mashal 734–41 Euphrates river, Jewish settlements 805 See also folk tales Eusebius the Faiyum, tax records of Jewish communities, account of the Bar Kochba Revolt and its after the Second Jewish Revolt 63 dating 112 Falk, Daniel 587 on Constantine I’s church-building projects family life 9 1009 Babylon 625 and the dating of the foundation of Aelia Palestine 620, 622 Capitolina in relation to the Bar farming, see agriculture Kochba Revolt 107 fasting on Jewish attitudes to the persecution of and festivals 570 Christians 995 memorial fasts 569 on Jewish and Christian villages in Palestine minor fasts 570, 571 408 public fasting 569 on Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, during Trajan’s Fathers (Patriarchs), merit of (zechut avot) 942 reign 96 Fayum (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s on Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 95 reign 98 Feldman, L. H. 167 on Jewish uprisings in Libya and Egypt 102 Feliks, Yehuda 39, 41

1094 INDEX Felix, Marcus Minucius, on God’s sovereignty 608 ‘‘Fragment Targum, The’’ (Yerushalmi) 693 Ferron, J. 69 Frankel, Zacharias 344 festivals 9 Frankel, Zechariah 325 Booths 563, 564 Frazer, James 701 and fasts 570 Fredriksen, Paula 14, 977 formation during the Late Roman-Rabbinic free will period 556 exercised in consistency with humanity’s information sources 556–7 subservience to God 926 Jewish festivals, recognized under Justinian’s as the expression of humanity’s likeness to Code 1074 God 928 See also Purim; Sabbath; Sukkot; Yom Kippur and repentance 938 final judgment, resurrection essential for 959 and sin 932 Finkelstein, L. 40 Frend, W.H. C. 68, 73, 994 Finkelstein, Louis 5, 15 Frey, J. 75 firstfruits celebrations 565 Friedlander, M. 292 firstfruits (aparchai ), introduction, and effects on Friedman, M. (Ish-Shalom) 912 Jewry law, after the Jewish revolts 137 Friedman, S. 327, 334 First Jewish Revolt 1 Friedman, Shamma 866 and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 106 fringes (tzitzit), wearing by women 640–1 and Christianity’s separation from Judaism Froga, Count, protection of Jews in Visigothic 266–7 Spain (c. 603–14) 516 effects on Diaspora in Egypt and Cyrenaica 55 Fronto (Roman orator), on Roman casualties, in effects of its failure on Palestine 23 the Bar Kochba Revolt 123 legal effects 133 funerary inscriptions and monuments and the Yavneh academy 235 Diaspora fiscus Judaicus 26, 79, 81, 419 Italy 77, 494, 502–3, 506 as cause of Jewish uprisings 93 Rome 496–9, 501 effects on Jewish identity 202 as evidence of Jewish involvement in civil and introduction 55, 142 imperial administration, in Late and effects on Jewry law, after the Jewish Roman-Byzantine Palestine 414 revolts 137 See also burials; catacombs; cemeteries; lack of exemptions from foments ill feeling Sarcophagi among the Jews 58 Funk, S. 827 levying of 32 Nisibis mentioned as collection point 84 Gafni, I. M. 12, 792, 829, 836 fish, Spanish trade in 509 Gager, John G. 700 Fishbane, Michael 239, 340 Galen 18 fishing industry, in Palestine, second and third Galilean Aramaic, see Aramaic centuries 38 Galilee Flusser, D. 285, 286 administration during Hadrian’s reign 101 folk medicine, women’s involvement 724 Aramaic used during the period of the folk tales 11, 14, 722 Amoraim 370 criteria for, exclude mashal 735 Bar Kochba Revolt 114 informants about 724 demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37 legends 725–30 domestic architecture contrasted with that of magic and supernatural tales 730–4 the Greco-Roman villa 180 performance 723 Jewish population levels, third to fourth See also fables centuries 407, 408 food, preparation, on festivals 563 rabbinic settlement within 220, 222 Four Species, transport to Ben Kosiba’’s camp for synagogues the Festival of Succoth, as indication of Baram 537 dating of the Bar Kochba Revolt 118 Bet Alpha, mosaic floors 548 ‘‘The Fox and the Fishes’’ (fable: R. Akiva) Capernaum 552 739, 740 Sepphoris, mosaic floor 545, 546 FragmentTargum , use of Aramaic 462, 471 Gallus (Caesar), Jewish revolt (351/2 CE) 411–13

INDEX 1095 Gallus, L. Cossonius (consul, Judaea) 101 merit 929 Galor, K. 180 as minim 288 Galsterer, H. 27 salvation, possible effects on Jewish Gamaliel II of Yavneh, R. proselytizing activities 992–3 attitudes to art 175 social interaction with Babylonian Jews 811–18 and the Birkat ha-Minim 280, 290 social interaction with Jews discouraged by Gamaliel VI (Patriarch) 156 rabbis 17 demotion 1002 Torah study 918–19 Gamaliel (‘‘a knowing Jew’’), ‘‘discovery’’ of the See also Amalekites; proselytes; resident aliens; bones of St. Stephen 1010 Samaritans; seven Canaanite nations; Gamaliel, R. slaves; world, nations of attitudes to Christianity, as reported in Acts 267 geography, effects on halachah 18 on the logic underlying resurrection 961 Gerasa (Israel) (synagogue) 256, 525 origins of the Amidah 581 geresh (‘‘continuation,’’ ‘‘transfer’’), use in PT 674 and the origins of the rabbinic movement 208, gerim (sojourners) 658 209, 210 Geschichte der Juden IV (Graetz), on the Babylonian self-purification when eating unhallowed academies 826–7 food 577 get (writ of divorce), use of Aramaic 468 travels, as evidence of the authority of the gezerah shavah (lexical comparison) 361 Yavneh academy 269 ghettoes, origins 236 and the Yavneh academy 210 Gibson, E. L. 996 Gamart (north of Carthage), necropolis 69, 71 Ginzberg, Louis 17, 276, 277 Gamla (Israel) (synagogue) 177 Gittin (mishnaic tractate) 301 Gamliel II, R. 19 glass industry, developments within Palestine, Gamliel, Rabban, on the relationship between and their effects on halachah 17 oral and written Torah 907 Gnostics and Gnosticism 65, 245, 246 Gamliel, Rabban 914 antinomianism 261 Gargilius Antiquus, Paccius (consul, Judaea) 101 as basis for Christian anti-Judaism 978–9 garment industry, Jewish participation 1044 as minim 288, 293 Gaston, L. 263 possible contents of a gnostic biblical canon 255 Gaudentius of Brescia God attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism actions, ‘‘for His Name’s sake,’’ independent of ineffective 505 human merit 930–1 sermons relating to the Jews 505 addressed as King, in prayer 596 Geiger, Abraham 338, 344 choice by Israel, as a mark of the covenant 972 Geiger, J. 107 description, in the Shiur Qoma 783–4 gender, rabbinical views 219, 614–15 faithfulness 964 genealogical purity, rabbinic concerns with human repentance seen as an act of God 942 850–1, 852 Justin Martyr’s definition 981 genealogy, talmudic attitudes towards 858 as King of the world, as affirmed by rabbinical generic crimes, forbidden in the halakhah 129 prayer 573 Genesis, halachic midrash 687 likeness, shared with humanity 927 Genesis Rabbah 11, 687, 688 love for Israel shown in Israel’s election 971–5 messianism 1069 mercy, almost unlimited in its application to Genoim, Aramaic language 476–7, 843 Israel 942 Gentile–Jewish relations, Rabbinate’s name understanding 10 pronunciation during prayer 595 Gentile–Jewish social life, within cities in the pronunciation only in the Temple and not in ancient world 985–98 the synagogue 599 Gentiles sanctification of, in Heikhalot literature attitudes affect the legal status of Jews in the 768–71 Roman Empire 128–9 use on amulets 710 biblical perceptions 647–8 nature of the highest god as understood within cultic practices allowed at other than the Gnosticism 978, 979 Jerusalem Temple 192 partnership with, as covenant 966

1096 INDEX God (cont.) Graetz, Heinrich 5, 230, 338 prayer before 591–7 Geschichte der Juden IV, on the Babylonian relation to the world seen as analogous to the academies 826–7 soul’s relationship to the body 953 grain shipments relationship with both Israel and the Gentiles disruption affects Trajan’s policies towards the 652–48 Jews 61 relationship with Israel, metaphor for imposition on Jews and Samaritans in Egypt marriage 619 declared illegal 151 sovereignty grammar, in Biblical and Mishnaic accepted within the Shema 603, 606 Hebrew 373 focus within rabbinic liturgy 600–2, 604–9 Gratian (Roman emperor), legal prohibitions on recognition of as covenant 966, 967–71 apostasy from Christianity 164 sovereignty over death 964 Graetz, Heinrich 5 subjection to law 886 Greco-Roman culture, tall tales 745 and Torah 919–21 Greece, Judaism and Christianity, first to second word, as fire identified with God’s self 903 centuries 252–3 God-fearers (sebomenoi) 659, 987, 989 Greek presence in synagogues, in Asia Minor 80–1 absorption into Hebrew texts 1050 See also proselytes influence upon Aramaic 483, 487 God’s principal angel, speculations concerning, and Mishnaic Hebrew 389, 392–3, 398 first century 265 reading of the Bible in Greek promoted under Golan, demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt Justinian I’s regulations 1076 37, 38 superiority to Aramaic 460 Goldberg, A. 326, 334 use in funerary inscriptions Goldenberg, Robert 5, 191 Italy 503 Goldstein, Jonathan 961 Roman Jewish catacombs 495–7 good, and evil, not correlated with soul and body Rome 496, 498, 525 in rabbinical thought 956 Venosa 500, 501 Goodblatt, David 2–5, 7–8, 21, 27, 82, 404, 813, use in Jewish liturgy 987 821, 836 use in legal documents 630 Goodenough, E. R. 175, 529 use in synagogue inscriptions Goodman, Martin 44, 419 Hammat Tiberias 543 gor’inmosifin ve-dorshin (legal principle) 362–7 Sardis 534 Gospelof the Ebionites 248 use within PT 663 Gospelof the Egyptians 65, 254 Greek Magical Papyri 699 Gospelof the Hebrews 65, 254 as evidence of Jewish–Gentile religious Gospelof the Nazoreans (‘‘the Jewish Gospel’’) 248 interaction 987 Gospelof Peter 248 Greeks Gospelof Philip 250, 965 anti-Jewish attacks, in Egypt, during Trajan’s Gospelof Thomas 65, 250 reign 95, 96 Gospelof Truth 65 social situation, in relationship to Jews 141 Gospelof Truth (Valentinus) 254 views on marriage 623 Gospels Greeks Answered (Apollinarius, bishop of attitudes to Judaism 31 Hierapolis) 251 classified as gilyonim, to be burned as Gregory the Great (pope) heretical 279 on Jewish legal standing 168, 169 evidence for banning from the synagogue 274 on Jewish ownership of Christian Goths, and Jewish legal rights 1022 slaves 167–8 ‘‘governed by men, not by rules,’’ principle 895–8 and the Jews 1022–3 Grabar, Andre´ 550 letters grace, after meals, divine grace an essential part cast light on the Diaspora 502 of the sustaining of life 960 as evidence of the presence of the Diaspora Grado (northern Italy) in Italy 502 funerary inscriptions 506 grimoires (handbooks), use for magic 713–15 on Jewish conversion to Christianity 506 Grotto del Carciofo 503

INDEX 1097 guerrilla warfare, role in the Bar Kochba legal sources 133 Revolt 35 use of Aramaic 462 Gush H. alav, synagogue 178, 538 Halakhot Gedolot, use of Aramaic 462 H. alamish 408 Hadrian ben Yehudah 121 Halevi, Judah, on the association of R. Ishmael Hadrian (Roman emperor) 1, 4, 62, 98 b. Elisha with Heikhalot literature 759 anti-Jewish policies 137–9 Halevy, Isaac 671, 828 appointment of Severus as commander of hallel, readings 560 Roman forces in the Bar Kochba hallel Psalms, recitation during Sukkot 566 Revolt 123 Haman Bar Kochba Revolt 122, 124–5 crucifixion 1074 cult satirized in rabbinic traditions 602 seen as a descendent of the Amalekites 649, 650 Jewish attempts to rebuild the Jerusalem as the subject of fable 738–9 Temple 195 HaMeiri, ascribes the Tosefta to Bar policy towards cities and Jewish control 46 Kappara 320 political decisions, as possible causes of the Bar Hamel, G. 23, 41 Kochba Revolt 34 H. ammam-Lif, synagogue 68, 71 possible proscription of Judaism 37 Hamat Tiberias 538, 542, 547 religious edicts against Jews, following the Bar H. ana 915 Kochba Revolt 126 H. ananiah ben Teradion, R., daughter, Torah settlement of Libya, after Jewish uprisings 98 study 917 siege of Bethar, recorded in folk tales about Bar H. ananyah, R. (nephew of R. Yehoshua) 88, 89 Kochba 728 ha-Nasi, R. Judah (Yehudah) troop movements in relationship to the Jewish and divine sovereignty within rabbinical uprisings 102 liturgy 603 Haftorot, midrashim 688 confirms the Shema as the Decalogue’s haggadah 564 replacement 967 Hagia Sophia (church) (Constantinople) 1049 on slavery (the case of one both half slave and Hagiographa, Targums, use of Aramaic 462, half free) 867–72 463, 617 see also Judah I (Patriarch) Hai Gaon, Rav, on use of Babylonian Aramaic handbooks (grimoires), use for magic 713–15 and also Chaldean 811 hands, ‘‘making the hands unclean,’’ defiled by hakhamim 424 handling canonical Scriptures 279 Hakohen, R. Huna, on merit 930 Hanina, R. halachic nonconformity, as possible explanation on the destruction of Jerusalem as the effect of for Jewish antipathy towards early sin 937 Christianity 259, 261, 262 magical acts 708 halachot 316 Hanina ben Akashia, R., on human merit 929 evolution, as affected by social background 17 Hanina ben Dosa, R. 910 relation to history 13 reported as conquering demons 732 as sources for PT 670 Hanina (or Hananiah) ben Hizkiah 343 Halachot Gedolot, vocalized manuscripts 485 Hanina ben Menachem 13 Halachot Pesuqot , vocalized manuscripts 485 Hannah, prayer, as pattern for the practice halakhot of Amidah 591, 597 as affected by Christianization of the Roman Hannukah 567, 568 Empire 132 Harari, Yuval 702 attempts to abolish, under paganism 137, 138 H. arba de-Moshe (magical handbook) 714 development 236 Harnack, Adolf von 271 effects on Jewish legal status in the Roman Harris, Jay 7 Empire 131, 132 Hartra (Mesopotamia), siege 102 evolution, and effects on Jewish legal status Harviainen, T. 477 under the Common law, in Israel hasidim 910 134, 136 Haterius Nepos, T. (governor of the province and Jewish legal status, in Israel, under of Arabia) 125 paganism 134 Hauptman, Judith 632

1098 INDEX havdalah 562 Song of Songs, place in the curriculum 914 Havdalah de-Rabbi Akiba (Babylonian Aramaic See also Bible; Daniel, book of; Deuteronomy; magical handbook) 713 Esther, book of; Exodus, book of; H. ayyim ben David, survey of synagogues in Ezekiel, book of; Isaiah, book of; Byzantine Palestine 538 Jeremiah, book of; Pentateuch; healing practices 703 Scriptures; Septuagint heart, as the location of sin 932 Hebrews, concept 1013 heaven, identity, in connection with the emperor Hebrews, Epistle to the cult 1010 authorship 65 Heaven-fearers 150 and the destruction of the Jerusalem heavenly sanctuaries, mystical ascent to, Temple 204 descriptions in Heikhalot literature 752 views on Judaism 253 Hebrew Hecataeus of Abdera, on Jewish marriage absorption of other languages as evidence of practices 612 lack of concern about language Hecate, temple (Cyrene), destruction in Jewish purity 1050 uprisings under Trajan 94 and Aramaic 457, 458–60 Hegesippus, on Jewish–Christian relations 246 importance for both the Septuagint and the heikhal, relationship to Heikhalot literature 757 New Testament, as link between Heikhalot literature 12, 749–57 Judaism and Christianity 1010–12 connections with the Temple 757–8 influence upon Jewish Aramaic 482–3 editions and translations 786–8 lack of use in funerary inscriptions, in Roman and magic 715–18 Jewish catacombs 496 prayers and sacred songs 761–83 rabbinic Hebrew, use within the Mishnah roles of R. Ishmael b. Elisha and Metatron 304, 308 758–61 in tannaitic literature 369 and Sefer Yetzira (Book of Creation) 785–6 use 2 Shiur Qoma 783–5 use by Babylonian Jews 811 Heikhalot mysticism 12 use in funerary inscriptions Heikhalot Rabbati (ascent text) 716 Italy 503 Heinemann, J. 285 Rome 525 Helena, St. (Constantine I’s mother) 144, 1010 Venosa (Italy) 501, 508 Helios (sun god) in Venosan Jewish catacombs 500 designs use in inscriptions, in the Sardis used in synagogues synagogue 534 Bet Alpha 547 use in the Tosefta 321 Hammat Tiberias 542–3 use within PT 663 Sepphoris 544 See also Biblical Hebrew; Mishnaic Hebrew invocation Hebrew Bible in magical formulas 714 Amos, Day of the Lord theme 1055 in magical rites 699 formation of the canon 6, 16, 230–1, 232–8, H. elkiah ben Tobiah, R., recitation of folk 241–2 tales 723 and the growth of Christian literature Hellenism 276–7 contrast with rabbinic theology of the physical Haggai, messianism 1056 946 Justinian I endorses Aquila’s version 1024, influence on Jewish funerary art 522 1048, 1076 Hellenization Leviticus, book of, halachic midrash influence on Israelite culture 188 687, 688 as a possible cause of the Bar Kochba Revolt 33 Numbers, book of, halachic midrash 687 rabbinical resistance to 236 Onkelos (Greek translation) 692 Henchir Djouana (North Africa), inscriptions as translation indicates that ‘‘to listen’’ to Torah evidence of Jewish presence 70 is ‘‘to accept’’ Torah 880 Herakleopolite nome (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, reading in synagogues, Justinian I’s during Trajan’s reign 95 regulations 1076 H. erem (banning from the synagogue) 272, 273

INDEX 1099 heresies, Christian classification as Judaistic 1045 H. isda, Rav (principal of Mehasya academy) heretical books, reading prohibited 276–80 824, 826 heretics 933 H. isma, R. Elazar, learning 912 legal situation 150 Historia Augusta martyrdom 996 as evidence of the ban on circumcision permitted to give evidence in inheritance contributing to the Bar Kochba cases 154 Revolt 107 Hermas 65, 253 reliability of reports of the banning of Hermopolite (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during circumcision questioned 34 Trajan’s reign 95 Historiarum adversum paganos (Paulus Orosius) Herod Antipas 183 1046 Herod Archelaus, deposition 27 historical events, extent to which they are Herodian family, settlement in Provincia reflected in fables 740 Gallia 1039 historical perspectives, in Talmudic law 877 Herodium historicity, as evidence of editorial activity in Bar Kochba Revolt 113 BT 848 synagogue 177 historiolas 704, 710 Heschel, Abraham Joshua 233 history h.et (sin) 932 biblical accounts precede the occurrence of Hezser, C. 419, 427 history in metaphysical terms 682 hiding complexes 116 development by reason of human merit and use in the Bar Kochba Revolt 108 God’s actions 931 High Court ( Jerusalem), as an ideal not reflected and halachah 13 in rabbinic legal practice 896 and talmudic law 884–6 High Holidays 563 H. iyya of Astunya (disciple of Rava) 835 High Priest, preparations for service on the Day H. iyya, R. (‘‘Rabbi Hiyya the Great’’) 319, 320, of Atonement, mishnaic rules 302 325, 855 high priesthood Hoffmann, David Z. 338 leadership role, in first-century Judaea 422 h.ol hamoed 563 operations under Claudius 142 home life, women’s role 633–4 Hillel homoeroticism 616 biographical legends about 726 Babylonian rabbinical views 621 and the origins of the Patriarchate 210 Honoratus (Eparch of Byzantium), authorization on the relationship of soul with body 953 of synagogue in Chalkoprateia 1035 Hillel ben Garis (Herodium administrator, Bar Honorius I (Pope), chides the Church for its Kochba Revolt) 111 softness in dealing with false Jewish Hillel, School of converts 514 attitudes to women 632 Honorius (Roman emperor) controversies with the School of Shammai and the Aurum coronarium 157 889, 937 on baptism of Jewish converts 163 discussion of Shema as covenant 967 expels Jews from imperial administration 160 on the ending of the Sabbath 562 imposition of curial duties on Jews 159 on restitution 940 legal provisions on Jewish ownership of on the seven blessings 561 Christian slaves 164 on slavery (the case of one both half slave and policies towards the Patriarchate 1002 half free) 867 Horbury, W. 102, 270, 282, 283, 291 on students’ eligibility to study Torah 916 H. oron ben Yishmael (En-Gedi’s parnasim , Bar H. imyar 423 Kochba Revolt) 111 Hippolytus H. orvah 108, 538 concerns with the spiritual importance of the Hoshaya, R. 320 Land of Israel 1008 hospitality duty, synagogues exempt from 156 understanding of the destruction of the households Jerusalem Temple 198 as the basic unit of society 617 Hirschfeld, Y. 179, 180 male headship within presumed within the Hirschman, Marc 13, 899 rabbinic movement 220

1100 INDEX houses and housing impiety, concept under the Christianized Roman first century 174 Empire 1000 Graeco-Roman villas contrasted with those in Ina (daughter of Zeira) (client named on an Galilee 180 amulet) 710 Israel, first to second centuries 178–82, 188 incantation texts 702 peristyle houses 180, 188 use of Aramaic 479 purchase, Bar Kochba Revolt 121 individuals Sepphoris, Dionysos mansion 181 self-harm, laws against, as indicators of human merit (zechut) 928–31 religiosity 879 humoristic tales 741–4 and society, legal regulation, as indicators of Huna, Rab, on demonology 703 religiosity 879 Huna, Rav (principal of Nehardea academy) 824, Ineffable Name, pronunciation, in the Temple 826, 827 and heavenly liturgies 777–82 recitation of folk tales 723 InfancyGospelof Thomas , views on Judaism 250 Huna ben Hiyya, R., recitation of folk tales 723 inheritance, legal cases, Jews and heretics Huna son of Manoaah. (disciple of Rava) 835 permitted to give evidence 154 husbands, control of wives 631 inscriptions Hutner, R. Yitzh.ak 350 Carthage and western North Africa, as h.yh (live) 963 evidence of Jewish presence Hymn to King Helios, The ( Julian the Apostate) 608 68–9, 71 Hypaepa, Jewish citizenship 81 in Roman catacombs 524 Hypatia, death (415) 1038 synagogues in the Diaspora 525 Ibn Batriq, Eutychius 407 Hammat Tiberias 543 Ibn Ezra, Abraham Sardis 534 on conflict between midrash halachah and the Sepphoris 544 legal demands of Scripture 360 women’s memorials 627 scriptural exegesis and the use of ‘‘institutionalism,’’ and the rabbinic movement prepositions 352 222–4 Ibn Khaldun, on Berber tribes converted to Instone Brewer, David 280 Judaism 69 interest, prohibitions on 44 iconoclasm 1041 intermarriage iconography 5 between Jews and Christians 1023 idolatry legal prohibitions 164 death penalty for in the halakhah 129 prohibited by Theodosius I (388) 1043 Jewish opposition to 989 prohibitions on intermarriage between and men’s failure to control their sexuality 614 Israelites and Ammonites as proscription for Gentiles 651–2, 653 understood within halakhah 885 as sin 932 rabbinic prohibitions 651 Iggeret (Sherira Gaon), on the history of the See also marriage Babylonian academies 822, 823, interpersonal relations, legal regulation, as 825, 829 indicators of religiosity 879 Ignatius of Antioch 246 ‘‘Invention of the True Cross, The’’ 1025 Christian–Jewish relations, second to third Ioudaikontelesma , effects on Jewry law 137 centuries 82 Ir-Nah.ash, involvement in the Bar Kochba views of Judaism 251 Revolt 111, 113 Ilan, Tall 10, 627 Iran, Sasanid Iran (map) 795 Ilfa (Hilfai), R. 320 Iraq el-Emir, Tobiad residence 175 immersion, demanded of proselytes 660 Irenaeus imperial administration Adversus Haereses 65 Jewish participation 160–1 on Christian unity 244 relations with the Patriarchate 416–23 concerns with the spiritual importance of the imperial and civil government, Jewish Land of Israel 1008 membership, in Late Roman- Irshai, Oded 14, 977 Byzantine Palestine 414–15 Isaac, Benjamin 35

INDEX 1101 Isaac, R. relationship with God on the destruction of Jerusalem as the effect of metaphor for marriage 619 sin 937 as that affects her relationship with Gentiles on the templization of the synagogue 578 652–48 Isaiah, book of term used of the Church 264 messianic themes 1055 Israel, Land of 15, 17 Temple vision importance for the sense of continuity reflected in glorification of the Throne of between Judaism and Christianity Glory in Heikhalot literature 766 1008–10 reflected in Merkavah literature 772 Jewish legal position, fifth century 1047 theological outlook 239–40 Judaism, third to seventh centuries 7 Isfahani, Hamza (Persian Muslim author) 800 Judaism within, first to second centuries 2 Ishmael, School of (Husal) 89 synagogues, locations 426 Ishmael, R. Israel, State, founding, and messianism 236 ascribes the continued existence of the cosmos Italy to human merit 929 Diaspora 8, 1039 on the burning of heretical books 278 third to seventh centuries 492–508 on conflict between midrash halachah and the Judaism and Christianity, third to seventh legal demands of Scripture 359, 360 centuries 492–507 exegetical school 338 See also Rome; Venosa on the interrelationship between soul and Iusgentium 130 body 958 Merkavah mysticism 715 Jacob ben Asher, R., on the Amidah 579 on misuse of midrash halachah 364 Jacob ben Nissim, R., and the Tosefta 317, 320 named in the Heikhalot Rabbati 716, 717 Jacobs, L. 809 on repentance 938 Jael (prostanthe ) 80 thirteen hermeneutical principles 345, Jaffee, Martin, on the composition of the 351, 361 Mishnah 309 Ishmael b. Elisha, R. Jamnia, see Yavneh academy on angelic heavenly liturgies 768 Jeremiah, book of associations with Heikhalot literature 749, attitudes to the destruction of Jerusalem by the 758–9, 760–1, 763 Babylonians 31 role as priest in Heikhalot literature 763 understanding of the destruction of the Ishmael bar Yose, R., quoted in humoristic Solomonic Temple 196 tales 742 Jericho Ishmael ben Eleazar, R., on the cultural role of the conquest of 15 synagogue 721 synagogue 177 ‘‘Ishmael’’ midrashim, and the transmission of Jerome, St. legal tradition 215 on the biblical canon 233 Isidore of Seville on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289, 291 and the Jews 1022–4 on the effects of the defeat of the Bar Kochba on Sisebut’s anti-Jewish policies 513 Revolt on Judaea’s population 126 Isidorus (Bouleutes) 414 on Jewish learning 908 Islam 10 on Jewish population levels in Palestine 409 rise 1 on the Jewish revolt under Gallus effects on the Jews 1050 (351/2 CE) 411 Israel on Jewish settlements in North Africa 1040 affected by sin 937 on the origins of Aristides 252 election 965–75 use of the concept of ‘‘Jew’’ 984 importance for development of post-tannaitic Jerusalem literature 678–80 archaeological remains merit 930 mosaic floors, Second Temple period 549 operation of the Common law, under paganism tombs, first to third centuries 184 133–6 Bar Kochba Revolt, capture disputed 4, 35, operation of Jewry law, under paganism 136–9 115–16

1102 INDEX Jerusalem (cont.) Jewish–Gentile relations, Rabbinate’s church constructions under Constantine I 1009 understanding 10 destruction during the First Jewish Revolt, Jewish–Gentile social life, within cities in the effects on demography 406 ancient world 985–98 destruction, seen as the effect of sin 937–8 Jewish ‘‘heretics,’’ as minim 288, 292–3 disagreements about its management 194 Jewish history 404 fall, under the Babylonians, memorial Jewish identity fasts 569 as affected by the destruction of the Jerusalem Islamic conquest (638) 1, 19 Temple 202–3 northern Jerusalem, synagogue 177 Asia Minor, second to third centuries 79 rebuilding as Aelia Capitolina, under in relation to other nations, in humoristic Hadrian 138 tales 743–4 siege (First Jewish War), deaths 23 in relationship to marriage and sexual ethics Temple, destruction, as cause of Jewish 612–13 uprisings under Trajan 93 Jewish immigration, effects on populations in See also Aelia Capitolina Egypt and Cyrenaica, second and third Jerusalem–Christian community 246 centuries 66, 67 Jerusalem orientation, of synagogues 541, 574 Jewish judicial system, in Israel, under Jerusalem Talmud (Talmud Yerushalmi), see paganism 135 Palestinian Talmud Jewish legal status, Justinian’s Code 1043 Jerusalem Temple, see Temple Jewish literature Jesus Christ 6 epigraphic material, use of Aramaic 463 attitudes to the Temple 31 halachic literature, use of Aramaic 461 collections of folk traditions critical of as indication of Jewish demography in him 270 Palestine 410 humanity stressed in opposition to Docetism late second-Temple period, compared to the 1008 Mishnah 300 Jewish origins, recognition by the Church Targums, use of Aramaic 462–3 fosters more favorable attitudes Jewish officials, selection, 878 towards Judaism 1006 Jewish religious identity, attempts to abolish, messianic status 6 under paganism 137 observance of the Law emphasized by Jewish religious leaders, exemption for curial Augustine of Hippo 1016 liturgies 159 perceived as a rabbi 267 Jewish religious life, centered on the ‘‘Jew’’ synagogue 137 concept 1045 Jewish revolts, effects upon the legal status of in early Christian literature 984 Jews in the Roman Empire 129 in the fifth to the seventh centuries Jewish society, and the practice of magic 1026, 1027 718–19 linked to continuity between Judaism and Jewish symbols, presence in paintings in Roman Christianity 1010 catacombs 524 Jewish–Christian relations Jewishness, contribution to the legal status of Asia Minor, second to third centuries 82 Jews in the Roman Empire 128–30 Spain, third to seventh centuries 509–11 Jewry law Jewish-Christian writings, containing heretical as affected by christianization of the Roman material, reading prohibited 278–9 Empire 132, 133 Jewish Christians, as minim 288–91 and Common law, effects of Christianization Jewish community 144–8 in Palestine in the Diaspora, under paganism 139–44 third to seventh centuries 404–5 effects on Jewish legal status in the Roman demography 405–10, 415 Empire 130, 132 the Patriarchate 416–23, 424 in Israel, under paganism 136–9 the Rabbinate 423–7 Jewish–Christian relations 161–7 relations with the imperial regime relations between Jews and the state, under 410–15 Christianity 159–61

INDEX 1103 under Christianity on Christian attendance at synagogues 1005 operation 154–9 criticisms of Christians attending the principles concerning 148–54 synagogue 271 See also law on Jewish population levels in Palestine 409 Jews John, Gospel of artistic and architectural activity, first to third attitudes towards the Jews 247 centuries 4 and Christian expulsion from the synagogue as city councilors, in Sepphoris 46 274, 282, 284, 290, 291 civic exemptions, as an example of the respect Jonah, wife, fabled to have been prevented from for mos maiorum 997 undertaking pilgrimage to the exclusivism 989 Temple 639 exile seen as for the benefit of the Church, Joppa, demography, after the Bar Kochba Augustine’s teaching on the links Revolt 37 between Judaism and Christianity Jose ben R. Bun, R., mention in PT 666 1018 Jose ben Tartos, R., on atonement 941 forced to serve in municipal administration Josephand Aseneth 64 while being excluded from public Joseph, messiah of 1068 office 153 Joseph of Tiberias 255 and Gentiles, social interaction discouraged by Josephus, Flavius 36 rabbis 17 attitudes to the failure of the First Jewish indebtedness to God 926 Revolt 31, 32 legal status 620 avoidance of covenantal language 609 in the ancient world 985 Babylonian Jewish population levels 805 in the Roman Empire 4, 128–33 demographic figures after the First Jewish after Constantine I’s adoption of Revolt 57 Christianity 1000–3 on the desert sanctuary 193 during the Late Byzantine period 1036, on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 1040 194, 203 era before the Theodosian Code on the Diaspora in Adiabene 83 1041–3 on the Diaspora in Nisibis 84 sources 128 as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor under Christianity 144–69 75, 76, 79 under Justinian I 1073–6 on exemptions from military service 144 under paganism 133–44 figure of deaths during the siege of Jerusalem under the Theodosian Code 1043, 1045 (First Jewish Revolt) 23 under Islam 1050 on God’s sovereignty 606 in Palestine, second and third centuries 48 on immersion as a pre-prandial rite among the participation in persecution of Christians Essenes 577 possible, and the growth of Christian importance for accounts of Jewish revolts anti-Judaism 994–8 against the Romans 33 personal status, effects on legal status 130 and information about festivals 557 proselytism, and the growth of Christian on Israel as beloved of God 972 anti-Judaism 990 on the Jewish population of Palestine 991 reconversion to Judaism from Christianity on Jewry law 133 permitted 1002 on Jews’ political role in Babylonia 86 Roman citizenship under the Constitutio on land tenure 43 Antoniniana 48, 135, 139, 1035 legends on Berbers as Canaanites 69 Jews Answered (Apollinarius, bishop of Hierapolis) on the lighting of candles, during 251 Hannukah 568 Joh.anan, R., on exposition and application of on magic 699 talmudic law 891 as means to dating the midrashim 686 John Chrysostom mention of Nisibis 804 Against the Judaizers, on the public nature of on messianism 1060 religious practice 986 on the messianism of the Pharisees and attitudes towards Judaism 246 Sadducees 1060

1104 INDEX Josephus, Flavius (cont.) on disputes within the Mishnah 303 on patronage 44 disqualification of the blind from leading the on prohibitions on the use of the design of the recitation of the Shema 951 zodiac 543 editing of the Mishnah 6, 201, 299, 319, 322, on property ownership in Palestine after the 327, 328, 369, 1062 First Jewish Revolt 25 family’s burial site at Bet Shearim (Byzantine reports of the olive industry 38 Palestine) 522 on the role of the high priests 422 on high priestly preparations on the Day of on the soul 957 Atonement 302, 303 treats covenant as a patron–client involved in resolution of disputes between a relationship 966 city council and Jewish members 413 understanding of the destruction of the on women’s residence in the sukkot 639 Jerusalem Temple 197 Judah II, R. 19 Joshua, R. Judah, demography, first to third centuries 406 mention of halachic decisions made by Judah (disciple of Akiva), and the transmission of Bruriah 644 the Mishnah 215 travels, as evidence of the authority of the Judah, Rav, attitudes towards Babylonia 654 Yavneh academy 269 Judah ben Shalom, R., on the relationship on women studying Torah 917 between oral and written Torah 906 Joshua ben H. ananiah (Anania), R. Judah ben Yaqar, on waking as an expression of and attempts to rebuild the Jerusalem resurrection or divine renewal 963 Temple 195 Judah Cyriacus 1010 fables 739–40 Judah son of Batera (resident of Nisibis) 84 understanding of the destruction of the Judaism Jerusalem Temple 199 as affected by Constantine I’s adoption of Joshua ben Korh.a, R. Christianity 998–1007 on the acceptance of God’s sovereignty prior apostasy from to the acceptance of the legal provisions 162–3 commandments 967 never complete 661 on the structural likeness of the Shema to that of as a result of the destruction of the Jerusalem the Decalogue 600 Temple 198 Joshua ben Levi, R., on oral Torah 900 and Christianity Joshua ben Peraia, R. (reputed teacher of Jesus) in Asia Minor, first to second centuries 713 250–2 Joshua ben Qorha, R., on the Shema and authority of church buildings and their use, first to both God and the commandments 603 second centuries 255 Josiah (king of Judah) 192 development of the Christian biblical canon, Jovian (Roman emperor), reinstates orthodox first to second centuries 255 bishops’ civil powers 1004 in Egypt, first to second centuries 254–5 Jubilee, celebration, and emancipation of Jewish first to second centuries 256 slaves 657 in Greece and Macedonia, first to second Jubilees centuries 252–3 on the celebration of Shavuot 565 in Italy connections with the emergence of Heikhalot third to seventh centuries 492–507 literature 757 Venosa (Basilicata), third to seventh role of Metatron 761 centuries 499 Judah I (Patriarch) (Yehudah ha-Nasi) 6, 19, 46, legal effects 145 49, 88, 89, 127, 186, 209, 317, 407, in Palestine, first to second centuries 417, 421 246–7 anger at Yose ha-Maoni’s preaching against his in Rome dynasty 724 first to second centuries 253–4 on blessings in spring 949 third to seventh centuries 495–9 death 404 in Syria, first to second centuries 248–50 and the establishment of Babylonian third to seventh centuries 14, 256 academies 822 concept 4

INDEX 1105 continuity with Christianity recognized judicial procedures, midrashic justification 348 1006–8 Julian the Apostate (Roman emperor) importance of the Hebrew text behind the abolition of the fiscus Judaicus 137 Septuagint and parts of the New and the Aurum coronarium 157 Testament 1010–12 Christian education 147 importance of the Land of Israel 1008–10 on God’s sovereignty 608 through Judaism’s historical priority invasion of Persia, as indication of the 1013–20 completion of PT 666 conversions from Christianity denounced Jewish attempts to rebuild the Jerusalem under the christianized Roman Temple 195 Empire 1000 on Jewish charity 45 conversions to Judaism, third century 1039 pro-Jewish policies 15, 796 defects from, after First Jewish Revolt 32 rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple 15, development 405, 1003 and factors affecting this 16 religious policies 1003 in Late Roman period 1 Julianus the palatinus 414 effects of the rise of Christianity 6 Julius Severus, role in suppression of the Bar importance within Christian heterodoxy 245 Kochba Revolt 35 non-rabbinic forms 191 Jupiter Capitolinus, temple, possible erection on not recognized as a religio licita, under the Temple Mount 34 Justinian’s Code 1074 Juster, Jules 1035, 1038 persecution after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37 Justin I (Roman emperor) 1073 relations with Zoroastrianism 12 on education of children in marriages religious leaders, legal privileges 157–8 between orthodox and non-orthodox Roman attitudes towards after First Jewish parents 164 Revolt 29–30 Justin Martyr Second Temple Judaism, understanding of soul anti-Judaism 264, 266 and body 957 Apologies 254 seen as a religion, in judicial terms, under on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289, 291 Christianity 154–9 concerns with the spiritual importance of the within the Land of Israel, first to second Land of Israel 1008 centuries 2 on God’s sovereignty 604, 607 women’s role 10 on Hebrew text of the Jewish Scriptures 1011 judaizing 1001 on the logic underlying resurrection 961 Judaea 24 millenarianism 1008 demography, after Bar Kochba Revolt 36, possible evidence of banning from the 126–7 synagogue 274 government (first century) 27 on prayer as sacrifice 581 Province, renamed as Provincia Syria Palestina on the sending out of messengers from 127 Palestine to discredit Christianity 268, ‘‘war of Kitos’’ 99–100 270, 271 judges use of the term ‘‘Israel’’ for the Church 264 appointment under both the Exilarchate and views on Judaism 249, 253 the Patriarchate 802 See also Dialogue with Trypho ( Justin Martyr) courts of qualified judges, in Israel, under Justinian I (Roman emperor) paganism 136 anti-Judaism 1, 15, 506, 1024, 1036, 1048–51 infallibility 897 encourages apostasy from Judaism 163 as an indication of the religious nature of forbids the building of new synagogues talmudic law 878, 881 1036 role in talmudic law 895, 897 forbids Jews to testify against orthodox judicial decisions, non-transparency, as an Christians 162 indication of the religious nature of forced conversions of Jews 1042 talmudic law 878 imposition of curial duties on Jews 160 judicial deviations, in talmudic law 893–4, 895 legal provisions on Jewish ownership of judicial error 897 Christian slaves 166, 167

1106 INDEX Justinian I (Roman emperor) (cont.) Ketubah 631 prohibits Jews from disinheriting apostate Kfar-Baram inscription, Mishnaic Hebrew 370 children 162 Khirbet Shema (Israel) prohibits Jews from service as advocates 160 housing 179 revision of Jewish legal status 1073–6 synagogue 178 as shown in the CorpusIurisCivilis 15 Khirbet Zeita (Shephelah) (hiding complex in the warns against excommunication of those Bar Kochba Revolt) 108 wishing to read the Torah in Greek 155 khreiai 217 anti-pagan policies 15, 1047 Khusro I Anoshirvan (Sasanian ruler) (521–579 arbitrates in quarrels between Jewish groups CE), taxation policies 807, 809 over the reading of the Torah in either kiddush 562 Hebrew or Greek 1024, 1045, Kimelman, Reuven 9, 14, 21, 284, 285, 289, 1048, 1076 573, 946 conquest of Italy, and effects on the Jews 506–7 kinship bonds 619 on education of children in marriages Kirdir (Zoroastrian priest, third century) between orthodox and non-orthodox 797, 799 parents 164 Kiryat Arabaya, involvement in the Bar Kochba extent of the Roman Empire 1037 Revolt 113 on Jews and heretics 152, 154 kishuf (magic) 643 lawcode, see CorpusIurisCivilis Kister, M. 916 Novellae, regulations concerning Jews 1075 Kloner, A. 108 Juvenal, attitudes to the Jews 987, 989 Komaise, Salome archive 26, 27, 629 Kabbalists, practice of prayer 595 and observance of Roman law under Kahana, Menahem 338 paganism 135 Kahana, Rav (third-century Babylonian sage) displacement as a result of the Bar Kochba 794, 913 Revolt 113 Kalir, El’azar biRabbi (poet) 694 Korah, legends of, as social protest 741 kallah 835–6, 837 Kosovsky, H. J. 370 Kalmin, Richard 13, 21, 840 Kotansky, Roy 709 kalos (Greek term used in praise of the Kraabel, A. T. 70 deity) 609 Kraeling, C. H. 529 kapparah (acquital) 941 Kraemer, David 6, 299 Karethoth, use of Aramaic 478 Kraemer, R. 70, 299 karev (technical term for access to the Krauss, S. 289, 389, 908 Temple) 582 Kuhn, K. G. 288, 290 Ka¨semann, E. 263 Kutiim (rabbinical term for Samaritans) 656 Katz, Steven T. 6, 14, 259, 925 Kutscher, E. Y. 380, 471, 486 Kavad I (Sasanian ruler), taxation policies Kynopolite (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during 807, 809 Trajan’s reign 95 Kavad (Sasanid ruler) (488–531 CE) 800 kavana 881 laity ke-feshutam, effects on rabbinical practice in leadership in synagogue worship 598 connection with scriptural observance of rabbinic demands 811 exegesis 346 Lakish, Resh Kedushah 762, 765, 783 on demonology 733 interpolation into the Amidah 596, 602 on eligibility to teach Torah 915 Kedushah de-Sidra 767 mollifies Judah I’s anger at Yose ha-Maoni’s Kedushot,inHeikhalot literature 766–71 preaching 724 kelal u-ferat (u-khelal) (legal principle) 362 Lamech, condemned for hedonism 615 Kerkslager, Alan 5, 53 lamed (to learn) 901 Kerygma Petrou (Preaching of Peter) 65, 250, 254 Lamentations Rabbah 11, 689–90 Ketev Meriri (demon) 733 on excessive mourning, as reflecting women’s kethubba (marriage contract), use of role in child-rearing 634 Aramaic 468 messianism 1069

INDEX 1107 lamps, terracotta, Israel, first to third centuries Jews forbidden to testify against Christians, 187–8 under Justinian’s Code 1074 land distribution, Second Temple period 44 use by Jews, under Justinian’s Code landownership 1074, 1075 Bar Kochba Revolt 112 ‘‘the law of the kingdom is the law,’’ principle in Palestine, as indication of Jewish population 654, 796 levels 409 lawmakers, infallibility, as an indication of the redistribution in Palestine as a result of the religious nature of talmudic law First Jewish Revolt 34 878, 881 women’s holdings, Salome Komaise archive 630 laws Lane Fox, Robin 995 historical development seen as changes in Langer, Ruth 287 rabbinical opinions rather than languages, use on magic bowls 712 changes in historical languages of discourse, between Babylonian Jews circumstances 884 and Gentiles 811–12 historical locus 884 Lapin, Hayim 5, 8, 206 lay courts, in Israel, under paganism 136 Late Byzantine period, references to in the Lazar, R., on God’s subjection to law 886 midrashim 686 Le Bohac, Y. 68, 70, 71 ‘‘Late Roman’’ 404 Lecce (Salento), Diaspora 503 Later Scroll of Fasts 571 Leda and the Swan, detail on sarcophagus, Beth Latin Shearim 523 absorption into Hebrew texts 1050 legal cases, Jewish–Christian relations 161 influence upon Aramaic 483, 487 legal codices, as records of social interaction 628 and Mishnaic Hebrew 393, 398 legal decision-making, as influenced by miracles, use in funerary inscriptions as an indication of the religious nature Italy 503 of talmudic law 878 Rome 496, 498, 525 legal documents, languages 630 Venosa 500, 501 legal information, within the midrash use in Jewish liturgy 987 halachah 336 use within PT 663 legal practices, forbidden to Jews, under Lauterbach, Jacob 827 Justinian’s Code 1074 law legal systems basis on scriptural authority, and the origins effects on Jewish legal status in the Roman of midrash halachah 341 Empire 130–2 changes related to historical contingencies 885 Christianization 132–3 criminal law, theoretical exposition 891 function, as an indicator of religiosity 878 Jewish law permanency, as an indication of the religious compared with Roman law, in the Collatio 504 nature of talmudic law 878 observance, during the Bar Kochba Revolt regulatory spheres, as indicators of 121 religiosity 879 practice of Roman provincial law and Jewish source, as indication of religiosity 879 law, after First Jewish Revolt 26 various systems assumed as the background to rabbinical involvement, in Palestine, second talmudic law 877 and third centuries 49 legends See also Jewry law biographical legends 726–7 lawcourts fables (mashal) 734–41 appellate courts, non-existence in talmudic historical legends 727–30 law 896 humoristic tales 741–4 dinim, establishment by the Gentiles 653 tall tales 743–6 High Court ( Jerusalem), as an ideal not legions reflected in rabbinic legal practice 896 II Traiana 25, 101 Jewish courts III Cyrenaica 96, 100 jurisdiction 158–9 VI Ferrata 25, 46 under the christianized Roman Empire 1002 X Fretensis 46 under Justinian’s Code 1074 XXII Deiotariana 25, 96

1108 INDEX legions (cont.) litigants, in talmudic and contemporary western deployment in Israel after the Jewish law 895, 897 revolts 135 Litorius (governor of the Balearics) 510 Egyptian legions, during Jewish uprisings, in liturgy Trajan’s reign 96 decisions concerning taken by the Yavneh involvement in the defeat of the Bar Kochba academy 269 Revolt 123 language, influence on Mishnaic Hebrew 399 Leiman, Sid 276 New Year liturgy 600 lemmata 326 rabbinic liturgy Leontopolis (Memphis, Egypt) as a model of the sacrificial cult 580–6 burial sites 522 questioning of its role as a model of the Temple of Onias 55, 192–3, 195 sacrificial cult 587–91 ‘‘leprosy,’’ midrash halachah in the Sifra Sabbath liturgy 560 356–8, 360 local authorities (mara deatra) 888 lesbianism 616 local government, and the bishops, effects on Lesses, Rebecca 705 Judaism 1020 Letter of Aristeas, cultic significance of washing loculi 184 before prayer 576 Lod (Diospolis), destruction mentioned during the Letter on the Conversion of the Jews (Severus of Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2) 411 Minorca) 510, 511 Lombards, invasions of Italy and their effects Letter to Flora (Ptolemy), views on Judaism 253 on Justinian legislation against the Levinas, Emmanuel 708 Jews 507 Levine, Baruch A. 712 London manuscript (Tosefta) 332 Levine, Lee I. 5, 8–9, 174, 425, 519 love amulets, burning 709 Levites, access to the heikhal, reflected in Lucian, tall tales 745 Heikhalot literature 757 Luh.it (Arabia), population displacement as a Leviticus Rabbah 11, 688, 689 result of the Bar Kochba Revolt messianism 1069 112–13 Lewin, B. 320 Luke, Gospel of Lewis, J. P. 234 evidence for banning from the synagogue 274 Libya as a reflection of Jewish–Christian relations Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 93, 94, 261, 262 97, 98 views of Judaism 248 Jewry law in 141 Lukuas (leader of Jewish uprising in Libya) 94 Licinius (supplicant to Augustine of Hippo) 1020 lunar months, and solar years, Liebermann, Saul 215, 285, 317, 326, 332, 333, synchronization 558 334, 389, 668, 913 Lupus, Rutilius (prefect of Egypt) 96, 97 life, need for the sustaining kindness of divine Luther, Martin, views of the Letter of James 246 grace 960 Luzzatto, Samuel David 344, 360 Life of Bar-Sauma, on Jewish population levels in Lycopolite (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Palestine 409 Trajan’s reign 95 Lifschitz, B. 637 Lycurgus, laws 140 Linder, Amnon 4, 128 Lydda ‘‘lion converts’’ 655 demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37 ‘‘The Lion and the Egyptian Partridge’’ (fable) 739 rabbinic settlement within 220, 222 literacy, and the rabbinic movement 219 raised to consular rank 46 literature as evidence of the Diaspora in Italy 493, 504–7 Maaseh Merkavah (ascent text) 716 third to seventh centuries 494, 504–7 Maaser (Mishnaic tractate) 301 as evidence of Jewish presence in Carthage and maasim literature, and the influence of the western North Africa 72 Rabbinate 427 Jewish literature possibly reintroduced into Maccabees Egypt and Cyrenaica after the Second books of Jewish Revolt by Christians 63 exclusion from the Hebrew biblical canon 16 Second Temple literature, in BT 841 lacking in messianism 1057

INDEX 1109 as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor Marcellus, Certus Publicus (governor 75, 76 of Syria) 125 rededication of the Temple (H. annukah) 568 Marcion 246, 252 Macedonia, Judaism and Christianity, first to anti-Judaism 252, 253 second centuries 252–3 and use of the Septuagint 979, 982, 984 magic 11, 699–701 biblical canon 255 and amulets 708–11 Marcionism 245 Babylonian Jews seen as knowledgeable in Marcionites, martyrdom 996 magic 814–15 Marcus Aurelius (Roman emperor), on the unruly concept 701–2 nature of the Jews 48 Heikhalot literature 715–18 Margaliot, Mordechai 714 Jewish expertise, of interest to Christians in Mark, Gospel of Sicily 506 anti-Judaism 261, 264 Jewish magic, and its sources 702–18 discussion of Shema as covenant 967 and magic bowls 711–13 views of Judaism 248 practice 67 marketplaces in Jewish society 718–19 control, under the Exilarch 803 tales 730–4 cultural role 722 use of handbooks (grimoires) 713–15 women’s presence in 636 Magnesia, Christian–Jewish relations, second to Marmorstein, A. 285 third centuries 82 Marqa (Samaritan poet), as means to dating the Magness, Jodi 538 midrashim 687 Magona (Minorca), Jewish colony 510–11 marriage 9 Maier, John 755 arranged marriages 618 Maimonides Babylonian rabbinical views 617, 621, 622–4 application of gorin mosifin ve-dorshin 363 boundaries within, as discussed within the on controversies and the demise of the High Mishnah 310 Court in Jerusalem 896 conditional betrothal 618 and the origins of the Tosefta 320, 325 conjugal sex, affirmation 956 reliance on the Sifra in codifying Jewish early marriage, among Babylonian Jewry law 350 possibly influenced by Iranian Malakites (Monophysites) 1041 practices 813 Malta Jewish customs and identity 612–13 burial sites 522 levirate marriages 623 Diaspora 503 forbidden under Justinian’s Code 1075 third to seventh centuries 492, 503 marriageable ages 618 mamzer/mamzerim (certified offspring of Palestinian sources 616–19 adulterous or incestuous unions), rabbinic concerns with 217, 219 marriage 657, 851 rabbinic laws, dating and the origins of the man, as the icon of God 954 Mishnah 200 Mandel, Paul 7, 316 regulation, lack of rabbinic authority 213 Manichaeans, excluded from legal activity 162 sanctity 624 Manichaeism 797 second marriages 619 anti-Judaism 1013 and sexual relations, between Jews and Augustine of Hippo’s arguments against in the Christians, under Justinian’s light of his defense of Jews and Code 1074 Judaism 1014, 1015 temporary marriages 624 Manoah. 835 See also divorce; intermarriage Mantel, H. 106 marriage contracts (ketubba), use of Aramaic 468 manuscripts, as evidence of the transmission Martial, possible epigrams on defectors from of PT 672 Judaism 32 Manyumi ben H. elkiah, R., recitation of folk Martialis, Rammius (Egyptian prefect) 97 tales 723 Martyn, J. L. 270, 290–1 Maoza (Mahoza) (Provinica Arabia) 26 Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah 247 mara deatra (local authorities) 888 Martyrdom of Polycarp, views of Judaism 251

1110 INDEX martyrologies, lack of evidence for Jewish Megillat Taanit, use of Aramaic 468 persecution of Christians in North Megillat Taanith, use of Aramaic 462 Africa 73 meh.asya 822, 824, 829 Masada, synagogue 177 Meh.oza (Arabia) Masbala ben Simeon (commander, Bar Kochba academy 835 Revolt) 110 population displacement as a result of the masculinity, concept 614 Bar Kochba Revolt 112 mashal (fables) 734–41 Meila, use of Aramaic 478 maskhetot (mishnaic tractates) 299, 300 Meir, R. Masoretic Text, Greek and Aramaic on human merit 929 translations 344 on the meaning of Mishnah 913 masturbation, rabbinic views 18 on the salvation of Elisha ben Abuyah as being material culture, Israel, first to third a receptacle of Torah 921 centuries 174 on the study of Torah 914, 920 Matiah ben Heresh 507 and the transmission of the Mishnah 215 Matthew, Gospel Meir bar Isaac, R. 579 anti-Judaism 31, 248, 261, 264 Meiron Christology 260 housing 179, 180 evidence for the banning of Christians from the mikvaot 182 synagogue 274 Mekhilta, use of Aramaic 459 possibility of underlying Hebrew text 1011 Mekhilta de-R. Shimon bar Yoh.ai 337, 339, 685 references to ‘‘floggings’’ in the synagogue seen Mekhilta de-R. Yishmael 336, 338, 339, 640, 685, as evidence of Christian membership of 902–4 the synagogue 272 Meletius (brother of Theodorus, patronus of Mauretania, Diaspora’s emigration to Naples 503 Magona) 510 Maurice (Byzantine emperor) 1 Melito of Sardis 246 mausolea allegorization of the Septuagint 981 Gush Halav (Byzantine Palestine) 521 anti-Judaism 251 Kefar Giladi (Byzantine Palestine) 521 memory, acquiring of prodigious memory Sepphoris (Byzantine Palestine) 521 through magical invocations 715, 718 Maxentius (co-emperor with Constantine I the Memphis (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Great) 1036 Trajan’s reign 95 Maximus of Turin men attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism marriage as an antidote to sexual desire, ineffective 505 Babylonian views 623 sermons relating to the Jews 505 marriageable ages 618, 623 Maximus of Tyre, on God’s sovereignty 607 sexuality Maximus the usurper (overthrown by Babylonian rabbinical views 621 Theodosius I) 153 Palestinian rabbinical understandings 614, Mazdakites (popular religious movement, 615, 621 Sasanian Empire) 800 Menachem ben Yosi, R., on the power of Torah 922 Mazdayasnian see Zoroastrianism menorot meals designs 520, 542 eating, as Sabbath celebrations 562 Bet Alpha synagogue 547 pre-prandial washing, and washing before Bet Shearim 522 prayer 576–8 Dura Europos 529 measure-for-measure (middah keneged middah) H. ammat Tiberias synagogue 542 principle, in relation with retribution Roman catacombs 524 for sin 933 Sardis synagogue 534 Mechilta d’arayot , on Gentiles studying Torah 918 Sepphoris synagogue 546 medicine, women’s involvement, and the wearing on terracotta lamps, Israel, first to third of amulets 642 centuries 187 Meeks, Wayne 284 detail from the Arch of Titus 195 Megillah (Esther scroll), reading of on the festival represented in paintings in Roman of Purim 568 catacombs 524

INDEX 1111 symbolism in Jewish art 550 midrash halachah 7, 336, 365–7, 369 use in the synagogue liturgy 574 cultural setting 339–45 See also art exegetical schools 338 Me´rida (Spain), Jewish colony 509 and Mishnah 349 Merkavah 12, 768 and scriptural exegesis 345–65 descent, reflection in the mystical prayers in texts 336–9 Heikhalot literature 762, 764 use of Aramaic 461 and heavenly prayers 771–83 Midrash Psalms, final redaction 925 liturgy 770 Midrash Tanh.uma 690 mysticism 12, 715 Midrashei Aggadah, use of Aramaic 461 vision midrashim 1, 684–91 in Heikhalot literature 749, 752, 753, 754, exegetical midrash 685, 686, 687 755, 756, 757 homiletical midrash 685 as reported in the Shiur Qoma 783 Tanh.uma-Yelammedenu type 690 Meshorer, Y. 181, 186 understanding of the destruction of the meshumaddin (apostates) 281 Jerusalem Temple 201 Mesopotamia See also aggadah Diaspora, second to third centuries 83 midwives 636 Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 99 Mihragan (Babylonian festival) 812 Second Jewish Revolt 59 mikvaot (ritual baths), Israel, first to third Messiah of Aaron 1059 centuries 182–225 Messiah of Israel 1059 Milan, Diaspora 492, 503 messianism 15, 17, 1053, 1070 Mildenberg, L. 107, 114, 116 amoraic literature 1069–70 Miletus, God-fearers’ roles in synagogues 80 and apocalypticism 1053 Milik, J. T. 114 in BT 1068 military service arrival of the messiah as a time of suffering 202 exemptions from 144 biblical background 1054–56 under Justinian’s Code 1074 effects of the Bar Kochba Revolt 235 millenarianism, and the rise of anti-Judaism 1008 first and second centuries 1060–61 Milvian Bridge (battle) (312 CE) 1036 growth in Egypt and Cyrenaica, Second Jewish minim 261, 294 Revolt 59 identification 287–93 restorative messianism 1054, 1064, 1065, Jewish confrontation with 743 1067, 1070 relations with 275–6 Second Temple period 1056–60 use in the Birkat ha-Minim 281, 283, 286, 287 talmudic literature 1061–69 Minucius Felix, on the logic underlying utopian messianism 1054, 1065, 1068, 1070 resurrection 961 See also Daniel, book of minuth (heresy) 283 Metatron miracles, influence on legal decisions, as an associations with Heikhalot literature 758, indication of the religious nature of 760–1 talmudic law 878 description 784 Miriam of Palmyra (Nazirite) 634 description of God, as reported in the Shiur Mirsky, S. K. 827 Qoma 783 Mishnah 1, 5, 6, 16–17, 19, 20, 311–13, 316, pronunciation of the Ineffable Name in the 369, 557 heavenly liturgies 780 audience and social setting 308–10 metics 658 authorities within 303 metivta, term’s use in BT 831–4, 835, 837 and the Bar Kochba archives 630 Meton (Athenian astronomer) 558 on the biblical prohibition of sorcery 705 Meyers, Eric 8, 174 on the celebration of H. annukah 569 Michael (angel), association with Metatron 760 commentary on in BT 841 Middle Ages, practice of prayer 595 concept 913 Middle Persian, use by Babylonian Jews 811 concerns with women 631–3 Midrash 11, 681, 682 contrasted with those in the Tosefta 632 Midrash Exodus Rabbah, final redaction 925 role in the home 633

1112 INDEX Mishnah (cont.) Kilaim 310 dating 319 Kinnim, not found in the Tosefta 317 disputes within 305–6 Kodashim 300–1 on the eating of meals 562 Maaser 301 as formalization of rabbinic Torah 214–16 Makkot 301 import into Babylonia 89 Middot 301 lack of references to Jesus Christ 271 not found in the Tosefta 317 languages 304, 308 Mikvaot 301 use of Aramaic 461 Moed, as source for information about the law within 312 festivals 557 messianism 1062, 1063, 1064 Neziqin 301 and midrash halachah 338, 349 Niddah 301 not included in the canon of the Hebrew inclusion within PT 663, 664 Bible 233 Pesahim 301, 310 orders (sedarim) 299, 300 on the definition of leaven 564 Kodashim 300, 301, 310 Sanhedrin 301 omission from PT 664 Shabbat 301 Moed 300, 301, 310 omissions from PT 663 inclusion with PT 663 Sotah, messianism 1062 Nashim 300, 301, 310 Sukkah 310 inclusion within PT 663 on the making of booths for Sukkot 565 on the wife’s legal position in relation to Taanit, on fasting 569 her husband 631 Tamid Nezikin, inclusion within PT 663 not found in the Tosefta 317 Neziqin 300, 301 on the Temple liturgy 773–4 Tohorot 300, 301, 310 use of Aramaic 478 omission from PT 664 Temura, use of Aramaic 478 Zeraim 300, 310 Terumot 301 inclusion within PT 663 Yoma 303, 310 organization 299–301 on the purification of the Temple on origins and character 134, 299–300 Yom Kippur 566 priestly qualities 310–11 understanding of the destruction of the proscriptions on Merkavah literature 754 Jerusalem Temple 200–1 reception 313–14 unreliability of reports about land tenure 42 as record of halakhah 133 use of Scripture 305, 306–8 redaction 5, 6, 19 voices within 304–6 rhetoric 307 within PT 663 similarities to the Tosefta 317–20, 321 Mishnaic Hebrew 7, 299, 318, 369–71, evolution of tradition 322–8 400, 458 on social dependency 44, 45 and Biblical Hebrew as source for PT 669 common and contrasting features 373–4 style and formulation 301–4 diachronic differences 374 topics, listed in accordance with their dialectical differences 374–6 dependence on Scripture 901 differences of tradition 376–8 tractates 299, 300 See also Biblical Hebrew Avot 300 dialects 381–3 and the development of the rabbinic editions and manuscripts 384–5, 394 movement 216 graphic system 394 not found in the Tosefta 317 Judaean documentary evidence 396–7 on retribution for sin 934 linguistic types, in the manuscripts 386–7 Baba Batra 301 literary influence of Biblical Hebrew 378–9, Baba Kamma 301 383–4 Baba Metzia 301, 302, 303 and liturgical language 399 Berachot 300, 301, 303 origins 371–2 Kiddushin 301 direct and indirect sources 394–400

INDEX 1113 and other languages Muffs, Yohanan, on psalmists and Torah 923 Akkadian 389, 392 Muhammed, death 1 Aramaic 389–92 municipal administration, and public office, Greek 389, 392–3, 398 Jewish and Samaritan legal Latin 393, 398 position 153 Persian 389, 392 municipal government and the piyyutim 399 councils, in Israel, under paganism 136 Samaritan traditions 397–8 Jewish participation 159–60 special traditions 387 Murabbaat, caves, Shema appears in the tefellin 967 uniformity 379 Murviedro (Spain), funeral inscription of as influenced by the language of the Adoniram (Solomonic Tannaim and Amoraim 380–1 commander) 508 written and oral traditions 387–9 Mydnos, women’s roles in synagogues 80 See also Hebrew Myers, Eric vi misogyny 956 mysticism 12 mitigated missions 992 Heikhalot (Heavenly Sanctuaries) literature mitzvot, women’s role 633 749–57 mnemonic criteria, use within the Mishnah 309 Modestinus (jurist) 107, 138, 144 Nabratein (Upper Galilee), synagogue 178 Modrzejewski, J. M. 1038 Nachmanides, on the tendency of BT to alter Monceaux, P. 70 traditional texts when compared with monogamy, and polygamy 618 the Tosefta 330 Monophysites (Malakites) 1041 Nag Hammadi documents, views on Judaism monotheism 237, 238, 240 250, 254 Jewish and Christian attitudes towards 265–6 Nah.al H. ever Montanism 245 Cave of Letters 110 Monteverde catacomb (Rome) 495, 522 papyri, as evidence of the Bar Kochba Montgomery, J. A. 711, 712 Revolt 105 months Nah.man, Rav beginnings calculated by the appearance of the daughters, reported as practicing magic 643 crescent moon 557, 559 on prohibitions against the reading of Jewish- first days 559 Christian Scriptures 279 See also calendars; Nisan Nah.man ben Samuel, R., on evil inclinations 936 Moore, George Foot 5, 276 names mos maiorum 997 funerary inscriptions Mosaic law, validity, Christian concerns with, as relating to the Diaspora in Rome 496 shown in the Collatio 504 relating to the Diaspora in Venosa 500, 501 mosaics use on amulets 710 floors, Jerusalem, Second Temple period 549 use in Heikhalot literature 715 use in synagogues 547 use in magic 699 Bet Alpha 547, 548 Naples 592 Hammat Tiberias 542–3 Diaspora 503, 505–6 Sardis 534 Jewish citizens rally to its defense against Sepphoris 5, 544–7 Justinian 506 Moscowitz, Leib 11, 663 Jewish opposition to Justinian’s reconquest Moses punished 1048 association with R. Akiva, in Heikhalot Jewish social position 505 literature 763 Narcissus of Jerusalem, and the Sunday status as a magician 700 celebration of Easter 247 writing of Torah 901–2 Naresh, academy 835 Moses of Crete, messianic movement 1045 nasi, see Patriarchate Moshe bar Asher 5, 7, 20 Nathan, ‘‘father of the court’’ 87 Mount Colius (Rome), Jewish settlement 1044 Nathan son of Isaac the Babylonian, on the Mourners of Zion 199 foundation of the Babylonian mourning, textile working during 635 academies 823, 824, 825

1114 INDEX Natronai Gaon, Rav on the relationship between the Tosefta and the and the Tosefta 317 Mishnah 326 One Hundred Blessings, cultic significance of on the relationship of the Tosefta to other washing before prayer 576 rabbinic literature 334 natural law on social interaction between rabbis and as an ideal system, in the relation with non-rabbis 856 talmudic law 883 on the superiority of revelation over human binding nature of legal norms, in the relation logic 348–9 with talmudic law 883 on women’s legal standing in rabbinic discovery by human reason, in the relation literature 631 with talmudic law 883 New Testament 14 as the mirror of human nature 884 Acts, on God-fearers 987 and talmudic law 882–4 allegory within 981 Naveh, Joseph, on amulets 708, 710 Ephesians, Letter to the, views of ‘‘Nazaraei,’’ use in the Birkat ha-Minim 283 Judaism 250 Nazir, use of Aramaic 478 as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor Nazirites, pollution 634 76, 79 necropolises 1 Peter, views on Judaism 253 Beth Shearim 185 importance of Hebrew for the link between Gamart (north of Carthage) 69, 71 Judaism and Christianity 1010–12 Nedarim, use of Aramaic 478 James, Letter of, views of Judaism 246, 247 Nehardea 19 Johannine letters, views of Judaism 251 academy 826, 828, 829 Luke-Acts, views on Judaism 252 as collection point for the Temple tax ( fiscus Pastoral Epistles, views of Judaism 250 Judaicus) 84 2 Peter, views on Judaism 253 Jewish settlement, destruction (260s CE) Synoptic Gospels, as means of dating the 797 midrashim 687 Neh.emia, R. 320 See also Gospels; Hebrews, Epistle to; John, Neh.unyah b. Hakanah, R., on the identification Gospel of; Luke, Gospel of; Mark, of God’s essence with his Name 769 Gospel of Nemesis, shrine (Alexandria), destruction in new year, calculation 558 Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s Niddui (banning from the synagogue) 272–3, 274 reign 95 Nippur (southern Iraq), excavation 711 Nerva (Roman emperor) Nisan abolition of the calumnia of the fiscus Nisan 1 558 Judaicus 137 Nisan 14, and fasting 570 levying of the fiscus Judaicus 32 postponement by reason of intercalation of policies towards the Jews 55 second Adar 558 nesiah, see Patriarchate See also calendars; months Netzer, E. 543 Nisan, Yosef biRabbi (poet) 694 Neusner, Jacob 207 Nisibis ( Jewish settlement) 804 and the ‘‘authorship’’ of the Mishnah 201 capture by Quietus 86 and the Babylonian academies 829 second to third centuries 83, 84, 85 on the dating of the texts of the midrash Noah, flood, allegorization 981 halachah 337 non-rabbis, social interaction with rabbis, as on the editing of BT 844, 845, 856 portrayed in the Talmuds 849–52, editing of the Tosefta 333 853, 854, 855–7, 858, 859 on the idea of canon 233 North Africa on Jewish magic 701 Jewish settlements 1039 on the Mishnah as philosophy 311, 312 Justinian I’s regulations concerning the on polemic in the Sifra 355 Jews 1076 on practitioners of magic 718 Noruz (Babylonian festival) 812 on rabbinic literature 191 Noto (Sicily) on the relationship between the Mishnah and Diaspora 503 Scripture 306 ‘‘grotta del carciofo’’ 503

INDEX 1115 Notzrim (Nazareans) 275 transcriptions of Mishnaic Hebrew 399 use in the Birkat ha-Minim 281, 283, 284, 285, use of allegory 287, 289, 291 and its incipient anti-Judaism 1014 Novak, David 10, 647 in opposition to millenarianism 1009 Novella 146 (Justinian), anti-Judaism 1048 use of the concept of ‘‘Jew’’ 984 Numbers Rabbah 690 use of Jewish sources 66 Numenius of Apamea, on God’s sovereignty 607 original sin, concept rejected by the Rabbis 934 nursing, considered as paid labor 635 Orosius on the destruction of the Jerusalem Odes of Solomon, Christian interpolations 249 Temple 195 Ofannim,inMerkavah literature 773, 774, on Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, during Trajan’s 775, 776 reign 96 Ohrmazd-Ardashir (Sasanid ruler) on Jewish uprisings in Libya, during Trajan’s (273–4 CE) 797 reign 98 oikos 620, 622 OrphicHymns , on God’s sovereignty 608 Omar I (Caliph), conquest of Jerusalem (638) 19 orthodoxy 245 omer ritual 565 Oshaya, R., magical acts 708 One Hundred Blessings (Rav Natronai Gaon), ossilegia (secondary burials), Israel, first to third cultic significance of washing before centuries 185, 188 prayer 576 Ostia (Italy) Onias III (High Priest), and the building of the Ostrogoths, policies towards the Jews 506 Leontopolis temple 192 Diaspora, third to seventh centuries 494 Onias IV (High Priest), and the building of the synagogue 494 Leontopolis temple 192 Oxyrhynchus Ono (Palestine), government 46 Greek population commemorates the Roman Oppenheimer, A. 101 suppression of the Second Jewish Oral Torah 16, 316 Revolt (third century) 66 oral traditions, importance for the development of Jewish population, third century 67 post-tannaitic literature 680 site of victory over the Jews, during Trajan’s oral transmission reign 98 effects on texts in the Tosefta 331 Mishnaic Hebrew 384 pagans and paganism and the relationship between the Tosefta and anti-Judaism, and its effects on Christian the Mishnah 326 attitudes 988–90 ordination, ban on, after the Bar Kochba excluded from legal activity 162 Revolt 139 legal situation, linked with that of the Origen 213 Jews 150 on anti-Judaism within Christ’s teachings 983 survival under Christianity 145 on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289 toleration of Jewish exclusivism not criticisms of Christians attending the extended to Christians, effects on synagogue 271 anti-Judaism 993 on the Hebrew text of the Jewish Paget, J. C. 991 Scriptures 1011 paideia, see Gnostics and Gnosticism on Jewish attitudes to idolatry 989 Palestine 7, 9, 17, 507 on Jewish persecution of Christians 995 agriculture, second and third centuries 38 letter to Sextus Africanus, possible mention of annexation by Rome after the First Jewish the Patriarchate 418–20, 421 Revolt 25 on relations between the Patriarchate and demography Rome 209 first century AD 23 on the Song of Songs second and third centuries 40 place in the curriculum 914 effects of the failure of the Bar Kochba as a reflection on the relationship between Revolt 33 oral and written Torah 905 effects of the failure of the First Jewish teaching circles 223 Revolt 23 on the templization of the synagogue 578 family life 620, 622

1116 INDEX Palestine (cont.) style 675–6 Jewish marriage customs 616–19 on the suppression of the Jewish uprisings in Jewish political situation, second and third Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 97 centuries 48 tractate Shevit, role in the transmission of Jewish sexual ethics 613–17 rabbinic Torah 216 Jewish society, as affected by the decline of the on women’s role in the home 633 Patriarchate 19 See also Babylonian Talmud; Talmuds Judaism and Christianity, first to second Palestinian Targum centuries 246–7 fragments land tenure, second and third centuries 42 use of Aramaic 462, 471 Muslim conquest of 7–8 vocalized manuscripts 485 political history, second and third centuries Palmyra, expansion affects both Roman and 45–8 Sasanian empires 797 rabbinic attitudes towards Gentiles 654–5 Papa, Rav (principal, Naresh academy) 835 rabbis’ influence contrasted with women’s role Papak (father of Adashir(?) the first Sasanian in the synagogues 641 king) 797 Roman army’s presence after the First Jewish Papuus ben Judah 740 Revolt 28 papyri Roman-Byzantine Palestine, synagogues 536 archives relating to women 628 social dependency, second and third centuries 43 as evidence of the Bar Kochba Revolt 105 social location of the rabbinic movement 219, evidence of Jewish uprisings in Egypt during 220–2, 225 Trajan’s reign 95 Palestinian Jewry 792 parables, see fables economic life, compared with that of pardes 763 Babylonian Jewry 809 Pardo, R. David 324, 333 Palestinian Rabbinate Parkes, James 271, 995 influence compared with that in Babylonia parnasim (administrators, Bar Kochba 816–17 Revolt) 111 views of marriage 9 Parthian monarchy, fall (224 CE) 792 Palestinian Talmud 1, 11, 369, 551, 663 Parthian–Roman conflict, and the Diaspora 86 audience 857, 857–9 partiality, prohibitions against 894 and BT 380, 675, 841–2 Paschal lamb, sacrifice 564 completion 665–7 The Passion of Perpetuaand Felicitas 73 development and redaction 670–3, 678–81 Passover (Pesach) 9, 563, 564–5 exegesis of tannaitic texts 676 sacrifices geographical provenance 665 animals to be used for as determined in the indications of Jewish demography in Palestine, midrash halachah 336 mid-third century 408 and the ascription of merit to Israel 930 and the influence of the Rabbinate 427 work limitations 563 and information about festivals 557 Patriarchate 5, 19 on Jewish membership of city councils 413 abolition 1045 on judicial deviations 894 and the completion of PT 667 on land tenure 43 effects on Jewish legal position 1047 literary sources 669–70 burial site at Bet Shearim (Byzantine Palestine) on the maturity needed for students of 521, 522 Torah 914 comparison with the Exilarchate 802 messianism 1064–5 control of the Jewish legal system, under and the Mishnah 663 paganism 136 missing chapters 664–5 decline, effects on Jewish society in on political relations between the Patriarchate Palestine 19 and the Roman government, second- effects of urbanization, third century 425 and third-century Palestine 50 family, burial 523 redactions 667–9 financial upkeep 142 on slavery (the case of one both half slave and forbidden to judge in court cases involving half free) 871 Christians 161

INDEX 1117 land tenure 43 Pentateuch in Late Roman-Byzantine Palestine 414, 415 discouragement of social dependency 44 legal authority 155, 156–8, 1040 halachic midrash 687–8 nasi, title 127 See also Hebrew Bible and the origins of the rabbinic movement Pentecost (Shavuot) 563, 564, 565 209–12 peregrines, Jewish legal status 130 prerogatives preserved under the christianized Peroz (Sasanid ruler; 459–84 CE) 800 Roman Empire 1002 persecution, legal measures, extended to Judaism rabbinical references to 49 under Christianity 152–4 relations with the imperial administration Persian language 416–23, 424 influence upon and superiority to Aramaic relations with the Rabbinate 427 460, 483 restoration, under the Severi 139 and Mishnaic Hebrew 389, 392 standing after the Roman annexation of Persian society, portrayal in BT seen as Palestine 27 historically accurate 853, 854 and the Yavneh academy 210–12 Persians Patriarchs (Fathers), merit of (zechut avot) 942 invasion of Palestine (614), Jewish population patriarchy 620 levels 407 patron–client relationships, in the Diaspora, marriage institutions 623 Egypt and Cyrenaica, after the First personal possessions, legal recognition of, in Jewish Revolt 53–5 relation to Jewish practices 151 patronage, rabbinic opposition to 45 perushim (outsiders/deviationists/opponents) 287 Paul, St. (apostle) Pesach, see Passover anti-Pauline literature, third century 250 Pescennius Niger 48 attitudes to Jewish religious practices 31 pesha (sin) 932 attitudes to the Torah, as grounds for Jewish Pesikta de Rav Kahana 11, 689, 1069 anti-Christian attitudes 262–3, 266 Pesukot, use of Aramaic 462 Christology, effects on Jewish–Christian Peters, J. P. (arhaeologist), excavation of Nippur relations 265 (southern Iraq) 711 concerns with Jewish law a Christian Peticha (proem) (sermon for the exposition of preoccupation in the fourth Scripture) 684, 695 century 979 Petra (Provincia Arabia) 26 criticisms of talmudic law unjustified 892 Petrus Chrysologus Jewish opposition to in Asia Minor 79 attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism and the legal system 131 ineffective 505 no explicit discussion of Shema as covenant 967 sermons relating to the Jews 505 punishment as a Jew for his preaching of Pharisees Christianity 271 attitudes to the Torah distinguish them from Roman Jewish community’s ignorance of his Christians 261 work 269 attitudes towards the Jerusalem Temple 194 on the scandal of the crucifixion 270 and messianism 1060 Spanish mission 508 and the origins of the rabbinic movement and the synagogue 987 208 understands marriage as the channeling of purity concerns 217 sexuality 617 Philadelphia, Christian–Jewish relations, second views of Judaism 247 to third centuries 82 works, as edited by the Marcionites 979 Philippus (Praefectus Praetorio, Illyricum, Paulus (jurist) 138 c. 420 CE) 1043 Paulus Orosius, Historiarum adversum paganos Philo of Alexandria 1046 allegorization of desert sanctuary 193 Pelikan, J. 267 attacks on the Allegorists 261 Pella (Decapolis) 249, 267 complaints about non-payment of the fiscus Pelusium, waterways siezed by Jews during Judaicus 58 uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor reign 96 75, 76

1118 INDEX Philo of Alexandria (cont.) prayers failure to appreciate the pleasure factor in biblical prayers Sabbath observance 950 differences from the Amidah 597 on God’s sovereignty 607 practice 589 and information about festivals 557 evening prayer 562 on the Jewish population of Egypt 991 as expression of the self 948 on the language of the Torah 460 heavenly prayers, in Heikhalot literature makes no mention of the Temple of Onias 193 771–83 on the public nature of religious in Heikhalot literature 761–83 practice 986 Jewish prayer not standardized before the era of on the soul and body 952–3 the Yavneh academy 286 speculations concerning God’s principal mystical prayers, in Heikhalot literature 762–6 angel 265 practice 589–98 philosophical schools, and the development of the rabbinic conceptions 10 rabbinic movement 216 sacrificization phylacteries, women exempted from wearing 640 with the destruction of the Temple during physical theology 14 the First Jewish Revolt 573–80 Israel’s election 965–75 in the Talmuds 581–6 resurrection 956–65 seen as doubtful 587–91 saying of blessings 947–52 seen as a substitute for the sacrificial cult 201 and the spiritual 946, 975 shared prayers, in Heikhalot literature 766–71 Pilgrimage Festivals 563, 564–6 thrice-daily prayer 588–9 pilgrimages, land of Israel 1010 See also Amidah Pinh.as, R., on the recitation of the Shema as Preaching of Peter (Kerygma Petrou) 65, 254 evocation of the Sinai covenant 969 precedents, binding, doctrine not present in Pinh.as ben Yair, R. 910 talmudic law 896 Pionius, martyrdom 995, 996 precentors, role 573, 598, 599 ‘‘pious man among pious men’’ 614 prepositions, indiscriminate use explained Pirkei de Rabbi Eliezer 690 through midrash halachah 352–5 on resurrection 962 Priene pirqa (rabbinic homily) 817, 836, 837 Diaspora, first to second centuries 75, 78 piyyutim 2, 11, 691–2, 693, 694–5, 1045, 1050 synagogues 75, 78 development 678–81 priests and priesthood influence on Mishnaic Hebrew 399 access to the heikhal, reflected in Heikhalot Plato, on sovereignty of kings 607 literature 757, 758 pleasure, blessings 949–51 Jerusalem priesthood, allegorization 981 Pliny, Natural History, on magic 706 role 573 Plotinus, teaching circles 223 in synagogue worship 599 Plutarch, on God’s unity 967 and the role of the precentors 598, 599 poetry, use in synagogue liturgy 694–5 standing posture when praying 591, 592 Polycarp, martyrdom, Jewish participation support for the Bar Kochba Revolt 995, 996 questioned 36 Polycrates, Quartodeciman views 252 privies, deportment in, incantations for polygamy 624, 630 protection from demons 704 and monogamy 618 Proclus of Constantinople (mid-fifth century), polytheism 988 on Jewish attendance at his as affected by Constantine I’s adoption of sermons 1006 Christianity 999 Procopius, on Justinian I’s anti-Judaism 1048 survival favorable to the Jewish legal position, procreation 622 fifth to sixth centuries 1046 proems (Peticha) (sermon for the exposition of population disturbances, Bar Kochba Revolt Scripture) 684, 695 112, 114 professional keeners 636 populus 148 property cases, exclusion of Jews, pagans, Porphyry, on Jewish beliefs in God’s and Samaritans, where churches sovereignty 608 involved 162

INDEX 1119 property losses, mishnaic rules for the loss of purity deposited property 301, 302 rabbinic concerns with 217 property ownership, in Palestine after First taharah 941 Jewish Revolt 25 Pythagoreans, on God’s unity 967 property rights, sugyot in BT, as indicators of editorial activity 862–7 qamara 88 prophecy, end 922 Qiryat Sefer, synagogue 177 prophetic literature, canonization 239–41 Quadratus prophets apologetic nature 252 and the role of the precentors 598 views of Judaism 251 understandings of the destruction of the Quietus, Lusius (Roman general) Solomonic Temple 195 campaign against the Jews 86 proselytes 10 suppression of the Jewish uprisings in Judaea, relationship with Israel and with God 648, during Trajan’s reign 100, 101 660–1 suppression of the Jewish uprisings in See also God-fearers (sebomenoi) Mesopotamia, during Trajan’s reign 99 proselytizing, Christian and Jewish attitudes, in Quispel, G. 68 the first century 263, 266 Qumran community 10 protection, legal measures, extended to Judaism, attitudes to the Temple 260 under Christianity 152–4 attitudes towards the Jerusalem Temple 194 Protevangelium [Infancy Gospel] of James, views on belief in the soul’s immortality and their own Judaism 250 status as the elect 971 proverbs, as Aggadah 683 Community Rule, allusions to the Shema 606 provinces, imperial and senatorial provinces 25 failure to appreciate the pleasure factor in Provincia Arabia, effects of Roman annexation Sabbath observance 950 (second century) 26 liturgy 581 Provincia Gallia, Jewish settlements 1039 Merkavah tradition 764 Provincia Judaea, see Palestine messianism 1058–1060, 1061 provincials, hostility towards the Jews in Egypt purity concerns 217 and Cyrenaica, after the First Jewish women’s role within Judaism 10 Revolt 56 See also Dead Sea Scrolls Psalms of Solomon, messianism 1057 pseudepigrapha Raba and information about festivals 557 on evil inclinations 937 understanding of the destruction of the recitation of folk tales 723 Jerusalem Temple 198–9 on sacrifice and repentance 941 Pseudo-Aristeas, discussion of Shema as Rabbah son of Nahmani (principal of Pumbedita covenant 967 academy) 824 Pseudo-Clementines, anti-Paulinism 250 ‘‘rabbi,’’ use of the term 508 Ptolemais-Akko, rabbinic movement in 47 Rabbinate Ptolemy, Letter to Flora , views on Judaism 253 concentration in cities 47 public service, limitations on Jewish development participation, in the christianized in Babylonia 206, 213, 817–18 Roman Empire 1001 in Israel 2, 206–12, 213–18, 224–5 public spaces, Israel, first to third centuries 225 differences in influence between Babylonian Pucci Ben Zeev, Miriam 4, 76, 93 and Palestinian communities 816–17 Pumbedita, academy 822, 824, 825, 827, 828, influence in Italy 507–8 829, 832, 833, 837 and Jewish–Christian relations, in Italy, third punishments, within Torah and the Talmud, as an to seventh centuries 507 indication of the religious nature of knowledge of Spain in rabbinic sources 509 talmudic law 878, 882 landowning, among the Babylonian Jews 810 Purim 9, 568 legal spheres of influence, among the celebration during the messianic age queried 650 Babylonian Jews 808 fasts associated with 570 on the lighting of candles, during H. annukah recognized under Justinian’s Code 1074 568

1120 INDEX Rabbinate (cont.) portrayals in BT as guides to the editorial literature, development vi history of the Talmud 845, 847, 853 negligible presence in Bet Shearim cemetery possible opposition to the Patriarchate 417 suggests separation from the presence in Carthage 72 Patriachate 522 presence in Nisibis (second to third and the Patriarchate 418, 420, 421 centuries) 84 relations with the Exilarchate 802–3 reputation as wonder-workers 700 religious system, as response to national role in the development of talmudic law calamity 5 887–8, 889, 895 social location 218–24 social interaction with non-rabbis, as portrayed social and political role, in Palestine, third to in the Talmuds 849–52, 853, 854, seventh centuries 423–7 855–7, 858, 859 understanding of Jewish–Gentile relations 10 stories of the lives of the Rabbis, as views of marriage 9 Aggadah 683 rabbinic authority, limitations 16 support for the Bar Kochba Revolt Rabbinic Judaism, the result of the destruction of questioned 36 the Jerusalem Temple 203 understanding of the destruction of the rabbinic law 13 Jerusalem Temple 199–202, 204 rabbinic literature Rabello, Alfredo 15, 1073 dangers of dependence on 191 the Rabshaqe, and the use of Aramaic during the and magic 702–8 siege of Jerusalem by Assyria 457 in relation to the role of women in Jewish Rafram bar Papa, recitation of folk tales 723 society 628 Rami bar H. amma, mother, magical knowledge and women’s legal standing 631–3 643 rabbinic liturgy Rashi, on talmudic reconciliations between content and modalities 573 Ezekiel and the Torah 343 focus on God’s sovereignty 600–2 Rav see Abba Arika, Rav and sovereignization 602–10 Rava rabbinic prayer 573 on conflict between midrash halachah and the and the role of the synagogue 573–80, 610 legal demands of Scripture 359 rabbinic thought on demonology 703, 731 on Torah 899 magical acts 708 in connection with revelation 902–4 on the moral imperative to observe the oral Torah 899–901 Torah 880 written Torah 901–2 on the teaching of Torah 915 rabbis Rava (fourth generation Babylonian amora), attendance at weddings 624 mention in PT 666 in Babylonia, second to third Rava (sage, Babylonian academies) 835 centuries 88–9 Ravenna 492, 506 calculations of the beginning of months 558, Ravina 559 and property rights 863, 865, 866 and the canon of the Hebrew Bible 234–7 on slavery (the case of one both half slave and engagement in magical acts 708 half free) 870–2 influence, contrasted with that of women’s role Rawidowicz, S. 920 in the synagogues of Palestine and Reccared (Visigothic king) 8 Babylonia 641 conversion to Catholicism (587) 512, 1023 interest in the Gentile relationship with God Recceswinth (Visigothic king; 649–72), and its effects on Israel 648 anti-Jewish laws 514 lack of institutional power, first to fourth Red Sea, Justinian I gains control of 1050 centuries 8 redemption 14 and the midrash halachah 339–45 as the effect of repentance 942–3 and the Mishnah 312 refugee caves, use after the Bar Kochba numbers, first to fourth centuries 221 Revolt 126 in Palestine, second and third centuries 48–9 Reggio, Isaac 367 portrayal in the Talmuds 858 Reggio di Calabra 492

INDEX 1121 Regina inscription 497 leadership, in the Bar Kochba Revolt 123–4 Regstorf, K. H. 333 occupation of Palestine religio, and superstitio 148 after the First Jewish Revolt 25, 28–9 religion second and third centuries 46 and magic 701 See also legions role in the development of talmudic law Roman Catholic Church, attitudes towards dream 878–82 interpretations 848 as affected by rabbinical transmission 887 Roman citizenship Roman attitudes towards, and their effects on extension to Jews, helps to diminish native Palestine after First Jewish Revolt opposition to Jews in Egypt and 29–30 Cyrenaica 66 religious activity, in the tannaitic period 5 granting of (Constitutio Antoniniana) 48, religious edicts, issued against the Jews by 1035, 1040 Hadrian 126 inclusion of Jews 139 religious life, women’s role 643–4 effects upon halakhah 135 religious privileges, under Jewry law, in the Roman East 3 Diaspora, under paganism 141–4 Roman emperors, Justinian I’s conception as religious uniformity, within the Roman God’s representative on earth 1073 Empire 144 Roman Empire repentance, and messianism, in BT 1066, 1068 adoption of Christianity as the official religion resident aliens, relationship with Israel and with and its effects on Judaism 998–1007 God 648, 658–9 Diaspora 493 restitution, as the fourth element of as the enemy of Jewry 796 repentance 939 power, ascribed to Esau’s merit 929 resurrection 956–65 religious uniformity within 144 bodily resurrection stressed in opposition to Sasanian relations with, and their effects on Docetism 1008 Babylonian Jewry 794 Christian claims and their effects on split after the death of Theodosius I (395 CE) 1 Jewish–Christian relations 260 suppression of Jewish uprisings in Libya, Reuyot Yeh.ezkel, association of Metatron with Egypt and Cyprus, during Trajan’s Michael 760 reign 96–7 revelation synagogues in connection with Torah 902–4 sites in Roman-Byzantine period 526 supremacy over logic 349 See also synagogues Reynolds, J. 94 under Justinian I 1037 rhetors, role, and the role of the precentors 598 Roman government, legal attitudes 150 ribbui u-miyyut (ve-ribbui) (legal principle) 362 Roman law Richardson, Peter 6, 14, 244 compared with Jewish law, in the Collatio 504–5 riparioi 414 imperial legislation, effects on Jewry law, rishonim 843 under paganism 136–9 ritual baths (mikvaot), Israel, first to third observance by Jews, in Israel 134 centuries 182 Roman Law of the Visigoths (Breviary) (Alaric II) Rives, James 30, 68 (506), anti-Jewish laws 512 roads Roman–Parthian conflict, and the Diaspora 86 construction in Palestine Romans after First Jewish Revolt 29 authorization of the Patriarchate 209 second and third centuries 46 defeat of the Bar Kochba Revolt 116–18, damage to roads in Cyrene, during Jewish 122–5 uprisings under Trajan 94 reneging on commitment to rebuild the Roman army Temple, possibly reflected in anti-Jewish sentiment, in Egypt and fables 739 Cyrenaica, Second Jewish Revolt Rome 61, 62 cemeteries 8 involvement in the defeat of the Bar Kochba common burial sites for pagans, Jews, and Revolt 122–3 Christians (third to fourth centuries) 72

1122 INDEX Rome (cont.) Safra, Rav Diaspora 495–9, 503 knowledge of Scripture 842 demography 494 learning and its neglect of Scripture 911 third to seventh centuries 495–9 on property rights 862 Jewish catacombs 524 Safrai, Zeev 40, 41 Jewish community’s ignorance about Sages Paul 269 biographical legends about 726 Judaism and Christianity dissent between, within the Mishnah 303 first to second centuries 253–4 financial upkeep 142 third to seventh centuries 495–9 and magic tales 730 mob violence against the synagogues 505 tensions within their thinking, as indication of Visigothic sack (410) 1046 talmudic law as a religious system 880 visit by rabbis 507 within the Mishnah 304, 305 Rosh Hashanah (New Year) 566 Salamis Rowland, C. 32 destruction Rubenstein, Jeffrey 846 during Jewish uprisings, in Trajan’s reign 98 Rufina (archisynagogos) 80 in Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, during Rufus, Caius Valerius (tribune of the Upper Trajan’s reign 96 Moesian legion II Claudia) 97 Samaritan Pentateuch 344 Rufus, Q. Tineius (governor of Judaea, at the Samaritans beginning of the Bar Kochba Revolt) biblical exegesis, effects on Jewish exegesis 679 35, 123–4 demography, in Palestine, third and fourth Rum 1035 centuries 408 Rumelia 1035 excluded from legal activity 162 Rutgers, Leonard 8, 70, 72, 492 forced to serve in municipal administration Ryle, H. E. 230 while being excluded from public office 153 Saady Gaon, R., on the analogy between the legal situation compared with that of the priests washing and preparation for Jews 150 prayer in the synagogue 575 prohibited from serving in the imperial Sabbath 560–2 administration (438 CE) 415 as a day of study 908 regarded as a sect 149 as the first day of Pesach 565 relationship with Israel and with God 648, liturgy 560 655–6 theology, contrasted with the theology of the revolts against Justinian 1049 Day of Atonement 949–51 situation under Islam 1050 Sabbath laws 342 Samoe (priest, Sardis synagogue) 535 Sabbath observance 154 Samuel (Babylonian amora) 331, 1067 during the Bar Kochba Revolt 121 Samuel of Nehardea, Mar (jurist), attitudes to exemptions from legal business 144 Babylonian law 654 legalized under Roman law 151 Samuel, R., Nahardea academy 19, 822, 826, and messianism, in BT 1068 827, 828, 829 recognized under Justinian’s Code 1074 Samuel the Small, R., use of the Birkat ha-Minim ridicule of 147 283, 284, 286, 287, 290 sabbatical year, observance, during the Bar Samuel son of Idi (disciple of Rava) 835 Kochba Revolt 121 Samuel (third-century rabbinic sage) 796 saboraim 842 Sanders, James T. 5, 230 sacrifice, and atonement, as signs of repentance Sanhedrin 940–1 dissolution 133 sacrificial cult in Israel, under paganism 136 modeled in the rabbinic liturgy 580–6 restoration, under the Severi 139 not modeled in the rabbinic liturgy 587–91 structure as basis for that of the academies 822, Sadducees 829 and messianism 1060 Sanhedrin-Makkot, omissions from PT 663 and scriptural exegesis 344 Sar ha-Torah (Prince of the Torah) 715, 716

INDEX 1123 Sar-ha-Hokhmah (Prince of Wisdom) 716 reading cycles 681, 683 Sar-Torah literature 716 use within the Mishnah 305, 306–8, 309 sarcophagi 521 See also Bible; Christian Bible; Hebrew Bible Beth Shearim 4 Scroll of Fasts , The 567, 568 Beth Shearim, showing Leda and the Swan 523 Scythopolis-Beth-Shean Israel, first to third centuries 184, 188 demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37 in Roman catacombs 523 rabbinic movement in 47 See also catacombs; cemeteries sebomenoi (God-fearers) 659 Sardinia, Diaspora, third to seventh centuries 492 Second Commonwealth 192 Sardis Second Festival Day of Exiles 559 burial society formed in the synagogue 81 Second Jewish Revolt 1, 4, 94 Diaspora, first to second centuries 76–8 and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 106 God-fearers’ roles in synagogues 80 effects on the Diaspora 2 Jewish citizenship 81 in Egypt and Cyrenaica 59 Jewry law in 140 Second Temple see Temple synagogues 9, 75, 76, 533 secondary burials (ossilegia), Israel, first to third ‘‘Eagle’’ table 534 centuries 185, 188 Sasanians Secret Gospelof Mark 65 and Babylonian Jewry 19, 794–801 secta, in relation to superstitio 149 rise, effects on Jewish communities 19 sedarim (orders of the Mishnah) 299, 300, 564 victory over Parthians 792 Seder Olam Rabba 369 Satlow, Michael 9, 612 Seder Tannaim ve-Amoraim, on the foundation of Saul (king of Israel), faulted for failure to eradicate the Babylonian academies 800, 823–4, the Amalekites 649 825, 826, 829 sayings, as Aggadah 683 Sefer ha-Razim (Book of Mysteries) (magical Scha¨fer, Peter 32, 33, 34, 286, 843 handbook) 713, 714 Schechter, Solomon 5, 281 Sefer Yerushalmi 665 Schiffman, Lawrence H. 15, 345, 1053 Sefer Yetzira (Book of Creation) Scholem, Gershom and Heikhalot literature 785–6 on Jewish magic 701 theme of creation 785 on the Merkavah tradition of the Qumran seforim ha-chizonim (books of the heretics) 276, 277 community 765 Segal, M. H. 379 on messianism 1054, 1056, 1058 Seidel, Jonathan 706 on Metatron 760 Seiyaˆl Collection, papyri, as evidence of the Bar on mysticism 749 Kochba Revolt 105 on the Shiur Qoma 784 Seleucia, capture in Trajan’s Parthian Schuller, Eileen 588 campaign 86 Schu¨rer, E., 75 self Schwartz, D. R. 107 experienced as the juncture between body and Schwartz, Joshua 7, 431 soul 955 Schwartz, Seth 2, 5, 8, 23, 852 responsibility, in the rabbinic understanding of Schwarzbaum, H. 740 soul and body 958–9 Scriptures sense, expression in prayer 948 aggadic interpretation 681 self-control, and sexuality 615 anomalies, midrash halachah concerns with 360–4 self-mortification, warnings against 949 as authority for law, and the origins of midrash semen, Babylonian rabbinical abhorrence of 622 halachah 341 Semler, Hohann Salomo, and the canonization of exegesis 344 the Hebrew Bible 230 and midrash halachah 345–65 senate, Jewish membership, fifth century 505 Jewish adherence to the literal meaning Seneca, on resurrection 965 criticized 1013 Sepharadim, Mishnaic Hebrew 388 Jewish–Christian Scriptures, reading Sepphoris (Diocaesarea) 5, 12, 188 prohibited 279–80 administration during Hadrian’s reign 101 Mishnah independent of 299 destruction mentioned during the Jewish revolt reading as central to synagogue liturgy 178 under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411, 412

1124 INDEX Sepphoris (Diocaesarea) (cont.) Severus, Sulpicius, on the destruction of the housing Jerusalem Temple 195 archaeological remains 177 Seville, Jewish colony 509 Dionysos house 179, 180–1 sex 9–10, 612 Jewish city councilors 46 sexes, polarization, in humoristic tales 742 land tenure 43 Sextus Africanus, concerns about Jewish mikvaot 182 autonomy, in letter to Origen 418 public spaces 182–4 sexual ethics, and Jewish identity 612–13 rabbinic settlement 47, 220, 222 sexual pleasure, Babylonian rabbinical views 622 synagogues 178 sexual relations mosaic floors 5, 545 illicit sexual relations, death penalty for in the theater, not classified as Jewish architecture 176 halakhah 129 Septimius Severus (Roman emperor) 46, 48, and marriage, between Jews and Christians, 139, 986 under Justinian’s Code 1074 Septuagint See also marriage Christian adoption of 1006 sexuality 9 favored for synagogue liturgy by Justinian I Babylonian sources 620–2 1076 Palestinian sources 613–17 as foundation of the Christian Bible 977 Shaked, Shaul 708, 710, 793 importance of the underlying Hebrew text for Shammai, and the origins of the Patriarchate 210 the link between Judaism and Shammai, School Christianity 1010–12 attitudes to women 632 Justinian endorses 1024 discussion of Shema as covenant 967 reading by Jews promulgated by Justinian I on the ending of the Sabbath 562 the Great (553) 1045, 1048 on restitution 940 use by Gentile Christians 978, 980–2 and the School of Hillel use by Gnostics 978, 979 controversies between 889 use by Theophilus of Antioch 249 dispute over the goodness of man’s creation vowels as indication of vocalization of 937 Hebrew 377 on the seven blessings 561 See also Hebrew Bible on slavery (the case of one both half slave and sermons half free) 867 as Aggadah 683 on students’ eligibility to study Torah 916 prohibition against preachers 724 shanah 316 settlements, in Palestine, demography, as Shapur I (239–70 CE) 794, 797 indication of size of ethnic Shavuot (Pentecost) 9, 563–5 communities 407, 408 Shechinah, tarries over the Mount of Olives after Setzer, Claudia 2, 68 the destruction of the Second Temple seven blessings, and the Sabbath liturgy 561 in the hope of human repentance 942 seven Canaanite nations, relationship with Israel Shema 580 and with God 648, 650–1 antiphonal recitation, as evocation of the Sinai seven Noahide commandments covenant 969 acceptance demanded of resident aliens 659 comparison with the Amidah 597 doctrine 652 correspondence with morning and evening in harmony with human nature 884 sacrifices 586 observance seen as the expression of Gentiles’ covenant renewal within, supersedes the subservience to God 926 understanding of covenant within the Severan dynasty 19 Decalogue 966–70 Severus Alexander (Roman emperor), death and God’s sovereignty 601 (235 CE) 19 mishnaic rules for its recitation 301, 303 Severus of Minorca, Letter on the Conversion of the second blessing of the daily liturgy, on Israel’s Jews 510, 511 election as an expression of God’s love Severus, Sextus Julius (commander of Roman 972–5 forces in the Bar Kochba Revolt) 122, and the sovereignty of both God and the 124, 125 commandments 603

INDEX 1125 and the sovereignty of God 606, 609 Sifra Leviticus 9, 685, 688 structural likeness to that of the Decalogue 600 Sifre Be-Midbar 336, 338, 339 Shema liturgy, first blessing, and the link between scriptural exegesis 347 creation and the divine 951–2 Sifre Devarim 336, 338, 339; see also Sifre for Shemini Azeret 566 Numbers and Deuteronomy Shemoneh Esreh 580 scriptural exegesis 347 ‘‘The Shepherd Boy Who Cried Wolf’’ (Aesop’s sifrei minim (heretical books) 276, 277–80 fable) 738 Sifre Zuta 337, 339 Shepherdof Hermas 65, 253 Sifre Deuteronomy 11 Sherira Gaon, Rav piska 41, on Torah study 909 on the destruction of Nehardea 797 on Gentiles studying Torah 918, 919 Iggeret , on the history of the Babylonian on the religious dimension in the study of academies 822, 823, 825, 829 Torah 920 on scriptural exegesis in addition to the Sifre for Numbers and Deuteronomy 685 thirteen hermeneutical principles 346 on women’s education 917 on the Tosefta 317 Sijpestejn, on strategic importance of the use of ‘‘saboraim’’ 842 Egyptian waterways, during the Jewish Shila, Rav (principal, Babylonian academy) 829 uprisings 96 Shimeon ben Eleazar, R., on lost and found Silberman, L., on apocalyptic 235 property 323, 323–5 Simeon, R. Shimon bar Va, on the relationship between oral on humanity’s majesty 927 and written Torah 904 on the wearing of fringes (tzitzit)by Shimon bar Yochai, R. (disciple of Akiva) women 641 on the first two sayings of the Decalogue and Simeon bar Abba, R., on the destruction of acceptance of God’s sovereignty 967 Jerusalem as the effect of sin 937 on the pre-eminence of Torah study 909 Simeon ben Gamaliel on the structure of the Decalogue 600 authorized by Rome in the Patriarchate 209 and the transmission of the Mishnah 215 and the Yavneh academy 211 Shimon ben Eleazar, R., on exposition and Simeon ben Mah.anim (commander, Bar Kochba application of talmudic law 891 Revolt) 110 Shimon (Simeon) ben Kosiba, see Bar Kochba Simeon the Bouleutes 413 Shimon ben Shetah., and the defeat of witches 643, Simeon Ha-Paqoli, and the composition of the 706–7, 708 Birkat ha-Minim 281 Shimshon of Sens, R., use of the Tosefta 333 Simeon son of Gamaliel II (Patriarch) 87 Shinan, Avigdor 11, 678 Simh.at Bet hashoevah 566 Shiur Qoma 783–5 Simlai (third-century rabbi) 84 Shiur Qomah 753 Simon, R., on Metatron 760 shmad 137 Simon, M. Shoshan-dukht (wife of Yazdgird I), pro-Jewish on Berber converts to Judaism 69 activities 799 on Jewish anti-Christianism 271 Shuafat, synagogue 177 Simon bar Megas (poet) 694 Sibylline Oracles 12 63 Simon ben Gamliel, Rabban, favorable views of cultic significance of washing before Samaritan piety 656 prayer 576 Simon son of Aianos son of Justus (market Sicily 503, 506 inspector) 414 burial sites 522 sin 14, 931–5 Diaspora, third to seventh centuries 492 biblical terms 932 sickness, recovery from, likened to resurrection effects, for Israel 937 962 recognition, as the first element of Side, Jewish citizenship 81 repentance 939 Sidon, rabbinic movement in 47 sin offerings 940 Sifra 11, 336, 338, 339 sinners 933 on leprosy 356–8, 360 three classes of sinners excluded from ‘‘the use by Maimonides in codifying Jewish world to come’’ 942 law 350 Sirkes, R. Joel, on prayer as sacrifice 579

1126 INDEX Sisebut (Visigothic king; 612–21), and the Jews soteriology, Christian soteriology 977 513, 1023 soul Sitifis, inscriptions as evidence of Jewish and body 952–6 presence 70 resurrection 956–65 slave-owners, responsibility for the actions of seen as analogous to God 953 slaves, in connection with human Sounding the Horn (festival) 563 autonomy 928 Spain slave-ownership 620, 625 Diaspora 8, 508–16 legal provisions for Jewish ownership of Jewish settlements 1039 Christian slaves 164–8 Sperber, Daniel 40, 41, 45, 183, 409 slavery spinning 635, 636 in Babylonian Jewry 810 Stemberger, G. Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 1000 on midrash halachah in relationship to forbidden under Justinian’s Code 1074 scriptural exegesis 353 sugyot in BT, as indicators of editorial activity on the Patriarchate 418 867–73 Stephen, St. (Protomartyr) slaves martyrdom 259, 261, 262, 266 rabbinic attitudes towards 653 mentioned in inscription at Gamart 70 relationship with Israel and with God 648, relics 510, 511 656–8 Stoicism, understanding of marriage 619 women slaves, halachic situation in relation to story chains 723 free women 634 Strabo of Amaseia, on Jewry law 140 Smallwood, E. M. 107, 124 street theater 724 Smyrna streets, cultural role 722 Christian–Jewish relations, second to third student circles, within the Babylonian centuries 82 community 818 Diaspora, first to second centuries 80–2 study houses (bet midrash) women’s roles in synagogues 80 importance for the development of post- social dependency, in Palestine, second and third tannaitic literature 680 centuries 43 and the rabbinic movement 223–4 social dynamics, in Egypt and Cyrenaica, after the women’s exclusion from 643–4 First Jewish Revolt 57 women’s role 10 social protest, in humoristic tales 741 Suetonius society on Domitian’s levying of the fiscus Judaicus 32 and individuals, legal regulation, as indicators reports Domitianic harassment of Jews 137 of religiosity 879 sugyot Jewish society and its effects on talmudic in BT, as indicators of editorial activity 862–73 law 897 in PT, as indicators of editorial activity 671, Socrates (donor, Sardis synagogue) 534 673–4, 675 Socrates Scholasticus 1045 suicide, proscription 927 Sodom Suidae Lexicon, on the Jewish uprisings in administration of justice, as characterized in Mesopotamia, during Trajan’s reign 99 BT 883 Sukenik, E. L. 529, 547 inhabitants, legalistic iniquity parodied in sukkot humoristic tales 742, 743 sleeping in, affected by climatic considerations sojourners (gerim) 658 9, 18 solar years, and lunar months, women’s residence 639 synchronization 558 Sukkot (Tabernacles, Booths) 563, 565–6 Solomon, magic 700 work limitations 563 Solon, laws 140 supernatural, tales 730–4 son of man, application to the messiah, within superstitio , and religio 148 the Parables of Enoch 1058 Sura/Mata Mehasya, academy 19, 822, 825, 826, Song Rabbah, messianism 1069 828, 829, 832, 833, 837 Song of Songs Rabbah 689–90 Susiya, synagogue 541 sorcery, women’s involvement 643 Susiyeh, mikvaot 182

INDEX 1127 Sussmann, Y. 11 Christians expelled from, as reported in John’s svara 883 Gospel 282, 284, 290 Swartz, Michael D. 11, 699 closure, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 139 Sybilline Oracles construction and repair, in Babylonia 817 as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor 75 conversion into churches, Justinian I’s messianism 1057 regulations in North Africa 1076 views of Judaism 251 Crete, women’s leadership roles 638 Sylvester (pope), invoked in anti-Judaistic cultural role 721–2 literature 1025 Delos 525 synagogue liturgy destruction Bible readings, as controlled by Justinian I’s Antioch (under Theodosius II) 1004 regulations 1076 Callinicum (386 or 388) 153, 1001, 1004, developments under Justinian the Great in the 1036, 1043 Balkans 1045 Magona (Minorca) (418) 1004 and the evolution of Piyyutim and Targumim Diaspora synagogues 54, 525–42 691 donor lists 637, 638 and the influence of the Rabbinate 427 Dura Europos (Syria) 9, 83, 525, introduction of the Piyyutim 1050 527–32, 1038 introduction of the Shema 17 western wall 528, 531 morning synagogue service 580 Torah shrine 530 synagogues Elche (Syria) 525 adoption by Christianity 255 Eshtemoa (Judaean hills) 540 Aegina (Greece) 525 existence as indication of Jewish population as affected by the destruction of the Jerusalem levels in Palestine 409 Temple 9 Galilee 537, 538, 540, 542 Anim (Judaean hills) 540 Gamla (Israel) 177 Apamea (Syria) 525 Garza (Palestine) 532 women’s inclusion in donor lists 637 Gerasa (Israel) 256, 525 Aphrodisias 1039 God-fearers’ presence, in Asia Minor 80, 81 art and architecture 547–53 as God’s presence 592 in Asia Minor 75, 76–7, 79 Golan (Palestine) 538, 540 Babylonia, women’s leadership roles 638 Gush H. alav (Galilee) 178, 538 Baram (Galilee) 537 Hammam Lif (Naro) 68, 71, 525 basilica-type, Byzantine Palestine 540 H. ammat Tiberias (Palestine) 538 Bet Alpha (Galilee) 542, 547, 548 art 542–3 Bet Shean area (Byzantine Palestine) 539 Horvat Ammudim (Galilee) 538 Borion (Cyrene), turned into a church by importance for the development of post- Justinian the Great 1048 tannaitic literature 680 Bova Marina (southern Italy) 493, 494, Israel 506, 525 first to third centuries 177–8 building ii sites 426 building forbidden, Theodosian and Justinian Judaean hills 540 codes 1036 Julia Severa founds synagogue in burial societies, Sardis 81 Akmonia 81 Capernaum (Galilee) 532, 537, 538, 551, 552 Khirbet Shema (Palestine) 538 Caria, women’s leadership roles 638 Late Roman-Byzantine Palestine 535–42 in Carthage, reported by Tertullian 71, 73 leaders 638 as center of Jewish religious life 137 Maon (Judaean hills) 540 centrality to Jewish life, first century 174 Meiron (Palestine) 532 Chorazin 177 Merot (Palestine) 537 Christian attacks on 506 mob violence against, in Italy 505 Christian attendance Nabratein (Palestine) 537 criticisms 271 not to be used as places of asylum, under as evidence of positive attitudes towards Justinian’s Code 1074 Judaism 1005, 1006 Ostia (Italy) 493, 494, 525, 1039

1128 INDEX synagogues (cont.) Ta Nea (church; Jerusalem) 1049 paired with study houses 223 taanaitic literature Palestine, women’s leadership roles 638 messianism 1062–4 Plovdiv (Philippopolis) (Bulgaria) 525 use of Aramaic 467–8 policies towards, under the christianized Tabernacles, see Sukkot Roman Empire 1001, 1004–05 Tabi (Gentile slave of Rabban Gamliel II) 657 Priene (Asia Minor) 525 table fellowship, and the development of the protection, under Justinian’s Code 1075 rabbinic movement 217 role 9 Tabory, Joseph 9, 556 after the First Jewish Revolt 143 Tacitus and rabbinical prayer 573, 573–80 attitudes to the Jews 989 Roman Empire, sites in Roman-Byzantine on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 194 period 526 taharah (purity) 941 Roman-Byzantine Palestine 536 Tal, A., on the use of Aramaic in the Targums 471 Rome 1039 tall tales 743–6 women’s leadership roles 638 talmud 317 Sardis (Anatolia Asia Minor) 9, 78, 525, Talmud 532–5, 1039 comprehensive scope of its coverage indicates ‘‘Eagle’’ table 534 that it is a religious system 880 scriptural reading cycles 681, 683 tractates, use of Aramaic 477 scriptural readings cycles, and homiletical Talmud Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud), see midrash 685, 689 Palestinian Talmud seen as center of Jewish religious activity talmudic law 877–8 155–6 as an abstract entity subject to historical segregation of women from men 637 development 886–7 as a semblance of the Temple 593 contrasted with contemporary western law Sepphoris (Galilee) 895–8 art 542, 543–7 controversies within and their resolution mosaic floor 545, 546 888–90, 896 Smyrna, women’s leadership roles 638 exposition and application 890–2 Stobi (Macedonia) 525, 1039 and history 884–6 subject to mob violence, fourth century 505 judicial deviations 893–4, 895 Susiya (Judaean hills) 540, 541 judicial processes 892–3 Terracina (Lazio, Italy) 506 legal decisions 893 Thessalonica 1039 and natural law 882–4 Thrace, women’s leadership roles 638 nature as a religious system questioned Tiberias, referred to as ‘‘synagogue of the 878–82 boule’’ 413 rabbinical role in its development 887–8, 889 Tripolitana (Lybia), women’s leadership talmudic literature, messianism 1061–9 roles 638 Talmuds use of the pirqa (rabbinic homily), within the baraitot, and the Tosefta, transmission of Babylonian community 817 traditions 328–31 Venosa (Italy), women’s leadership roles 638 as commentaries on the Mishnah 313–14 Veroia 1039 and the dating of the midrash halachah as visible evidence of Jewish religious practices 337, 338 in city life 986–8 eastern and western Aramaic forms 480–2 women’s roles 637–8 editing 849 in Asia Minor, second to third evolution 134 centuries 80 knowledge of the Targums 462 synedrii 423 and midrash halachah 365–7 Syracuse (Sicily), Diaspora 503 on the origins of the Amidah at Yavneh 580 Syria prayer as sacrifice 581–6 Judaism and Christianity, first to second questioned 587–91 centuries 248–50 rabbinic attributions 860–1 Roman army’s presence (first century) 28 as record of halakhah 133

INDEX 1129 social background, as an aid to understanding Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, use of Aramaic 462, 472 rulings 18 Targumim 691–4, 695 as sources for information about the targumim 2, 11 festivals 556 Aramaic targumim 462–3, 466–7, 471–2 understanding of the destruction of the and the influence of the Rabbinate 427 Jerusalem Temple 201 development 678–81 use of Aramaic 461, 472 Tarichaeae (city near Tiberius) 38 See also Babylonian Talmud; Palestinian Tarragona, Jewish colony 509 Talmud Tarshish, identification with Tartessus Tam, Rabbenu, on the relationship between the (Spain) 508 Tosefta and the Mishnah 326 taxation Tammuz, 17 Tammuz, and fasting 569 after the First Jewish Revolt 26 TaNak, see Hebrew Bible Aurum coronarium 157–8 Tanchuma, final redaction 925 effects on Babylonian Jewry 807–8, 809 Tanh.uma, R. 691 effects on farming, in Palestine, second and Tanh.uma-Yelammedenu 11 third centuries 39 tannaim 6, 19, 317 effects on Jewry law, after the Jewish revolts 137 authority, as viewed by the Talmuds 366–7 effects on Jews after the First Jewish Revolt 32 definition of categories of work forbidden on ethnic distinctions within, and the Second the Sabbath 560 Jewish Revolt 64 on the giving of gifts to the poor on the festival exorbitant fees for water supply to Arsinoe of Purim 568 synagogue exacted in response to the language, influence on Mishnaic Hebrew 380–1 First Jewish Revolt 56 linguistic awareness of Aramaic when using ostraca from Apollinopolis Magna, as evidence Hebrew 38 of Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s literature 369 reign 95 mention in the Tosefta 318 possible tax avoidance among Babylonian Jews religious activity 5 linked with Iranian festivals 813 and the Talmuds 556 See also fiscus Judaicus travels in the Diaspora, as evidence of the Taxeota (subaltern fiscal office) 161 authority of the Yavneh academy 269 Taylor, M. 994 works, editorial work 384 tefillah 578 tannaitic statements see baraitot ha-tefillah, designation of the Amidah 580, 581 tannaitic texts, exegesis, within the Talmuds 676 Teicher, J. L. 114 Taranto (Italy) (Jewish settlement) 1039 Tekoa, involvement in the Bar Kochba Tarfon, R. Revolt 113 on the burning of heretical books 278 Temple on marriage between mamzer and the offspring account of in rabbinic literature 191 of female slaves of Jews (shifh.ah) 657 altar 193 on the relationship between oral and written archaeological remains 177 Torah 905 centrality to Jewish cult 192–4 on scriptural exegesis and the law 350 destruction 16, 194–6 on Torah study 909 attempts to explain 196–202 targum, see targumim denied in Heikhalot literature 754–6 Targum Abraham 63 effects on the development of the Targum Job 63 synagogue 9 Targum Jonathan effects on Jewish identity 202–3 use of Aramaic 462, 463, 466 Jewish responses to 5, 19 use of Hebrew 482 regarded as the obliteration of Judaism 30 vocalized manuscripts 485 donations 634 Targum Neophyti , use of Aramaic 462, 468, 471 as the earthly abode of God’s Name 770 Targum Onkelos 693 festivals associated with 567–70 use of Aramaic 462, 463, 466–7, 468 heikhal, relationship to Heikhalot literature use of Hebrew 482 757–8 vocalized manuscripts 485, 486, 487 hopes for its rebuilding 203

1130 INDEX Temple (cont.) Tevet, Tevet 10, and fasting 569 importance debated, and effects on textile industries Jewish–Christian relations 260–1 as affected by anti-Jewish legislation in Julian the Apostate’s proposals to rebuild 15, the period before the Theodosian 405, 1003 Code 1042 liturgy women’s involvement 635 and Merkavah liturgy 771–83 texts, sanctified texts, accessibility to those in Mishnah tractate Tamid 773–4 seeking knowledge of the law 878, 881 practice compared with that of the Amidah theaters, Israel, first to third centuries 182–4 592–3, 597–9 Theodoret of Cyrus, on Christian attendance at reflection in Heikhalot literature 761–83 synagogues 1005 Mishnah’s familiarity with 308, 310 Theodoric (Visigothic king; 455–26), policies in pilgrimages, women’s participation 639 relation to the Jews 1022 purification, on Yom Kippur 566 Theodorus (patronus , Magona) 510 rededication, by the Maccabees (H. annukah) 568 Theodosius I (Roman emperor) ‘‘templization of the synagogue,’’ with the anti-Jewish legislation 1042 destruction of the Temple during the Callinicum affair 153, 1036, 1043 First Jewish Revolt 573–80 death (395 CE) 1 treasures, Justinian the Great’s seizure of 1049 legal prohibitions on intermarriage between Temple Mount, construction of temple to Jupiter, Jews and Christians 164 as contributory cause of the Bar recognizes synagogues as the center of Jewish Kochba Revolt 106 religious activity 155 temples, Jupiter Capitolinus (Rome), Theodosius II (Roman emperor) rebuilding 26 anti-Judaism 1, 149, 1027 Ten Commandments, see Decalogue bars Jews from public office 514 Tepper, Y. 108 forbids the Patriarch to judge in court cases terefot (animals unfit for either consumption or involving Christians 161 sacrifice) 353–5, 360 on Judaism as a sect 149–50 Terracina (Lazio, Italy) Novella 3 (438 CE), prohibits Jews and Diaspora 506 Samaritans from serving in the Jewish social position 506 imperial administration 415 Tertullian orders that the synagogue of Chalkoprateia be Adversus Iudaeos 255 transformed into a church 1035 on Jewish proselytes to Christianity 980 policy towards synagogues 156 concerns with the spiritual importance of the prohibits Jews from service as advocates 160 Land of Israel 1008 proscriptions on circumcision of Gentile de Ieinio , on the public nature of religious Christians 1000 practice 986 See also Codex Theodosianus on God’s sovereignty 607 theological anthropology 925, 943 on Jewish persecution of Christians 995 human merit (zechut) 928–31 on Jewish presence in Carthage 72, 73, 75 inclinations, evil and good inclinations (yetzer on Judaism as a religio licita 30, 1040 ha-ra and yetzer ha-tov) 935–7 millenarianism 1008 repentance (teshuvah) 938–41 reports of synagogues in Carthage 71, 73 effects in redemption 942–3 on resurrection 964 sacrifice and atonement as signs of use of the concept of ‘‘Jew’’ 984 repentance 940–1 Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs sin 931–5 interpolation with Christian materials 247 theology, and canonization 238–41 messianism 1059 Theopempte (archisynagogos) 80 Testaments of the Twelve Tribes, connections with the Theophilus of Antioch emergence of Heikhalot literature 757 on God’s sovereignty 604 Tetragrammaton on resurrection 962, 965 pronunciation only in the Temple and not in views of Judaism 249 the synagogue 599 Theophilus of Caesarea, and the Sunday Samaritan careless use condemned 656 celebration of Easter 247

INDEX 1131 Third Sibylline Oracle, on Jewish uprisings 93 nature 922 thirteen hermeneutical principles (R. Ishmael) observance, based upon moral imperatives 880 345, 351, 361 observance of the commandments seen as the Thornton, T. C. G. 282 expression of Israel’s subservience to Throne of Glory, glorification in Heikhalot God 926 literature 766 oral Torah, in rabbinic thought 899–01 Tiberias origins, as seen in Ptolemy’s Letter to Flora 253 administration during Hadrian’s reign 101 in rabbinic thought 236, 899 destruction mentioned during the Jewish in connection with revelation 902–4 revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411 reading cycles 561 government 46 relationship between oral and written Torah land tenure 43 904–7 rabbinic settlement in 47, 220, 222 spirit, not reducible to a set of rules 894 Tiberius Caesar (Roman emperor) 147 study 13–14, 899, 907–10 Tigris river, Jewish settlements 805 by Gentiles 918–19 Timtinis (R. Yohanan’s doctor) 642 by women 916–18 Tish b’Av , and fasting 569 curricula 910–13 Titus (Roman emperor) eligibility for 913–19 Arch of Titus, detail showing menorah 195 emphasized in BT 857 and the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 194 and its power 921–2 reported as settling Jews in Africa 69 as the means of disclosing God’s love 974 To Autolychus (Theophilus of Antioch), views of women’s exemption from 638 Judaism 249 as true shield against demons 732, 734 Todos of Rome 507 use within the Mishnah 305, 307, 308 Toledo written Torah, in rabbinic thought 901–2 Councils, anti-Jewish policies 512–13, 514, Torah ark designs, Bet Shearim cemetery 522 515, 516 Torah shrines Jewish colony 509 Dura Europos 530, 532 Jews, legend of pleading against the crucifixion Sardis 535 of Jesus 508 Tortosa (Spain), Jewish colony 509 Toledoth Yeshu, collections of folk traditions Tosefta 1, 6, 16, 369, 557 critical of Jesus Christ 270 attitudes to women contrasted with those in Torah the Mishnah 632 audience for 903–4 authorship 320–1 based on presumption of the existence of the commentaries 333 sacrificial cult 202 dating 319 centrality to Judaism 14 editions 333 Christian attitudes as a provocation of Jewish on human merit 929 antagonism to early Christianity language 321–2 261–3 manuscripts 323, 331, 332 compared with the Mishnah 299, 303 messianism 1062, 1063 denial of its origin ‘‘from Heaven’’ leads and the midrash halachah 338 to exclusion from ‘‘the world to on oral Torah 901 come’’ 943 origins 316–20 divine origin, seen as a constant within page 318 talmudic law 880 and PT 669 expansion by the talmudic precepts indicates paucity of references to Jesus Christ 271 that the Talmud is not a religious similarities to the Mishnah 317–20, 321 system 881 evolution of tradition 322–8 festivals originating in 562–7 on social dependency 44, 45 and God 919–21 and talmudic baraitot, and the transmission of importance, for Jewish communities in Asia traditions 328–31 Minor (second to third centuries) 79 text, and its transmission 331–4 Jewish and Christian attitudes towards 233 use of Aramaic 461 mental acceptance if Torah is to be binding 880 on women’s role in the home 633

1132 INDEX Tosefta H. ullin, on relations with minim 275 Valentinian II (Roman emperor), prohibits Jews Tosefta Peah, on Torah study 908 from service as advocates 160 town residency, and taxation, among Babylonian Valentinian III (Roman emperor), prohibits Jews Jewry 793 from disinheriting apostate children 162 trade, importance in Palestine, second and third Valentinus centuries 39, 40 use of the Septuagint 978, 982 Trajan (Roman emperor) 1, 4, 62 views on Judaism 253 anti-Jewish policies 55, 61 Valerian (Roman emperor) (259–60 CE) 794 Jewish uprisings 93 Venafrum (Molise) (Italy), Diaspora 503 orders Lusius Quietus’ campaign against the Venosa (Basilicata), Judaism and Christianity, Jews 86 third to seventh centuries 499–502 policy towards cities and Jewish control 46 Venosa (Italy) 1039 suppression of Jewish uprisings in Libya, burial sites 522 Egypt and Cyprus 96–7 Diaspora 499–502, 503, 505, 508 Tralles, God-fearers’ roles in synagogues 80 third to seventh centuries 499–502 Trebilco, Paul 2, 13, 75 funerary inscriptions, use of Hebrew 499–502 Tribonian, responsibility for Justinian I’s legal Jewish social position 500–1 reforms 1073 Venufrum (Molise) (Italy), Diaspora 503 triumphal arches, erected to Hadrian near Vermes, G. 261 Bet Shean (Scythopolis) following Versnel, Hendrik S. 702 the quelling of the Bar Kochba Vespasian (Roman emperor) 1 Revolt 125 antipathy to the Jews 55 Tunis, inscriptions as evidence of Jewish introduction of the fiscus Judaicus 142 presence 70 land redistribution as a result of the First Turbo, Q. Marcius (Roman general, Second Jewish Revolt as a possible cause of the Jewish Revolt) 61, 96, 97, 102 Bar Kochba Revolt 34 Tylor, E. B. 701 Via Appia 496 Tyre, rabbinic movement in 47 Via Casilina (Rome), catacomb 496 Victor (bishop, in property dispute with Ukban bar Neh.emiah (Exilarch), attitudes to Licinius, supplicant to Augustine of Jewish–state relations 796 Hippo) 1020 Ulla, on the destruction of Jerusalem as the effect viddui (confession), as the third element of of sin 937 repentance 939 Ulpian 144 Vienna manuscript (Tosefta) 323, 331, 332 unattributed materials Vigna Cimarra (Rome), catacomb 496 in BT 840, 842 Vigna Randanini (Rome), catacomb 496 and the editing of the text 845–6 Villa Torlonia (Rome), catacomb 496 unleavened bread (mazzah) villages, destruction, during the Bar Kochba eating 564–5 Revolt 125 use of Samaritan unleavened bread by Jews Visigoths, attitudes to Jews in Spain 8, 511–14 debated 656 vocabulary, in Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew 373 upper classes, conversion to Judaism 1039 vocalization, as indication of the precise form of Urbach, Ephraim E. 5, 264, 341, 700, 937 words, in Biblical and Mishnaic urbanization Hebrew 376, 395 effects on the Rabbinate and the Patriarchate, Vologases I 87 third century 425 voluntary associations, and the development of in Palestine, second and third centuries 45–6 the rabbinic movement 216 and the rabbinic movement 221, 224 Ursicinus (Roman commander) 411, 413 Wacholder, Ben Zion, and the dating of the arrival in Palestine, as indication of the Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael 337 completion of PT 666 Wadi Murabba‘aˆt 110, 114, 116, 121 papyri, as evidence of the Bar Kochba Valentinian I (Roman emperor), recognizes Revolt 105 synagogues as the center of Jewish waking, as an expression of resurrection or divine religious activity 155 renewal 963

INDEX 1133 washing sexuality, Palestinian rabbinical pre-prandial washing, and washing before understandings 615 prayer 576–8 and Torah study 916–18 as the symbolic removal of sin 933 working women 634, 635–7 undertaken in honor of God 953 work washing before prayer, cultic significance categories of work forbidden on the Sabbath 560 extended to the prayers in the limitations imposed by Torah on the festivals synagogue 575–8 562, 563–4 water, use for immersion of Jewish menstruant world women, as cause of Zoroastrian anti- nations of, relationship with Israel and with Jewish activities 798 God 648, 651–5 water shortages, and fasting 569 relationship to God seen as analogous to the ‘‘ways of the Amorites’’ 706 soul’s relationship to the body 953 wealth, and the rabbinic movement 219 seen as God’s temple recognized through the weapons, Dio’s report of the use of defective theology of blessings 947, 948 weapons in the Bar Kochba Revolt 108 worshipers, dignity 595 weeks, seven-day week 560 Writings (Ketuvim), canonization 230, 231, 234, Wegner, Judith R. 631 238, 241 Weiss Halivni, David 273, 901 Weiss, I. H. 827 Xiphilinus (editor of Dio’s Roman History) 105 Weiss, Z. 183, 543 western North Africa, Diaspora, first to third Yadin, Y. 118, 186 centuries 68 Yahoel (angel), association with Metatron 760 Weszburg, Y. 892 Yalon, H. 379, 388, 395 wetnurses 635, 636 Yanai (poet) 694 wheat, harvesting in relation to wheat sown (first Yassif, Eli 11–12, 721 century), as indicator of Palestinian Yavneh academy 5 demography 23 and the canonization of the Writings 230, Wilken, R. L. 1005 231, 234 Wilson, S. G. 284 foundation 207–8 wine, use, on the Sabbath 562 and Jewish–Christian relations 268 wine-drinking, halachah, as response to attempts to discredit Christianity, in romanization of Palestine 17 Palestine and the Diaspora 268–71 ‘‘Wisdom of the Jerusalemites’’ 743–4 Birkat ha-Minim 268, 274, 280–95 witches excommunication of Christians 271–6 defeat 706–7 prohibitions against the reading of heretical See also magic books 276–80 ‘‘The Wolf and the Heron’’ (Aesop’s fable) 739 and the origins of the Amidah 581 women and the origins of the rabbinic movement influence upon domestic architecture 179 210–12 involvement in folk medicine 724 and the process of canonization 277 involvement in Jewish community life, role after the First Jewish Revolt 235 in Asia Minor 80 social location 220, 221 legal standing 628–33 Yazdgird I (Sasanid ruler) (399–420 CE), within marriage 631 tolerance to minority populations in and magic 701, 705 the Sasanian empire 799 and marriage 617 Yazdgird II (Sasanid ruler) (438(?)–457 CE) 800 marriageable ages 618 Yehoh.anan ben Yeshua (En-Gedi’s parnasim , Bar roles Kochba Revolt) 111 in the home 633–4 Yehosef ben H. ananyah 121 in Jewish society, sources 627–9 Yehoshua, R. 340, 855 in marriage, Babylonian views 623, 625 on the status of Torah 921 in religious life 643 Yehoshua ben Levi, R. within Judaism 10 on the power of Torah 922 seen as sinful within the Torah 220 on sexuality 614

1134 INDEX Yehuda, R., on the meaning of Mishnah 913 understanding of the destruction of the Yehuda ben Manasseh (commander, Bar Kochba Jerusalem Temple 197 Revolt) 110 Yoh.anan ben Zakkai, Rabban 583 Yehudah ben Yehudah (soldier, Bar Kochba on atonement 941 Revolt) 121 learning 910 Yehudai Gaon, Rav, and the Tosefta 317 and the Patriarchate 210 Yeivin, I. 376 and the relationship between law and scriptural Yemenites, Mishnaic Hebrew 388 authority 340, 341 Yerushalmi see Palestinian Talmud on scriptural exegesis and the law 350 Yerushalmi of the Midrashim, and redactions of and the Yavneh academy 207, 210, 268 PT 668 Yofiel (angel) 717 Yerushalmi Nezikin, and redactions of PT 667 Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) 563, 566 Yerushalmi parallels, and redactions of PT 668 efficacy in the light of repentance 941 ‘‘Yerushalmi’’ (The Fragment Targum) 693 fasting 569 yeshivot, term’s use in BT, as indication of the theology, contrasted with the theology of the development of the Babylonian Sabbath 949–51 academies 831–4, 835, 837 Yona, R., learning 912 Yeshua ben Eleazar (En-Gedi’s parnas , Bar Kochba ‘‘Yonatan ben Uziel’’ 693 Revolt) 111 Yonatan ben Baayan (commander, Bar Kochba Yeshua ben Galgola (commander of Herodium, Revolt) 110 Bar Kochba Revolt) 110, 114, 116 Yonatan ben Mah.anim (En-Gedi administrator Yirmiya, R. 855, 919 (parnasim ), Bar Kochba Revolt) Yishmael, R. 111, 118 on oral Torah 900 Yose (disciple of Aqiba), and the transmission of on the relationship between oral and written the Mishnah 215 Torah 905 Yose ben Akiva, R., on women studying yitur lashon (superfluities in language), as the Torah 917 concerns of midrash halachah with Yose ben H. alafta, R. 319 scriptural exegesis 351–8 Yose ben Yehuda, R. 319 Yoash, feminization 616 Yose Ha-Gelili, R., on the burning of heretical Yohanan, R. 320 books 278 application of gorin mosifin ve-dorshin 363 Yose ha-Maoni, angers Judah I by preaching on appointment of Jews to city councils 46 against his dynasty 724 on Beruriah’s learning 918 Yosef, Rav on cultic significance of washing before on the power of Torah 922 prayer 576 on slavery (the case of one both half slave and on eligibility to teach Torah 915 half free) 868–72 on Gentiles studying Torah 919 Yosi ben H. annina, R., practice of prayer 589 on landownership in Palestine, third century 409 Yosi Haglili, R., on Torah study 909 mentioned in relation with Jewish Yosi, Rabbana (principal, Babylonian membership of city councils 413 academies) 824 possible reference to the Etana myth 737 Yosse ben Yosse (poet) 694 on the relationship between oral and written Yozer, Kedushah 767 Torah 904 Yuda ben Pazi, R., on the relationship between on the Amidah as sacrifice 585 oral and written Torah 905 sees the Torah as directed at the Jews alone 904 Yuddan, Abba, reported generosity to rabbis 855 on the Shema as sacrifice 586 to the kingship motif to the blessing formulary Zechariah, messianism 1056 of the Shema 601 zechut avot (merit of the Fathers [Patriarchs]) 942 on women learning Greek 917 zechut (human merit) 14, 928–31 Yoh.anan bar Nappaha, R., attitudes towards zedim 287 Gentiles 655 Zeev ben-Hayyim, on the influence of Samaritan Yoh.anan ben Torta, R. traditions on Mishnaic Hebrew 397, 398 dissent from R. Akiva’s support for Ben Zeira (folk tale character involved with Kosiba 109 demons) 707

INDEX 1135 Zeira, R. 708 contrast with rabbinic theology of the on talmud 317 physical 946 Zeitlin, Solomon 5 effects on Judaism 813 Zeno of Verona intensive agricultural policies, effects on the attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism Jewish population 807, 809 ineffective 505 raised to status of state religion by the sermons relating to the Jews 505 Sasanids, effects on Babylonian Zeus Jewry 797–9, 800 sovereignty 607 relations with Judaism 12 temple (Cyrene), destruction in Jewish as source of information about Babylonian uprisings under Trajan 94 Jewry 792 zodiac designs 520 Zuckermandel, M. S. 326, 333 use in synagogues Zunz, Leopold, on Torah 923 Bet Alpha 547 Zutra, Mar (Exilarch), abortive attempt to H. ammat Tiberias 542–3 establish Jewish state within the Sepphoris 544, 546 Sasanian empire 801 Zoroastrianism 2, 18 Zutra ben Tobiah, Mar 738 clergy possibly exempted from the poll tax 807 Zvi, Sabbatai 203