T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S S O U T H W E S T

Land at Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

by Richard Tabor

Site Code SCD14/169

(SU 2451 5395)

Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

for Acorn Construction (Newbury)

by Richard Tabor

Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd

Site Code SCD 14/169

December 2014

Summary

Site name: Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire

Grid reference: SU 2451 5395

Site activity: Archaeological desk-based assessment

Project manager: Steve Ford

Site supervisor: Richard Tabor

Site code: SCD 14/169

Area of site: c. 0.98 ha

Summary of results: The assessment has found no heritage assets within the proposal site. Prehistoric and early historical remains have been found in the wider landscape and, in particular, substantial Saxon occupation deposits excavated in immediately adjacent areas may possibly continue into the site. The building of the railway line through the site consisted of elements of ‘cut’ and ‘fill’ as well as construction of the station buildings themselves and the impact of these on the archaeologically relevant horizons varies markedly across the site. It is likely that further consideration of archaeological issues will be required but that this would best take place once more details of the foundation and landscape design are available. There are several grade II-listed buildings nearby but the site’s impact upon their visual settings would be negligible due to intervening modern buildings. Although most of the railway facilities have now been removed, there may be a requirement for a photographic record of the surviving elements as of local historic interest.

This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. All TVAS unpublished fieldwork reports are available on our website: www.tvas.co.uk/reports/reports.asp.

Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford 12.12.14 Steve Preston 12.12.14

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Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, 47–49 De Beauvoir Road, Reading RG1 5NR Tel. (0118) 926 0552; Fax (0118) 926 0553; email [email protected]; website: www.tvas.co.uk

Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

by Richard Tabor

Report 14/169 Introduction

This report is an assessment of the archaeological potential of approximately 0.98ha of land located south-east of the junction of Cadley Road with the A338 road on the eastern side of the village of Collingbourne Ducis,

Wiltshire (SU 2451 5395) (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Ms Claire Welburn of Fowler Architecture and Planning Ltd, 19 High Street, Pewsey, Wiltshire, SN9 5AF, on behalf of Acorn Construction (Newbury),

Unit 18, Salisbury Road Business Park, Pewsey, Wilts, SN9 5PZ and comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by redevelopment of the area.

Planning consent is to be sought from Wiltshire Council for the erection of between nine and fifteen dwellings along the course of the disused rail line, its associated station yard and part of the curtilage of Station

House. This assessment will accompany the application in order to inform the planning process with regard to potential archaeological and heritage implications. This is in accordance with the Department for Communities and Local Government’s National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2012) and the Council’s heritage policies.

Site description, location and geology

The village of Collingbourne Ducis straddles the crossroads formed by Cadley Road and the A338 road c. 12.5 north-west of Andover. The village High Street has developed on either side of the River Bourne, from south of the crossroads, as far as the westward turning into Church Street at its southern end (Fig. 1) and sits within the narrow valley created by the river. The site occupies a narrow strip of land c. 155m east of the High Street and was formerly the railway and station at Collingbourne Ducis. A north-westerly road from the northern end gives access to Cadley Road. The main body of the site extends for c. 217m rising from c. 134m above Ordnance

Datum (aOD) at the northern end north to c. 137m aOD at the southern end. It has a maximum width of c. 32m.

The access road is c. 100m long.

The underlying geology of the site is recorded as Cretaceous Lewes Nodular Formation sedimentary chalk

(BGS 2014). Reports of three boreholes from 1943 from ground neighbouring the site on the west merely recorded soft and hard chalk. The soils are lime-rich, free-draining, loams of moderate fertility (NSRI 2014).

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At the time of a site visit on 19th August 2014 the site comprised a gravelly track maintained as a distinct entity by vehicular use alone cutting a way through regenerating vegetation on either side (Pl. 1). The site is enclosed on both sides by a combination of wooden fencing and unmaintained hedges including developing young trees (Pls 1 and 2).

Planning background and development proposals

Planning permission is to be sought from Wiltshire Council for the residential development of the site.

The Department for Communities and Local Government’s National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF

2012) sets out the framework within which local planning authorities should consider the importance of conserving, or enhancing, aspects of the historic environment, within the planning process. It requires an applicant for planning consent to provide, as part of any application, sufficient information to enable the local planning authority to assess the significance of any heritage assets which may be affected by the proposal. The

Historic Environment is defined (NPPF 2012, 52) as:

‘All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.’ Paragraphs 128 and 129 state that:

‘128. In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. ‘129. Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.’ A ‘heritage asset’ is defined (NPPF 2012, 52) as

‘A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage asset includes designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).’ ‘Designated heritage asset’ includes (NPPF 2012, 51) any

‘World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area designated under the relevant legislation.’

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‘Archaeological interest’ is glossed (NPPF 2012, 50) as follows:

‘There will be archaeological interest in a heritage asset if it holds, or potentially may hold, evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.’ Specific guidance on assessing significance and the impact of the proposal is contained in paragraphs 131 to 135:

‘131. In determining planning applications, local planning authorities should take account of: • the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; • the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality; and • the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness. ‘132. When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional. ‘133. Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply: • the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable uses of the site; and • no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in the medium term through appropriate marketing that will enable its conservation; and • conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or public ownership is demonstrably not possible; and • the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing the site back into use. ‘134. Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use. ‘135. The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

Paragraph 139 recognizes that new archaeological discoveries may reveal hitherto unsuspected and hence non- designated heritage assets

‘139. Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets.’ Paragraph 141 requires local planning authorities to ensure that any loss of heritage assets advances understanding, but stresses that advancing understanding is not by itself sufficient reason to permit the loss of significance:

‘141. Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and

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the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.’

In determining the potential heritage impact of development proposals, ‘significance’ of an asset is defined

(NPPF 2012, 56) as:

‘The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’ while ‘setting’ is defined as:

‘The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.’

In the case of Scheduled Ancient Monuments (and their settings), the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and

Archaeological Areas Act (1979) also apply. Under this legislation, development of any sort on or affecting a

Scheduled Monument requires the Secretary of State’s Consent.

The Planning (Listed Building and Conservation) Act 1990, requires the following to be treated as a listed building:

‘(a) any object or structure fixed to the (listed) building ‘(b) any object or structure within the curtilage of the building which although not fixed to the building forms part of the land and has done since before 1st July 1948 is treated as being part of the listed building.’

A new planning document, the Wiltshire Core Strategy, is close to publication. Interim planning guidance states that: 'extant former district local plan policies in Wiltshire that had been saved by the Secretary of State in 2009 are now proposed to be replaced through the Wiltshire Core Strategy but remain in force until the Core Strategy is adopted.'

The saved policies of the Kennet District Local Plan 2011 (KDC 2007) include one concerning the historic environment which may be relevant.

Policy HH1 – ‘Protection of Archaeological Remains' states:

'Planning permission will not be granted for development which would have an adverse impact on the archaeological deposits or remains on or under a site of national importance (whether scheduled or not) or its character or setting. Sites of significant regional or local importance, especially those which make a positive contribution to the historic landscape, will also be protected from inappropriate development.'

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Methodology

The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Institute for Archaeologists paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’ covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Wiltshire and Swindon Historic

Environment Record (HER), geological maps and any relevant publications or reports.

Archaeological background

General background

The proposal site lies within the north-eastern area of Salisbury Plain, c. 14km beyond the north-eastern limit of the Stonehenge World Heritage site. However, although it lacks the density of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments of the latter there are significant Early and later Bronze Age and Iron Age monuments in the wider landscape and a growing body of evidence for Saxon occupation nearby.

There is an absence of Palaeolithic finds from the area (Wymer 1977; 1999) and those of the Mesolithic are restricted to a Sidbury Camp, North Tidworth, 4.3km south-west of the site (EH 2014), and a fine adze discovered somewhere in Collingbourne Ducis (PAS 2014). Characteristically Neolithic worked flint has also been found at Sidbury (Megaw 1967, 116-7), and reputedly at Hazelbury Plantation (Chandler 2001) and

Grooved Ware and Beaker pottery was found during investigations of barrows at Snail Down, Everleigh

(Thomas and Thomas 1955, 148). A long barrow in Collingbourne Kingston is the nearest demonstrably

Neolithic monument (EH 2014a). The monumental Bronze Age is well-represented by barrow cemeteries forming an arc 2.5km south of the site at Snail Down (Thomas and Thomas 1955), Cow Down (Lukis 1865, 85-

101), Windmill Hill Down (Lukis 1865, 104) and a sparse scatter of isolated and paired barrows elsewhere.

The later Bronze Age in this area is poorly understood when compared with elsewhere on Salisbury Plain, where land division has been the subject of research (Bradley et al. 1994) but it has been suggested that Sidbury

Camp was the focus of linear field systems during the later Bronze Age or early Iron Age (Thomas and Thomas

1955, 141-2; Cunliffe 2005, 422). The camp itself is a hillfort occupied during the Iron Age (Megaw 1967, 116).

Closer inspection of a partial enclosure recognised from air photographic analysis has revealed a univallate hilltop enclosure c. 550m north-west of the site with strongly Iron Age morphological characteristics. Records for the Roman period in the wider landscape comprise smatterings of pottery at Hazelbury Plantation (Chandler

2001) and in Collingbourne Ducis and a road between Cunetio (Mildenhall) and Venta Belgarum (Winchester)

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(Colt Hoare 1812, 187). Short sections of linear earthworks on the parish’s southern and western peripheries may be of the later prehistoric or early historic periods (VCH 1980).

In contrast, a settlement and a cemetery of the Saxon period in Collingburne Ducis are attracting international interest (Pine 2001; Gingell 1978; Stoodley and Schuster 2009). The cemetery is the largest of the period excavated in Wiltshire and extends to within 100m north-east of the proposal site (Stoodley and Schuster

2009, fig. 8). The area of settlement identified so far is set within an arc formed by the access road to the site and the site’s northern end (Pine 2001, fig. 1).

The Medieval and Post-medieval history of Collingbourne Ducis is bound up with agriculture with an early tendency towards enclosure creating widely dispersed farms over the downs. This is reflected in the development of industry in the village. From the mid 19th to the mid 20th centuries a foundry manufactured agricultural tools.

The same premises later produced milking machines (VCH 1980).

Wiltshire and Swindon Sites and Monuments Record

A search was made on the Wiltshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) on 15th September 2014 for a radius of 1000m around the proposal site. Records were held concerning 25 monuments, 8 archaeological interventions

(events) and 44 listed buildings. All monuments within the radius are summarized as Appendix 1 and their locations are plotted on Figure 1. Listed buildings were included depending upon their proximity to or potential impact upon the site.

Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic

No Palaeolithic remains have been identified within the search radius and Mesolithic and Neolithic evidence is restricted to three, possibly four, flake/blades recovered during excavations adjacent to the site (Ford in Pine

2001, 112) [Fig 1: 1] and to two flakes found during an evaluation at Knoll Plantation [2].

Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman

Two Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age pottery sherds, some flint and animal bone were recovered in association with a square post hole during the same evaluation [2]. On morphological grounds flintwork and five sherds of possible pottery Bronze Age were recovered from excavations immediately to the west of the site [1].

The HER records the eastern arc of an enclosure on the western side of Sunton. Recent photographic evidence shows that it is part of an oval univallate enclosure of c. 1.45ha with two dense groups of pits separated by a

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140m long route from a west-south-western entrance to an east-north-east entrance. The very clear morphology is highly suggestive of an Iron Age date [3].

Roman A Roman brooch fragment has been found nearby and both coarse and fine Roman pottery was found during the excavation of the Saxon settlement [1]. Only Roman sherds are recorded so far from the excavation of Saxon graves within the large cemetery north of Cadley Road [4].

Saxon

The cemetery is now the most extensively excavated of the period in Wiltshire [4], comprising 114 inhumations, including crouched, and four cremations spanning the 5th to 7th centuries (Stoodley and Schuster 2009, 489-91; table 1). Fifteen of the graves with goods included weapons. Notable features include a cremation enclosed by a small, square, timber-built enclosure (Stoodley and Schuster 2009, fig. 7) and a ‘bed’ burial (Stoodley and

Schuster 2009, 492). The cemetery was discovered first in 1974 (Gingell 1978) and excavated again in 2006.

During the intervening years, in 1998, structures associated with a partly contemporary and later settlement have been found during evaluation and excavation c. 100m south-west of the cemetery and adjacent to the west of the site [1]. Ten sunken-featured buildings (SFB) and a possible post-built structure were associated with a substantial domestic Middle Saxon pottery assemblage. Carbon dates from three SFBs suggest occupation in or around the 8th century but at least a fourth may have been in use as early as the 6th century (Pine 2001, 114-5).

The domestic interpretation of the site was supported by a rich assemblage of wild and domestic animal bone and charred plant remains, as well as quern fragments for the grinding of cereals and tools associated with textile production. The lack of comparable features from an evaluation trench 60m west of the site suggests that it may not have extended far in that direction but elsewhere comparable sites have covered 2-3ha.

Various segments of earthwork within the parish may also be of Saxon date [5] and a coin of Eggberht of

Wessex (AD 828-39) has been found to the south of the village [6].

Medieval

The only known structural remains of from the Medieval period survive in the Grade II*-listed Church of St

Andrew, first built in the 12th century and modified in the 14th and 15th centuries. It underwent repairs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries [7]. Finds of the period include 12th to 14th century pottery from the evaluation to the west of the Saxon settlement [8] and a coin of John II of Sicily (1458-79) [11]. There are

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documentary reference to a small settlement at Southampton, the modern Sunton, in 1268 [9] and to Wellehouse in 1430 [10].

Post-medieval, Victorian

A Post-medieval pit and four undated post holes were found during the evaluation [8] near the Saxon settlement site but otherwise the period is well represented by surviving fabric in groups of extant buildings. The earliest of these includes one originating in the 16th century and others of the 17th century [14] in the Sunton area north of

Cadley Road. A group of buildings north [11] and south [8] of Cadley Road, west of the crossroads, including

The Last Straw public house, in the Cadley area to the east [12] and cottages south of the village [13] were all constructed in the 17th and 18th centuries. The earliest buildings on the western side of the southern end of the

High Street [15] are of similar date but others are of the 18th century. Other 18th century buildings include two groups at the southern end of Sunton [16, 17] and the rectory for the Church of St Andrew [7]. The farmhouse adjacent to the latter was built between 1850 and 1860. The graveyard also includes notable tombs. An 18th- or early 19th-century painted milestone [18] is situated at the fork in the road at the southern of the High Street to the east of the church.

Undated

Analysis of air photographs by English Heritage in 1995 has identified several groups of soil and cropmarks.

Several of these can be related to the orientation of extant boundaries and are likely to be of Post-medieval date.

Those in the Sunton area were bisected by the railway line [23, 24]. However, sporadically occurring south- south-west to north-north-east oriented linear features on either side of the road between Shaw Hill and Linden

Down [22] may reflect the age of the road as they appear to have been laid out with respect for the contours.

Two linear marks on Linden Down do not relate to that system but are of similar orientation to the western end of Cadley Road [19]. A linear cropmark truncated by modern development on the south-western corner of the village continues the line of the eastern end of Church Street [20]. The roughly north-south orientation of a linear mark at Cawdrey's Farm is slightly off that of the nearby modern road and presumably pre-dates it [27]. Traces of an enclosure occur close to a footpath approaching the village from the south but it may have been heavily truncated by work associated with the introduction of the railway line [25]. However, cropmarks of a discrete group of features within a rhomboid enclosure [26] may be traces of a small settlement, and a contiguous group

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of cropmarks of probable pits and enclosures, some overlapping, are probably indicative of multiphase settlement [21]. It seems likely that [21, 25, 26] are no later than Medieval and some or all may be earlier.

Scheduled Monuments

There are no Scheduled Monuments within the bounds of the site or discernibly intervisible with it.

Cartographic and documentary sources

The place-name Collingbourne has three Old English (Anglo-Saxon) components from which it is derived. It first appears in the form Colengaburnaum in 903. Col or Cola was probably a personal name and ingas means the people/followers/family of the person referred to. Bourne is from burna, a term meaning stream (Mills 1998,

92 and 404). Ducis is a much later Latin addition meaning 'of the leader', although by this time the classical Latin dux (leader) had acquired the specific meaning of ‘duke’ as today. In this instance the reference is to the Dukes of Lancaster. A reference is made to the manor of Colengaburnaum in 903 (VCH 1980) but the location of the cemetery north of Cadley Road may indicate that there were already two distinct estates at that time, the cemetery marking the northern limit of the southern manor. At the time of Domesday Book in 1086 it was listed as Colingeburne (distinct from Coleburne, neighbouring Collingbourne Kingston), a manor held by the king and valued at £60, compared with £40 before the conquest when it was held by Earl (King) Harold (Williams and

Martin 2002, 164). This would make it a high value manor, as demonstrated by comparison with its northern neighbour, itself well above average, which had a combined value of £40 in 1086 (Williams and Martin 2002,

170). There were 26 householders with land for 45 ploughs, as well as 20 acres of meadow, a length of 2 leagues of pasture and woodland measuring one league long by one league wide. A third of Chute forest was also included. It was noted that the church, valued at 10s, was in disrepair.

It seems likely that at sometime during the 12th century the southern of the two Collingbournes passed into the estate of the Earls of Leicester. By 1256 it had acquired the suffix Comitis, a reference to its being held by the earl. By the early 15th century it had become Duchy of Lancaster land and Ducis replaced Comitis. In 1536 it was given to Edward Seymour who became Duke of Somerset in 1546. It remained a holding of that duchy until

1671 when it passed to the earls and later marquesses of Ailsbury. It remained in that family until the estate was broken up in 1929 (Chandler 2014).

The extensive woodland remained important until at least the later 15th century, when neighbouring

Everleigh depended on Collingbourne Ducis for much of its timber (VCH 1980). Sheep were also important to

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the economy of the estate. A flock of over 1000 was maintained according to a document of 1212 and this remained true until the 15th century (VCH 1980). By the late 16th century there was an expansion of arable use of the downs and hence a trend towards enclosure which was formalised by commissioners in 1738 and 1775. A windmill standing to the south-east of the village in 1773 may have been on the site of one mentioned in 1361

(VCH 1980). In the 1860s the Bourne Iron Works began production on land west of the site but the single most significant event for the site was the introduction of the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover railway line and

Collingbourne Ducis station in 1882. The line remained in operation until it was lopped by Beeching's axe in

1961 (VCH 1980).

A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at Wiltshire and

Swindon History Centre in order to ascertain the character of the site’s later history and whether this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see Appendix 2).

The parish is marked as ‘Collingborne St Andrews’ on Saxton’s 1576 map of Wiltshire (Fig. 3), the earliest available of the area. The church is shown to the west of the River Bourne. The parish is shown within the Hundred of Elstube and Everlye on Blaeu's map of 1648 (Fig. 4) and named as ‘Callingbourne S Andreos’.

The county map of 1773 by Andrews and Drury gives the earliest detailed plan of the village, showing a string of plots with houses between the High Street and the proposal site. The map shows a windmill on a hill south- south-east of the settlement.

The greater detail of the parish map of 1777 shows newly agreed division of the land (Fig. 5). The northern end of the site occupies what were three rectangular plots but the bulk of it covers a small part of a large open field which is named 'Mill Field' in an estate map of 1815 (Fig. 6). There are no other changes affecting the area of the site and the only alteration within it on the tithe map of 1844 was the amalgamation of two plots at the north-western end (Fig. 7). The newly combined plot 126 was used as meadow, whilst to the east and south plots

127 and 161 were arable. The land division was much altered by the time of the First Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1880 (Fig. 8). The boundary between tithe plots 126 and 127 had been extended southwards as far as plot

102. All the fields to the rear of the houses along the eastern side of the High Street had been extended eastwards to terminate on the new long boundary. The solid boundary between plots 127 and 161 on the tithe was rendered as a dashed line in 1880, indicating that it was a fence.

The character of the site was altered drastically by the introduction of the Swindon, Marlborough and

Andover railway line and Collingbourne Ducis station in 1882 (VCH 1980). Hachures on the Second Edition

Ordnance Survey map of 1900 (Fig. 9) show that the access road to the station and the railway line north of the

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main station building were embanked. A signal point was marked besides the western side of the line close to where the access road approached the northern end of the platform. Opposite and to the south of the station building the ground east of the railway line has been cut to accommodate a platform, an unlabelled building, a signal box and two signal posts. A well is shown immediately south of the northern signal point. At the southern end of the site the line and the southern part of a siding complex lie on a terrace a formed by embankment on the western side. A small structure is shown to the east of the track near the extreme southern end. The Bourne Iron

Works butt onto the western boundary of sidings south of the main station building. A building in an elongated plot south west of the latter seems likely to have been the stationmaster's house.

By 1924 (Fig. 10) a length of track projecting from the northern end of the siding complex had been removed, although its southern end had been extended, leading to a reduction of plot 14 on its eastern side. A new siding had been added to the western side of the track to the north of the station. The well was no longer shown and the signal point next to it had been replaced by a rectangular structure. An annexe was added to the southern end of the main station building and to the south of that was a weighbridge and associated structure.

The 1:10.560 scale of the 1961 map is not sufficient to show detail within the site, although it appears broadly similar to that of 1924, and the line was probably still in use.

The 1:2500 map of 1973 (Fig. 11) gives the first detailed post-Beeching plan of the site. The outline is unchanged by the rail track and all other structures excepting the main station building and the signal box have been removed. Paradoxically, the building immediately west of the site boundary is marked as 'Station House' for the first time. By 1994 'Station House' was all that remained of the old railway, apart from traces of the embankments and cuttings (Fig. 12). The only visible change to the mapping of the site since then has been an encroachment on its western side brought about by a slight eastward expansion of the grounds of 'Station House'

(Fig. 2).

Listed buildings

The listed buildings most likely to be affected are groups on the eastern side of the High Street at its northern

[Fig. 1, 8] and southern [15] ends and a group on the north side of Cadley Road [16]. However, views of and from those at the northern end are obscured entirely by a modern housing development and by a factory, whilst trees and hedges along the site's western boundary would conceal development from buildings at the southern end. The residential development adjacent to the southern side of the site's access road would also preclude intervisibility with listed buildings north of Cadley Road. The southernmost end of the site would probably be

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visible from the top of the Grade II*-listed Church of St Andrew but from a distance of 330m it would be restricted and insignificant relative to the factory slightly to the north.

Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields

There are no registered parks and gardens or registered battlefields within close proximity of the site.

Historic Hedgerows

No hedgerows within the site pre-date the introduction of the railway in 1882, hence they do not qualify as

'historic' as defined by the Hedgerows Regulations 1997, Schedule 1.

Aerial Photographs

A search of the air photograph archive of the English Heritage National Monuments Record found 26 photographs within a radius of approximately 500km of the site taken between 1942 and 2001. These are listed in Appendix 3 along with those photographs in the Wiltshire and Swindon Sites and Monuments Record from which transcriptions have been made of soil and cropmarks within a 1km radius. All were vertical views.

No possible features have been found in air photographs showing land within a 500m radius of the site.

Those features discovered with the wider radius have been treated above in the section ‘Wiltshire and Swindon

Site and Monuments Record’. None of them are of a character which would suggest features that would continue into the site, although they may be taken as general indicators of activity in the area.

Discussion

There are no known heritage assets within the proposed site of residential development. There would be little or no impact upon the visual settings of the listed buildings close enough to be affected by the proposal, excepting the slight impact upon the view from the tower of the relatively remote Grade II* listed church. However, the discovery on adjacent ground of part of a Saxon settlement of a type which has been known to occupy much larger parcels of land than that so far identified suggests a high probability that further archaeological remains of this period may once have been present on the site. The river valley location also suggests generalized potential for the site to have been occupied in other periods. It remains to be established whether any such remains would have survived the arrival of the railway line.

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The cartographic evidence suggests that prior to the arrival of the railway, use of the land within the site had been agricultural and with no buildings. Change was limited to modification of the subdividing boundaries at its northern end. After the arrival of the railway line structures were added and eventually removed from the site.

Any or all of these might have damaged or erased archaeology depending on the depth to which groundworks penetrated during their construction. Although the Ordnance Survey maps before and after construction do not show benchmarks by which levels might be compared, they do show where embankment and cutting occurred.

Much of the north end of the site is set on an embankment, in other words, made ground set over the pre-1882 ground surface. This would probably have protected underlying deposits and is likely to continue to do so, unless the embankment is removed. It is unlikely that foundations for the new development would be extensive at sufficient depth to affect the archaeological relevant level here.

Although the foundations of station buildings in the centre of the site may have cut into archaeological horizons the restriction of cutting to the eastern side suggests that the line and platform where laid on more-or- less the original ground surface and that potential archaeological deposits could survive but without the additional protection of made ground other than the track base or platform. The picture is more complicated at the southern end where there is both cutting and embankment forming a terrace.

With this wide range of circumstances for differential possible survival or destruction of archaeologically relevant levels across the site, it is suggested that further consideration of any archaeological impacts should take place, once the broad details of site layout have been determined. The details would include foundation design, construction methods and landscaping compared with the known areas of preservation or truncation of the archaeologically relevant horizon. This may lead to a request for further information for parts of the site (field evaluation), and/or mitigation immediately prior to or during construction (watching brief) or no further action.

Although most of the railway facilities have now been removed, there may be a need for a photographic record of the surviving elements which may considered to be of local historic interest.

Any proposed fieldwork will need to be carried out to a written scheme of investigation approved by the archaeological advisers to the Council and implemented by a competent archaeological contractor.

References

BGS, 2014, British Geological Survey, 1:50,000. http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html (accessed: 15th September 2014) Bradley, R, Entwhistle, R and Raymond, F, 1994, Prehistoric Land Divisions on Salisbury Plain: Work of the Wessex Linear Ditches Project, London

13

Chandler, J, 2014, 'Collingbourne Ducis Concise History', in Marlborough and Eastern Wiltshire http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getconcise.php?id=188 (accessed: 10th September 2014) Colt Hoare, R, 1812, The Ancient History of Wessex, London Cunliffe, B, 2005, Iron Age Communities in Britain (4th edition), London EH, 2014a, Pastscape: Collingbourne Kingston 21. http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=224525 (accessed: 15th September 2014) EH, 2014b, Pastscape: Sidbury Hillfort. http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=224525 (accessed: 15th September 2014) Ford, S, 1998, ‘Land off Cadley Road, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire: An archaeological evaluation’, TVAS unpubl rep 98/9, Reading Gingell, C, 1978, ‘The excavation of an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Collingbourne Ducis’, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 70-1, 61-98 KDC, 2004, Kennet District local Plan 2011 - Adopted 2004, Kennet District Council Lukis, W, 1867, 'Notes on the Barrow-diggings in the Parish of Collingbourne Ducis', Wilts Archaeol Natur Hist Mag 10, 85–103 McCormick, E and Watson, J, 2010, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire: Examination and analysis of the metalwork from the Anglo-Saxon cemetery, London Megaw, J, 1967, 'Notes on Iron Age and Neolithic Material from Sidbury Camp', Wilts Archaeol Natur Hist Mag 62, 115–17 Mills, A D, 1998, Dictionary of English Place-Names, Oxford NPPF, 2012, National Planning Policy Framework, Dept Communities and Local Govt, Norwich NSRI, 2014, Soilscapes, https://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/ National Soils Research Institute (accessed: 15th September 2014) Pine, J, 2001, 'The Excavation of a Saxon Settlement at Cadley Road, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire', Wilts Archaeol Natur Hist Mag 94, 88–117 PAS, 2014, Adze: Unique ID: WILT-A77BE8, Portable Antiquities Scheme, http://finds.org.uk/database/ artefacts/record/id/54395 (accessed: 15th September 2014) Stoodley, N and Schuster, J, 2009, ‘Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire: an Early Saxon cemetery with bed burial’, in U von Freeden, H Friesinger and E Wamers (eds), Glaube, Kult und Herrschaft, Phaenomene des Religioesen, Bonn, 489–96 Thomas, N and Thomas, C, 'Excavations at Snail Down, Everleigh: 1953, 1955', Wilts Archaeol Natur Hist Mag 56, 127–48 TSRF, 2014, Appendix 1, http://oxfordarchaeology.com/images/pdfs/Solent_Thames/Resource_assessment/ Thames and Solent Research Framework: Roman Hampshire (accessed: 11th September 2014) VCH, 1980, Victoria History of the County of Wiltshire, xi, 108-15, London WC, 2014, Structure Plan 2016, http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/planninganddevelopment/planningpolicy/ structureplan2016.htm (accessed: 10th December 2014) WCC/SBC, 2006, Wiltshire and Swindon Structure Plan 2016: A Joint Structure Plan Alteration covering the Administrative Ares of Swindon Borough Council and Wiltshire County Council, Wiltshire County Council and Swindon Borough Council Williams, A and Martin, G, 1992, Domesday Book, A Complete Translation, London Wymer, J, 1977, Gazetteer of Mesolithic sites in England and Wales, CBA research report 20 Wymer, J, 1999, The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain volume 1, Salisbury Mundin, A, 2011, Westhill Farm, Chick's Lane, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire: An archaeological watching brief', unpublished TVAS report 11/13, Reading

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APPENDIX 1: Wiltshire and Swindon Sites and Monuments Record and recent excavated evidence within a 1km search radius of the centre of the proposal site.

No SMR No Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 1 MWI18411 2444 5401 Fieldwork Bronze Age 8 pieces of struck flint EW14649 EW14651 1 MWI18427 2444 5401 Evaluation, Roman Roman pottery, coarse and local fine wares EW14649 excavation EW14651 1 MWI18442 2431 5379 Settlement Saxon 10 sunken buildings with postholes, and post-holes which may be EW14649 part of a post-built rectangular building. A series of four EW14651 radiocarbon dates show that most of the site is dated to the Middle Saxon period (early 8th - 10 century AD, but one slightly earlier building dates from the 5th to the late 7th century AD. A bone pin made from walrus ivory was recovered from the site 1 MWI17916 2444 5400 Evaluation, Medieval 11th to 13th century pottery EW14649 excavation EW14651 2 MWI18314 2534 5302 Evaluation Neolithic 2 flint core trimming flakes 2 MWI18315 2534 5301 Evaluation Bronze Age / Square posthole associated with two unabraded Late Bronze Age Iron Age / Early Iron Age pottery sherds as well as worked and burnt flint and animal bone flint 3 MWI18633 2405 5446. Photographic Iron Age Univallate hilltop enclosure of c. 1.45ha area with opposed south- Centre: west and north-east entrances linked by a c. 140m long strip with 23851 54340 dense pit groups and possible hut circles on either side. There is also a probable southern entrance on either side of which are outwork enclosures butting onto the southern arc of the enclosure. The eastern side of the main enclosure cuts or is cut bv a roughly rectangular enclosure and other, smaller enclosures appear to be associated with the latter. An undulating west-north- west to east-south-east oriented linear terminates in an amorphous cropmark c. 65m to the west of the enclosure. 3 MWI18437 2391 5441 Findspot Roman Plate brooch fragment 4 MWI17909 2462 5419 Evaluation Roman, Saxon 1 inhumation and 4 possible burials found with Saxon and 2 EW16401 pieces of Roman pottery during evaluation in 2006 4 MWI18441 2462 5418 Excavation Saxon Cemetery. 33 graves with goods including pottery, knives, sword, EW13008 brooches, glass and amber beads excavated in 1974-5. EW16405 5 MWI18442 2431 5379 Settlement Saxon a) 'Colengaburnam' in AD903. Ducis was added later when the Dukes of Lancaster held the land. b) Various blocks of earthworks survive. 5 DWI2050 24316 53792 Listed building Post-medieval Barn, 17th century LB1180616 5 DWI2051 24332 53852 Listed buildings Post-medieval Pair of houses, 18th century, converted to stable and carriage LB1364580 house, 19th century 6 MWI17908 2416 5348 Findspot Saxon Coin of Eggberht of Wessex (AD 828-39) 7 DWI2036 24218 53667 Listed building Medieval, Church of St Andrew, Grade II*. 12th, 14th and 15th centuries. LB1035950 Post-medieval Restored in late 19th and early 20th centuries. Quern incorporated into Post-medieval boundary wall. 7 DWI2038 24205 53656 Listed buildings Post-medieval, Churchyard tombs, early 19th to mid 19th century LB1364577 24204 53628 Victorian DWI2037 24202 53673 LB1180560 DWI2039 LB1180574 7 DWI2041 24206 53586 Listed building Post-medieval Rectory, 18th centuries, extended 19th century LB1180582 7 DWI2040 24237 53715 Listed building Victorian Farmhouse, built 1850-60 LB1035951 8 MWI7917 2435 5403 Evaluation Medieval Pot sherd, 12th to 14th century EW15024 8 MWI7928 2435 5403 Evaluation Post-medieval Pit EW15024 8 DWI2048 24356 54024 Listed building Post-medieval Public house, 17th century LB1285393 8 DWI2052 24317 54005 Listed building Post-medieval House, late 17th to early 18th centuries LB1285361 8 DWI2053 24317 54018 Listed building Post-medieval House, early to mid 18th century LB1035955 8 DWI2046 24375 53982 Listed building Post-medieval Cottage, probably 18th century LB1180600 24353 53995 Row of 2 cottages, mid 18th century DWI2047

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LB1035953 8 MWI17932 2435 5403 Evaluation Undated Four postholes EW15024 9 MWI17913 2426 5476 Documentary Medieval Small settlement referred to as Southhampton in 1268 10 MWI18329 2534 5381 Documentary Medieval Small settlement referred to as Wellehous in 1430 11 MWI17914 2430 5410 Findspot Medieval Coin of John II of Sicily (1458-79). 11 DWI2054 24315 54065 Listed building Post-medieval House, late 17th and 18th centuries 12 DWI2032 24883 54093 Listed building Post-medieval Cottage, late 17th century LB1364576 12 DWI2035 24909 54059 Listed building Post-medieval House, 18th century LB1180528 12 DWI2033 24941 54067 Listed buildings Post-medieval 3 cottages, 18th century LB1180517 12 DWI12034 24954 54054 Listed building Victorian Cottage, 19th century LB1035949 13 DWI2055 24436 53624 Listed buildings Post-medieval Row of 2 cottages, 17th and 18th centuries LB1364581 14 DWI2065 24398 54369 Listed building Post-medieval House, 16th to 17th centuries LB 1035961 14 DWI2066 24401 54333 Listed building Post-medieval 3 cottages, 17th century and later LB 1035962 14 DWI2067 24415 54322 Listed buildings Post-medieval 2 cottages, early to mid 19th century LB 1035963 14 DWI2069 24421 54250 Listed building Medieval – Cottage, 15th to 16th centuries LB 1364582 Post-medieval 14 DWI2071 24430 54208 Listed building Post-medieval House, 17th century altered 18th century LB1364583 14 DWI2073 24426 54154 Listed building Post-medieval House, 17th century or early 18th century LB1035967 14 DWI2074 24401 54227 Listed building Post-medieval Cottage, 18th or early 19th century LB1180714 14 DWI2049 24319 54343 Listed building Post-medieval House, 17th century LB1035954 15 DWI2044 24395 53822 Listed building Post-medieval Farmhouse, built 16th century and c. 1700 LB1035952 15 DWI2045 24374 53848 Listed building Post-medieval Cottage, late 17th century LB1364579 15 DWI2042 24393 53771 Listed building Post-medieval Public house, early to mid 18th century LB1364578 15 DWI2043 24382 53777 Listed building Post-medieval Cottage, 18th century LB1285384 15 DWI2056 24406 53724 Listed building Post-medieval Cottage, 1797 LB1180647 16 DWI2072 24426 54164 Listed building Post-medieval House, date stone 1735 LB1035966 17 DWI2070 24426 54234 Listed building Post-medieval House, mid 18th century LB1035965 17 DWI2068 24407 54293 Listed building Post-medieval House, 18th century LB1035964 18 DWI2057 24399 53698 Listed building Post-medieval Milestone, painted, 18th to early 19th centuries LB1035956 19 MWI18383 2538 5417 Photographic Undated, Soil marks, enclosure and 2 west to east linears features Medieval or earlier 20 MWI18567 2354 5350 Photographic Undated, Post- Linear, oriented west-south-west to east medieval or earlier 21 MWI18568 2417 5306 Photographic Undated, Contiguous, multiphase enclosures oriented north-north-west to Medieval or earlier south-south-east interpreted as a settlement site including pits and linear ditches 22 MWI18629 2487 5314 Photographic Undated, Post- Field system, oriented south-south-west to north-north-east medieval or earlier 23 MWI18630 2451 5437 Photographic Undated, Enclosure, oriented west-south-west to east-north-east Post-medieval? 24 MWI18631 2447 5481 Photographic Undated, Field system, oriented west-south-west to east-north-east Post-medieval? 25 MWI18586 2467 5344 Photographic Undated Cropmarks, complex and possibly settlement 26 MWI18624 2414 5325 Photographic Undated, Cropmarks, small field system or enclosure Medieval or earlier 27 MWI18632 2414 5442 Photographic Undated, Cropmarks, linear ditches, oriented roughly south to north Medieval or earlier

Listed Buildings Grade II unless stated

16

APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted

1576 Saxton, Wiltshire (Fig. 3) 1648 Blaeu, Wiltshire (Fig. 4) 1773 Andrews and Drury, Wiltshire 1777 Parish map of Collingbourne Ducis (Fig. 5) 1815 Estate map of Collingbourne Ducis (Fig. 6) 1844 Tithe map (Fig. 7) 1880 Ordnance Survey First Edition (Fig .8) 1900 Ordnance Survey Second Edition (Fig. 9) 1924 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 10) 1961 Ordnance Survey 1973 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 11) 1994 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 12)

APPENDIX 3: Aerial photographic catalogue

Vertical (non-specialist)

Sortie Frame Date flown NGR RAF/S797 6152 08 March 1942 SU 246 541 US/7PH/GP/LOC90 5053 02 December 1943 SU 256 532 US/7PH/GP/LOC90 5054 02 December 1943 SU 249 528 RAF/106G/UK/915 3103 11 October 1945 SU 241 536 RAF/106G/UK/915 3104 11 October 1945 SU 249 536 RAF/106G/TUD/UK/1406 4100 11 April 1946 SU 272 718 RAF/106G/UK/839 4258 25 September 1946 SU 241 538 RAF/106G/UK/839 4259 25 September 1946 SU 249 537 RAF/106G/UK/838 4030 25 September 1946 SU 244 539 RAF/106G/UK/838 4031 25 September 1946 SU 246 542 RAF/540/1402 68 07 September 1954 SU 240 539 RAF/540/1402 69 07 September 1954 SU 244 544 RAF/58/1877 76 29 September 1955 SU 251 544 RAF/58/1877 77 29 September 1955 SU 242 544 RAF/58/1882 63 01 October 1955 SU 249 551 RAF/58/1882 64 01 October 1955 SU 239 552 RAF/58/3021 187 14 July 1959 SU 242 542 RAF/58/3021 188 14 July 1959 SU 248 542 RAF/543/3860 583 13 June 1967 SU 246 547 RAF/543/3860 584 13 June 1967 SU 241 547 OS P/71/476 188 07 September 1971 SU 240 546 OS P/71/476 189 07 September 1971 SU 247 546 OS P/71/476 207 07 September 1971 SU 260 538 OS P/71/476 209 07 September 1971 SU 260 538 OS/71476 210 07 September 1971 SU 245 532 Wiltshire Council A26 222246 1971 SU 247 534 Wiltshire Council A26 222244 1995 SU 254 542 OS/96646 54 17 June 1996 SU 248 543 OS/96646 55 17 June 1996 SU 241 543 OS/01964 8872 05 May 2001 SU 248 543 OS/01964 8873 05 May 2001 SU 240 543 USAF J/5056 SU 235 535 EH D/SU2543/1 234 SU 242 531

17 Swindon 24 9 Chippenham

Bradford- Calne Marlborough on-Avon Devizes

Trowbridge 27 SITE 3 23 14

Salisbury 17 4 19 11 16 12

54000 8 1 SITE 15 10 5 18 7 13

6 25 20 28

26 22

53000 21 2

SU24000 25000 SCD 14/169 Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 1. Location of site in relation to Collingbourne Ducis and within Wiltshire showing HER locations Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Explorer 131 at 1:12500 Ordnance Survey Licence 100025880 8

1

28

SITE

15

SCD 14/169 N Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 2. Detailed site location

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital mapping under licence. Crown Copyright reserved. No scale Approximate location of site

28

SCD 14/169 N Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 3. Saxton's map of Wiltshire, 1576 28

Approximate location of site

SCD 14/169 N Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 4. Blaeu's map of Wiltshire, 1648 Approximate site boundary

N

28

SCD 14/169 Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 5. Parish map of Collingbourne Ducis, 1777 Approximate site boundary

N

28

SCD 14/169 Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 6. Estate map of Collingbourne Ducis, 1815 Approximate site boundary

161 N

28

SCD 14/169 Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 7. Tithe map of Collingbourne Ducis, 1844 SITE

28

SCD 14/169 N Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 8. Ordnance Survey, 1880. Scale 1:2500 SITE

28

SCD 14/169 N Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 9. Ordnance Survey, 1900. Scale 1:2500 SITE

28

SCD 14/169 N Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 10. Ordnance Survey, 1924. Scale 1:2500 SITE

SCD 14/169 N Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 11. Ordnance Survey, 1973. Scale 1:2500 SITE

SCD 14/169 N Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 12. Ordnance Survey, 1994 Scale 1:2500 Plate 1. The northern end of the site, looking southwards

Plate 2. The southern end of the site, looking southwards SCD 14/169

Land at Station House and Station Yard, Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Plates 1 and 2. TIME CHART

Calendar Years

Modern AD 1901

Victorian AD 1837

Post Medieval AD 1500

Medieval AD 1066

Saxon AD 410

Roman AD 43 BC/AD Iron Age 750 BC

Bronze Age: Late 1300 BC

Bronze Age: Middle 1700 BC

Bronze Age: Early 2100 BC

Neolithic: Late 3300 BC

Neolithic: Early 4300 BC

Mesolithic: Late 6000 BC

Mesolithic: Early 10000 BC

Palaeolithic: Upper 30000 BC

Palaeolithic: Middle 70000 BC

Palaeolithic: Lower 2,000,000 BC