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Historia De Guinea Ecuatorial © Augusto Iyanga Pendi Augusto Iyanga Pendi Historia de Guinea Ecuatorial © Augusto Iyanga Pendi © Derechos de edición: Nau Llibres - Edicions Culturals Valencianes, S.A. Tel.: 96 360 33 36, Fax: 96 332 55 82. C/ Periodista Badía, 10. 46010 Valencia E-mail: [email protected] web: www.naullibres.com Diseño de portada e interiores: Pablo Navarro, Carol López, Nerina Navarrete y Artes Digitales Nau Llibres ISBN: 978-84-18047-41-1 Dep.Legal: V-342-2021 Imprime: Podiprint Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra solo puede ser realizada con la autorización de sus titulares, salvo excepción prevista por la ley. Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográ- ficos) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra (www.conlicencia.com; 91 702 19 70 / 93 272 04 45). Índice Agradecimientos .......................................................................................................... 9 Presentación ................................................................................................................ 11 Capítulo I Guinea Ecuatorial ...................................................................................................... 17 1. Datos básicos ............................................................................................... 17 2. El nombre de Guinea Ecuatorial ........................................................... 18 3. Guineoecuatoriano y ecuatoguineano ................................................ 22 Capítulo II Los pueblos que forman Guinea Ecuatorial ..................................................... 25 1. Introducción ................................................................................................. 25 2. Ndowé ............................................................................................................ 33 3. Bissio ............................................................................................................... 35 4. Fang ................................................................................................................. 35 5. Bubi ................................................................................................................. 37 6. Annobonés .................................................................................................... 39 7. Criollo ............................................................................................................. 40 Capítulo III La cuestión de la lengua en Guinea Ecuatorial ............................................... 43 1. El panorama lingüístico ........................................................................... 43 2. La lengua oficial y otras lenguas de uso ............................................. 44 3. Academia Ecuato-Guineana de la Lengua Española ......................... 47 4. Las lenguas vernáculas ............................................................................. 48 5. La escritura en las lenguas vernáculas ............................................... 55 6. Academias de las lenguas vernáculas .................................................. 59 7. La política lingüística ................................................................................ 59 Capítulo IV El golfo de Guinea en la antigüedad ................................................................... 61 1. Expediciones al golfo de Guinea de algunos pueblos de la antigüedad .......................................................................................... 61 2. Griegos y romanos y el río Níger .......................................................... 62 4 Augusto Iyanga Pendi Capítulo V La baja Edad Media................................................................................................... 65 1. Siglos XIII y XIV .......................................................................................... 65 2. El Siglo XV ..................................................................................................... 67 Capítulo VI Del siglo XVI al año 1776 ....................................................................................... 83 1. La trata de negros africanos y sus consecuencias en la población guineana ......................................................................... 83 2. Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas y la protección a los indios ............ 93 3. Unión entre el reino de España y el reino de Portugal: De 1580 a 1668 ........................................................................................... 93 4. Las Leyes Indias y su influencia en las leyes coloniales de Guinea. Y otras consideraciones ..................................................... 97 Capítulo VII Del año 1777 al año 1899.................................................................................... 101 1. Sucesos que caracterizaron el siglo XIX en España y repercu- tieron en su política hacia los territorios africanos del golfo de Guinea ................................................................................................... 101 2. Litigio entre España y Portugal .......................................................... 101 3. El Tratado de San Ildefonso en 1777 para la cesión de territorios a España .......................................................................... 104 4. El Gobernador General: máxima autoridad del territorio colonial ........................................................................................................ 112 5. Expediciones y exploraciones en las posesiones españolas del golfo de Guinea ................................................................................. 113 6. Progresivo establecimiento en el territorio colonial .................. 121 7. Los ndowés ante la llegada de otros pueblos africanos a la zona desde 1830 .............................................................................. 125 8. España concede a Francia el derecho de vigilancia de las costas, desde el río Etembo hasta el cabo López ............. 167 9. España retoma posesión de los territorios africanos en 1843, hace pactos con el rey Bonkoro I de Corisco y emprende diversas actividades ....................................................... 168 10. El reino de Corisco y la cuestión guineana ..................................... 175 Índice 5 11. Intentos de consolidar la permanencia española ........................ 196 12. Francia disputa a España los territorios del golfo de Guinea .. 208 13. El consulado británico en Fernando Póo en 1849-1888 y sus acciones pretenciosas .................................................................. 219 14. Alemania en el golfo de Guinea .......................................................... 230 15. La Conferencia de Berlín sobre el reparto colonial de África en 1884-1885: España pierde gran parte de sus posesiones ... 235 16. España se apodera del Sahara Occidental y trabaja por lo que va quedando de las posesiones ........................................................... 242 Capítulo VIII Del año 1900 al año 1968.................................................................................... 247 1. Acontecimientos que representaron el siglo XX en España e influyeron en su política en Guinea ............................................... 247 2. Asamblea de jefes de tribus ndowés en la punta Dyeke ............ 247 3. El Tratado Franco-Español sobre los límites de sus posesio- nes en África occidental ecuatorial ................................................... 249 4. La colonización de los Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea ................................................................................................... 256 Capítulo IX La presencia española en Guinea Ecuatorial, vida social, institucio- nes y a la hora de la independencia .................................................................. 443 1. La presencia española en Guinea Ecuatorial ................................. 443 2. Vida social .................................................................................................. 454 3. Instituciones ............................................................................................. 467 4. A la hora de la independencia ............................................................. 560 Capítulo X Del año 1969 al año 1979.................................................................................... 593 1. El desarrollo político y sus problemas en África ............................ 593 2. La tragedia de Guinea Ecuatorial ...................................................... 600 3. Identidad de Francisco Macías Nguema ......................................... 601 4. Macías Nguema y su desalmado régimen ....................................... 604 5. Tendencias ideológicas en Macías Nguema ................................... 657 6. La postura de España ............................................................................. 687 6 Augusto Iyanga Pendi 7. Los guineanos en España se organizan. Asociaciones ............... 704 8. Francisco Macías Nguema es derrocado como Jefe de Estado 713 Capítulo XI Del año 1979 al año 2018.................................................................................... 727 1. Guinea Ecuatorial, la ilusión por un nuevo comienzo, con Teodoro Obiang Nguema al frente ........................................... 727 2. El compromiso de los nuevos dirigentes y las exigencias del pueblo ................................................................................................... 732 3.
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