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Mise En Page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 1 Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 1 LEOPOLD GODOWSKY KAROL SZYMANOWSKY Mūza Rubackytė Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 2 Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 3 LEOPOLD GODOWSKY (1870–1938) Klaviersonate e‐moll (1910–1911) „Meiner lieben Frau gewidmet“ Sonate pour piano en mi mineur / Piano Sonata in E minor 01 I. Allegro non troppo, ma appassionato 17’29 02 II. Andante cantabile 7’15 03 III. Allegretto vivace e scherzando 6’07 04 IV. Allegretto grazioso e dolce 4’50 05 V. Retrospect: Lento mesto. Larghetto lamentoso, Fuga. 16’58 Maestoso, lugubre: Dies irae. Molto più lento, Maestoso, lugubre, Piu sostenuto KAROL SZYMANOWSKY (1882–1937) 9 Präludium Op. 1 (1899–1900) 9 Préludes pour piano op. 1 / 9 Preludes for piano op. 1 06 I. Andante ma non troppo 2’55 07 II. Andante con moto 3’30 08 III. Andantino 1’17 09 IV. Andantino con moto 1’46 10 V. Allegro molto‐impetuoso 1’36 11 VI. Lento‐Mesto 2’33 12 VII. Moderato 3’35 13 VIII. Andante ma non troppo 2’57 14 IX. Lento‐Mesto 3’17 Leopold Godowsky et son chien... Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 4 Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 5 LEOPOLD GODOWSKY ‐ Sonate en mi mineur comme élève Heinrich Neuhaus, futur grand maître du piano russe. En 1914 il s’installa définitivement aux Etats‐Unis. Sa virtuosité impressionnante autant que Léopold Godowsky (1870‐1938) est resté dans l’histoire de la musique comme sa production lui valurent, entre autres, l’estime de Busoni, de Rachmaninov, un des grands virtuoses du clavier à la charnière des deux siècles. Si ses nom‐ et d’Arthur Rubinstein qui déclara : « J’aurais besoin de 500 ans pour obtenir la breuses transcriptions, dont celles des Etudes de Chopin, souvent consacrées au maîtrise de piano de Godowsky ». travail de la main gauche, sont assez bien connues des pianistes, sa vaste produc‐ tion personnelle, majoritairement pianistique, totalisant 400 n° d’opus, est pour En 1891 Godowsky épousa Frieda Sachse, fille de son principal mécène Léon sa part largement ignorée et mérite d’être redécouverte. Sachse. Ils eurent quatre enfants. C’est à elle qu’est dédiée l’imposante Sonate (« Meiner lieben Frau gewidmet »), composée vraisemblablement entre 1906 et Godowsky est né à Žąsliai à proximité de Vilnius, dans une famille juive. La 1910, et publiée en 1911 chez Schlesinger à Berlin. En Europe comme aux États‐ capitale de la Lituanie possédait une importante communauté juive appelée Unis, les Godowsky tenaient salon ouvert, recevant des célébrités telles que Litvak, dont furent issues d’éminentes personnalités de la pensée spirituelle, des I. Paderewski, F. Chaliapin, F. Kreisler, J. Hoffmann, E. Caruso, S. Rachmaninov, arts et des lettres. Parmi eux, Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (1720‐1797), dit Gaon A. Rubinstein, J. Heifez, P. Casals, I. Stravinsky, G. Gershwin, Ch. Chaplin, (génie) de Vilna, qui contribua au XVIIIe siècle à la formation du judaïsme litva‐ A. Einstein, S. de Diagilev, H. Matisse, M. Ravel, W. Nijinski…. kien et à la renommée de la ville, appelée depuis la « Jérusalem du Nord ». C’est de Vilnius, ou d’autres villes de Lituanie que furent originaires, entre autres, le Le langage musical de Godowsky tel qu’il se révèle à travers cette Sonate en mi mineur, le situe dans le post‐romantisme, conservant l’attachement à une violoniste Jascha Heifetz, le pianiste Vlado Perlemuter, le peintre et sculpteur tonalité abondamment chromatisée à l’intérieur de ses limites, assez comparable Lasar Segall, le philosophe Emmanuel Levinas, l’écrivain Romain Gary. Pendant de ce fait au Scriabine de la période intermédiaire. Véritable monument du la Seconde guerre, les Litvaks furent exterminés par les nazis. répertoire pianistique, d’une durée avoisinant les 50 minutes, la Sonate est struc‐ En cette année 2020 le Parlement de Lituanie, avec soutien de l’UNESCO, fête turée en cinq mouvements. Le premier, Allegro non troppo ma appassionato, le tricentenaire de la naissance d’Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, et le présent extrêmement dense, s’ouvre par un thème calme et majestueux, en accords paral‐ enregistrement s’inscrit dans le cadre de cette commémoration. lèles, ponctués d’un rythme pointé. C’est en fait le premier élément d’un groupe C’est à Vilnius que Godowsky vécut jusqu’à 14 ans et donna ses premiers de thèmes, qui voit se succéder plusieurs motifs se différenciant par leur structure concerts, avant de devenir élève de Bargiel et de Rudorff au Conservatoire de et leurs intonations, se développant et s’amplifiant, tout en restant à l’intérieur Berlin et surtout de Camille Saint‐Saëns à Paris en 1887‐1890. Sa vie de concertiste d’un registre expressif homogène, celui d’une méditation grave et noble soutenue et d’enseignant se partagea entre l’Ancien et le Nouveau monde. Il enseigna à par un souffle puissant. On les retrouvera ultérieurement dans l’œuvre, selon le Philadelphie et à Chicago dans les années 1890, puis à Berlin et à Vienne, où il eut principe cyclique. La texture pianistique est d’une grande richesse, avec de nom‐ Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 6 Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 7 breux contrechants et des superpositions de valeurs rythmiques. Un net contraste apparaît à l’indication Tempo I°, où un passage évoque la Fantaisie op. 49 de Chopin. La seconde partie de cette vaste exposition fait apparaître un nouveau thème à l’allure de marche, en accords bondissants dans le ton de sol majeur, s’enchaînant à un foxtrot swinguant, puis s’apaisant dans une élégie dans l’esprit de Rachmaninov. Un leggiero tranquillo dérivé de la marche conclut l’exposition, dont la redite est indiquée, conformément à la tradition ; les dimensions du mou‐ vement la rendent toutefois facultative... Le développement brasse le thématisme principal à travers divers pôles de tonalités, et aménage en son centre un scherzando espiègle. La réexposition s’effectue avec un renforcement des rythmes pointés à la basse retentissant comme des sons de cloches, et évolue vers le ton de mi majeur qui dominera jusqu’à la fin. Mais alors que l’on croit le mouvement achevé, survient après un long silence un Epilogue molto piu moderato qui retrouve le mode mineur dans un soudain esprit funèbre, dont la logique se confir‐ mera dans des pages ultérieures de l’œuvre. Le second mouvement Andante cantabile est une élégie de caractère américain qui pourrait illustrer une scène sentimentale d’un film muet de l’époque, un de ces wonderful days comme on en trouve, ou trouvera, chez Charlie Chaplin, qui fut un ami de Godowsky. Une élégie où la tendresse laisse pourtant percer de l’amer‐ tume, lorsque la simplicité apparente du thème se charge de nuages harmoniques et dynamiques, rappelant la fragilité du bonheur…. De ce mouvement Godowsky effectua un arrangement pour violon et piano à l’intention de Fritz Kreisler. Au centre de la Sonate se situe un Allegretto vivace e scherzando joyeux, ludique, en volettements légers d’accords staccato faisant scintiller le registre aigu du piano. Alliant l’humour au surnaturel féerique, cette danse peut évoquer par de gauche à droite : Leopold Godowsky, Albert Einstein et Arnold Schönberg. moments l’esprit de la Ronde des lutins lisztienne. Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 8 Lidi 0103351-20 Booklet.qxp_Mise en page 1 28/10/2020 08:18 Page 9 Le mouvement suivant Allegretto grazioso e dolce est une valse qui fait de nou‐ veau songer à des scènes à venir chez Chaplin. Certaines figures staccato font effet de post‐échos du mouvement précédent. Mais le caractère d’ensemble est différent de tout ce qui a précédé, et Godowsky développe ici un lyrisme énigmatique, auquel contribue la densité de l’écriture, avec de nombreux contrechants à l’intérieur de la texture harmonique. Au centre du mouvement se situe un épisode Tranquillo dans le ton de la bémol majeur, à l’allure de menuet, autre danse en rythme ternaire. On en arrive à un Retrospect (Lento mesto) qui reprend avec gravité le début de la Sonate avec ses principaux thèmes, dans une allure de cortège funèbre ou de vision fantomatique, ce qui remet en mémoire le surprenant épilogue du pre‐ mier mouvement. Il s’enchaîne avec un Larghetto lamentoso comparable à certains Préludes méditatifs de Bach, avec l’écoulement régulier de figures symé‐ triques. (Comme pour le second mouvement, Godowsky en fit une transcription à l’intention de Kreisler). Et de fait, c’est bien d’un prélude qu’il s’agit, précédant une fugue sur le nom de BACH (si bémol, la, do, si bécarre). A trois voix, très chromatisée, elle brasse toutes les techniques d’écriture qu’implique et permet la forme : renversements, strettes, démultiplications rapides, agrandissements… Avec l’arrivée d’une figure ostinato à la basse, mi, ré mi, si, résonnant comme le pédalier d’un orgue et évoquant l’intonation du Dies irae médiéval, c’est une marche funèbre qui s’installe, confirmant ce qu’avait annoncé le Retrospect. Un épisode dans le ton de mi majeur, Molto piu lento fait entendre les intonations du premier thème de la Sonate. Après quelques passages dans un style d’impro‐ visation pianistique, la dernière partie débouche dans un recueillement spiritua‐ lisé. Un rappel des ombres mortuaires y passe, avec son ostinato obsessionnel soutenant la marche en rythme pointé, mais c’est l’élévation mystique qui conclut, Leopold Godowsky avec Charlie Chaplin résolvant tous les doutes dans un pianissimo grandiose.
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