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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio 325 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 4(6): November-December 2015 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093*** ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE …………!!! “SHEPHERDIAARGENTEA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW” Gill N.S*,Kaur Manpreet, Kaushar Anmol Rayat Institute of Pharmacy,Railmajra, SBS Nagar, Punjab, India. KEYWORDS: ABSTRACT Shepherdiaargentea,Anti- Shepherdia argentea commonly known as silver buffaloberry other inflammatory, names are bull berry, thorny buffaloberry, soapberry and silver leaf, is Antiviral,Antimicrobial, a species of Shepherdia, family elaeagnaceae. It is generally grows in Antioxidant, lipid metabolism, North America, Canada, California, but most commonly found in east Antidiabetic. of the Cascade Mountain Range. Traditionally, the fruits have been For Correspondence: used in soup, puddings, juice, dyes and wine. It contains bioactive Gill N.S * Address: substance such as Carotenoids, flavanoids, Squalene, fatty acid, ester, Rayat Institute of and high in vitamin C. It shows anti inflammatory, antiviral, Pharmacy,Railmajra, antioxidant, gastro protective and antimicrobial activities. Silver SBS Nagar, Punjab, India. buffalo berry is capable of fixing nitrogen in root nodules. The study about S. argentea reveals uptodate information about phytochemistry and pharmacological activity about plant. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 326 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 INTRODUCTION: Silver buffaloberry is a fugacious thorny, thick shrub to small tree belonging to family Elaeagnaceae. It has opposite branching. The leaves are silver gray in colour on both top and bottom. They are about 1 to 2 inches long and about 3/8 inches wide. The female and male flowers are grown on separate tree. This species is pollinated by insects, usually by honey bees and bumble bees.The fruit is drupe-shaped, ovoid, ¼ inches long and contain one seed. The seed of S.argentea is a small, shiny-brown and very rigid. The fruit grows in late may and ripen by late summer. Most of the fruit are reddish-orange in colour. But some ofthem are yellow in colour[1].Silver buffaloberry grows near the streams bank, mostly upon limestone areaand sandy soils[2-4].Silver buffaloberry fix nitrogen in root nodules. This nitrogen produce by plant is important to other species and help in the establishment of their shrubs [5]. Many species of berries are present along with S. argentea which possess anti inflammatory, antiviral, anti diabetic, anti microbial, antioxidant activities. Active constituent in berries scavenges the oxygen free radicals. Therefore, this plant is used in future for medicinal purpose to treat many diseases. The fruit contain low concentration of saponins. Soit advisable not to eat large quantity of fruit. Plants possess β-carotene/lycopene, β-cryptoxanthinand zeaxanthin, which give yellow- orange pigment in berries. Chlorogenic acid was present in small quantities, vitaminC, tannins, catechols, and flavonols are also present [6,3]. SYNONYMS: Shepherdiaargentea is commonly known as silver buffaloberry .other synonyms are:Hippophaeargentea Pursh 1813 Lepargyreaargentea (Pursh) TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION: Kingdom PLANTAE Order ROSALES Family ELAEAGNACEAE Genus SHEPHERDIA Species ARGENTEA GEOGRAPHICAL AREA: The shrubs of S. argentea grow near the stream of river and moist hillsides. It is adapted to saline soil pH-5.5-8.0. It is mostly found in the prairies and southern parklands of the Prairie Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 327 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 Territories of Canada and south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, some of the species in western Minnesota and northwestern Iowa. It is mostly found in the northern Great Plains. PHYTOCHEMISTRY: The phytochemistryof Shepherdiaargentea has revealed the presence of various active constituents which are listed below: Fruit of this plant contain carotenoidsand few phenolic acids. Berries also consist of β- carotene/lycopene, β-cryptoxanthin , and zeaxanthin, which is responsible for the yellow- orange pigment in the berries. Chlorogenic acid was present in low quantity. Leaves extract of Shepherdiaargentea. Nutt consist of n-hexadecanoic acid which plays role in antioxidant and anti inflammatory effects. Pentacosane, heptacosane, nonacosane, tricosane, and pentadecane exhibited antibacterial activity[8,7,6,1].Squalene has antioxidant and immunostimulant effect and acts as anticancer and antibacterial agents [9].Two Hydrolysable tannins,shephagenins A and B were isolated along with hippophaenin A from the leaf extract[10]. The fruit is considered to be a good source of vitamin C. Phytol is the precursor for vitamins E and K1 and prevent breast cancer.Linalool is a principal constituent of many essential oils known to have therapeutic activity.Suchas antibacterial, sedative, anti-inflammatory[11-14]. α- terpineol possesses pharmacological activities, such as anticonvulsant,sedative, antinociceptive, anticancer, hipotensive, gastro protective and antifungal [15-21]. Sr. no Chemical Pharmacological activity compound 1 Carotenids Yellow-orange pigmentOf berries 2 n-hexadecanoic acid Antioxidant and anti inflammatory effect 3 Heptacosane Antibacterial 4 Squalene Antioxidant , anti tumour and immunostimulant 5 Phytol Anticancer, anti oxidant 6 Linalool Antibacterial ,sedative ,anti inflammatory 7 α- terpineol Anticonvulsant,sedative,anticancer,gastro protective and antifungal 8 Tannins Antiviral 9 Fatty acid Antibacterial 10 Lyopeneand other Antioxidant phenolic compounds Table 1: phytochemistryof Shepherdiaargentea along with their therapeutical uses. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 328 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 LITERATURE SURVAY: The study was illustrate the presence of two hydrolysable tannins, , shephagenins A and B, were isolated along with hippophaenin A and strictinin from the leaf extract of the Buffalo berries, which posses antiviral activity by inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase. Berries were traditionally used by Native Americans to treat stomach pain[23,22,10].Squalene has properties of an antioxidant and immunostimulant it acts as antibacterial, antitumor and cancer preventive agent. Other species of Shepherdiaargentea are: Russet Buffaloberry (Shepherdiacanadensis) Russian-olive (Elaeagnusangustifolia) Sea-buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides) Roundleafbuffaloberry(Shepherdiarotundifolia) PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITYOF SHEPHERDIA ARGENTEA Fig-1:- Berries of Shepherdiaargentea ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY: Berries of Shepherdiaargentea posses anti inflammatory activity. It acts by inhibiting Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. IL-1β is a cytokine produce within a body which causes inflammatory response. It has been target for type 2 diabetes because it is association with the death of beta cells, which is responsible for the storage and release of insulin[24,14,9]. IL-1β involve in pain, inflammation and autoimmune response. Silver buffaloberry strongly reduce IL-1β action. COX-2 is an enzyme involved in inflammation and is a target site for NSAIDS [Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug] action like aspirin and ibuprofen. Silver buffaloberry (S. argentea), reduce IL-1β, also reduced the action of COX-2 enzyme [25]. The berries also eliminate the unpleasant side effects that NSAIDS may create (increased chance of heart attack, stroke, and Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 329 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 liver damage). Other species such as Shepherdia Canadensis, Shepherdiarotundifolia, Hippophaerotundifolia also shows anti-inflammatory activity. Membrane phospholipids Arachidonic acid DRUG ACTION COX-1 COX-2 Prostaglandins function: Prostaglandins function: GI mucosal integrity Fever Platelet function Inflammation Fig 2.Anti inflammatory action of S. argentea by inhibiting COX-2 enzyme. ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY: Lycopene shows very strong antioxidant activity[26]. The lycopene content in berries tends to be high as compared to tomatoes and other fruits[27,28].The addition of these fruits to the human diet provides protection from many diseases[29].Phenolic compounds also act as antioxidants in the berries and also reduce chronic inflammation which leads to cellular damage and plaque formation[30-33]. ANTI VIRAL ACTIVITY: Shepherdiaargentea inhibit virus metabolism inside the human body, reverse transcription and breakdown of protein interfere. Shephagenins A and B, from Shepherdiaargentea inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY:S. argentea inhibit aldose reductase, reduce the expression of IL-1 and COX-2, and alter energy expenditure. The crude extract of berries strongly inhibit expression of IL-1 (76% inhibition) but reduced expression of COX-2 (45% inhibition). This indicates that compounds of S. argentea can provide protection from diabetic complications and canalso reduce inflammation by acting on COX-2 enzyme. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 330 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 LIPID METABOLISM: Lipid metabolism and energy expenditure are other important activity associated with metabolic syndrome and related disorders. Fatty acid oxidation was carried out by berries in regard to lipid metabolism. The water-soluble fractions of V. trilobum and S.
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