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The Professions and Crafts of Scholars in Damascus During the Rule of Burid and Zangid Dynasties (497-569 AH/1103-1173 AD)
International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 11, Issue 9, 2020 The Professions and Crafts of Scholars in Damascus during the Rule of Burid and Zangid Dynasties (497-569 AH/1103-1173 AD) Athal Ibrahim Husseina, aDepartment of History, College of Education for Humanities, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq, E-mail: [email protected] This study describes the professions of scholars who lived in Damascus (i.e., those who were born and died in it), and those who travelled to it from the Islamic countries during the rule of Burid and Zangid dynasties (497-569 AH/1103-1173 AD). Some of those scholars worked as carpenters, jewellers, weavers or blacksmiths, etc. for satisfying their financial needs, providing a good living for their families and serving the community during the historical period, in which political and military conflicts spread, especially the crusades against Damascus from time to time. This lasted until political stability was achieved through the control of Nour Al-Din Mahmoud Al-Zenki over Damascus, the unity of Sham and the end of crusades against Damascus. Later, Damascus attracted scholars’ attention for scientific benefit and interest at the same time. This was due to its ruler’s sponsorship and encouragement for scientific orientation and practising professions. So, they organised their time to achieve their interests. Key words: Medical professions, carpentry profession, Damascus city, mullet family, zinc family. Introduction In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, and the Most Merciful: (And say (O Muhammad SAW) Do deeds! Allah will see your deeds, and (so will) His Messenger and the believers) (Surah At-Taubah: 105) (Abdul, 2015). -
PROMINENT ULAMAA, PRIOR to 100 YEARS Islamic-Laws Ulamaa Biographies - XKP
PROMINENT ULAMAA, PRIOR TO 100 YEARS Islamic-laws Ulamaa Biographies - XKP Published: 2012 Categorie(s): Non-Fiction, Religion, Biography & autobiography, Edu- cators, Philosophers, Religious, Education and Study aids, Family & rela- tionships, Reference, Islam, History of Religions , Faith transmission Tag(s): islam xkp islamic ulama ulema ulamaa maraje marja taqleed ayatullah tusi taoos hilli tabrezi sheikh sayed alim education qummi kafi 1 Chapter 1 SHAIKH MOHAMMED BIN YAQOOB BIN ISHAQ KULAINI - Al KAFI - 250-329 AH Birth: His exact year of birth has not been recorded. However, it is mentioned that his birth had already taken place by start of the imamate of the 11th Imam, which lasted from 254 A.H to 2560 A.H. Thus if he was 9-10 years old at this time, (an age when children begin to understand matters), then he must have been born around 250 A.H. He was born in the village of Kulain, about 38 kms from the Iranian city of Raiy, which was an important city at that time. His father was also a scholar. Thus Mohammed bin Yaqoob al Kulayni was born around 250Ah, which was the period of imamate of the 10th Imam, and then when he was a little older, it was the period of the imamate of the 11th Imam. Kunniyat: His kunniyat (agnomen) was Abu Ja’far. An interesting coincidence is that the name of all the three compilers of the 4 basic books of ahadeeth( al-kafi, Man la Yahdharuhul Faqih, Te- hdheeb ul ehkam and Istibsaar fi mukhtatafil akhbar) is Mohammed, and the kunniyat of all of them was Abu Ja’far. -
Prominent Ulamaa, Prior to 100 Years
Chapter 1 SHAIKH MOHAMMED BIN YAQOOB BIN ISHAQ KULAINI - Al KAFI - 250-329 AH Birth: His exact year of birth has not been recorded. However, it is mentioned that his birth had already taken place by start of the imamate of the 11th Imam, which lasted from 254 A.H to 2560 A.H. Thus if he was 9-10 years old at this time, (an age when children begin to understand matters), then he must have been born around 250 A.H. He was born in the village of Kulain, about 38 kms from the Iranian city of Raiy, which was an important city at that time. His father was also a scholar. Thus Mohammed bin Yaqoob al Kulayni was born around 250Ah, which was the period of imamate of the 10th Imam, and then when he was a little older, it was the period of the imamate of the 11th Imam. Kunniyat: His kunniyat (agnomen) was Abu Ja’far. An interesting coincidence is that the name of all the three compilers of the 4 basic books of ahadeeth( al-kafi, Man la Yahdharuhul Faqih, Te- hdheeb ul ehkam and Istibsaar fi mukhtatafil akhbar) is Mohammed, and the kunniyat of all of them was Abu Ja’far. Together they are called ‘mohammaduna thalatha’ or the three Mohammeds. Another interesting fact is that even in later times, around 11th-12th century, three more im- portant books of ahadeeth have been compiled, and the names of the compilers of all these three books are also Mohammed, and are called Mohammedun Thalatha al Awaqib. -
145. Charles Lindholm-The Islamic Middle East Tradition And
The Islamic Middle East A contemporary Bedouin and his son in traditional clothing, Jordan. The Islamic Middle East Tradition and Change Revised Edition Charles Lindholm # 1996, 2002 by Charles Lindholm 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4, 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia KurfuÈ rstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany The right of Charles Lindholm to be identi®ed as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First edition published 1996 Revised edition published 2002 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd, a Blackwell Publishing company Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this book. ISBN 1-405-10146-6 (paperback) A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10 on 12pt Sabon by Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall For further information on Blackwell Publishers, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com Illustrations Maps 1.1 Modern states and major languages in the Middle East. 9 5.1 The pre-Islamic world c. ad 600. 70 6.1 The early expansion of Islam. 95 7.1 The central Islamic lands in the tenth century. -
Dr. Ali Banaeiyan Esfahani Assistant Professor Administrator of International Affairs Office
Dr. Ali Banaeiyan Esfahani Assistant professor Administrator of international affairs Office Email: [email protected] [email protected] Phone: 0098-3132669083 Cell phone: 0098-9307861779 1. Born: 1982, Isfahan, Iran. 2. Ph.D. in (Comparative Exegesis), Faculty of Islamic Theology and Teachings, University of Qum; Iran. 2-1. Title of Ph.D. Thesis: "Islamic Lifestyle from the Perspective of the Quran with Psychological Attitude". 3. Master Degree of Sciences of the Quran and Hadith (Islamic Tradition), University of Isfahan, Iran. 3-1. Title of Master Thesis: "Comparative Methodology of Most Important Commentaries of Usoul-ul Kafi". 4. B.A in Arabic Language and Literature, University of Shahid Beheshti (National University of Iran) 5. Language Skills: 5-1. Persian: Native. 5-2. Arabic: Competence in Conversation, Comprehension of Ancient and Modern Arabic texts, Translating, Writing Articles. 5-3. English: Competence in Comprehension and Translating Articles to Persian and Arabic. 6. Articles published in Scientific and Academic Journals: 6-1. "Studying Objectivism and Subjectivism in Hermeneutics of Nasr Hamid Abou Zayd, and its Influence on Some of his Understandings from Quran" Scientific Journal of Religious Thinking, University of Shiraz, Iran, 2015. 1 6-2. "Human Soul Inclination toward Obscenity in his Life, from Viewpoint of the Quran and Psychological School of Psychical Analysis", Scientific Journal of Comparative Theology, Iran, University of Isfahan, 2015. 6-3. "Semantic Function of Syntactic Style of Ishtiqal in Quran ", Scientific Journal of Linguistic Researches of Quran, University of Isfahan, Iran, 2015. 6-4. "Moral Virtues in Poems of Sharif Razi, in the Light of Quranic Verses and Hadiths", Scientific Journal of linguistic Researches of Quran, Accepted for Publishing. -
0 Title P and Copyright
The Courtly Arts of Praise and Insult in Medieval Literature by Samuel Tifft England A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Margaret Larkin, Chair Professor Jerry R. Craddock Professor Chana Kronfeld Professor Frank Bezner Fall 2011 The Courtly Arts of Praise and Insult in Medieval Literature © 2011 Samuel Tifft England All rights reserved. Abstract The Courtly Arts of Praise and Insult in Medieval Literature by Samuel Tifft England Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature University of California, Berkeley Professor Margaret Larkin, Chair This dissertation compares the poetry of two political figures, the Buyid vizier al-Ṣāḥib Ibn cAbb ād (938-95 CE) and King Alfonso X of Castile (1221-84 CE). I argue that they produced poems to control elite discourse, managing rules of linguistic style and social decorum. In so doing, they ensured an obedient court. This technique is most evident in their authorship of ribald, slanderous poetry, which purported to break down social rules but in fact shaped and enforced the court’s normative logic. Ibn cAbb ād, writing Classical Arabic poetry, did not seek to change preexisting notions of high and low speech; nor did Alfonso, who codified the Spanish language and was the most famous troubadour of Galician-Portuguese lyric. Instead, they recognized the utility of writing across the rhetorical spectrum of a courtly poetic tradition. Most of their political forebears and contemporaries limited themselves to writing such poetic motifs as panegyric, chaste love, and friendship. -
The Jurisprudential and Moral Foundations of the Ayatollah Khamenei’S Fatwa on Ban of Nuclear Weapon
© 2021 Authors. Center for Study of Religion and Religious Tolerance, Belgrade, Serbia.This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Mohsen Shiravand1 Original scientific paper University of Isfahan UDC 28-74:929 Ajatolah Homnei Iran 623.454.8(55) Abdol-Rasoul Meshkat2 University of Isfahan Iran THE JURISPRUDENTIAL AND MORAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE AYATOLLAH KHAMENEI’S FATWA ON BAN OF NUCLEAR WEAPON Abstract Today nuclear weapons are a great global threat to human life and security. Meanwhile, Islamic Republic of Iran has strongly voiced its opposition to nuclear weapons based on the religious and rational measures and teachings. Ayatollah Sayed Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of IRI, has also declared prohibited the production and use of nuclear weapons by issuing a Sharia based fatwa. The objec- tive of the present essay is not only the explanation of this fatwa rather the identi- fication of jurisprudential-moral foundations of it. The method used in this essay is documented-analytic. Among the results of this research, one can refer to the fact that Ayatollah Khamenei’s fatwa is a religious fatwa not a merely governmental law and since fatwa is based on the eternal religious sources, it is considered to be strategic, eternal and universal not merely tactical, expediential and temporary. Moreover, rational and Sharia (moral and jurisprudential) documents and reasons in which the present fatwa has its own origin in addition to the subject of “use” includes the prohibition of “production”, possession” and “proliferation” too. -
Justice in the Form of a Jurisprudential Theory in the Islamic Canonical
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 Justice in the Form of a Jurisprudential Theory in the Islamic Canonical Law (Shari'a) Ehsan Aliakbari Babookani1, Mohammadhadi Mahdavi2*, Javad Edaalatjo3 1Asistant professor, university of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 2Department of law, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad university, Najafabad, Iran 3Department of law, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad university, Najafabad, Iran Abstract: Justice has always been propounded as a theological theory in the Islamic tradition and culture, thus having a long history in the Islamic thought. And it has been so important in understanding the theological thought that the Imamite and Mu'tazilite schools have become known as Adliyyah (the justice-centered schools) in the history of theology. However, despite the importance that Islam has attached to the issue of social justice, this concept has not been viewed as a jurisprudential theory, and has not been taken into consideration by jurisprudence and jurisprudents, except in the present era. In this paper, we examined the possibility of the jurisprudential propounding of justice, and proved that justice can also be used as a rule in jurisprudence just as it can be used in theology, and the three proofs; namely, the Qur'an, the Traditions, and reason support it. As some examples for the functions of justice in jurisprudence, we can refer to its uses as a criterion for assessing the narrative proofs, as a basis for constraining and expanding the narrative proofs, as a basis for the issuance of verdicts in non-prescribed cases, and finally, as a basis for adopting verdicts in the discretionary sphere of Shari'a. -
Al-Mutanabbi : Voice of the 'Abbasid Poetic Ideal
prelims.qxd 9/14/2007 1:54 PM Page i MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Al-Mutanabbi prelims.qxd 9/14/2007 1:54 PM Page ii SELECTION OF TITLES IN THE MAKERS OF THE MUSLIM WORLD SERIES Series editor: Patricia Crone, Institute for Advanced Study,Princeton ‘Abd al-Malik, Chase F.Robinson Abd al-Rahman III, Maribel Fierro Abu Nuwas, Philip Kennedy Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Christopher Melchert Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi, Usha Sanyal Al-Ma’mun, Michael Cooperson Al-Mutanabbi, Margaret Larkin Amir Khusraw,Sunil Sharma El Hajj Beshir Agha,Jane Hathaway Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis, Shazad Bashir Ibn ‘Arabi,William C. Chittick Ibn Fudi,Ahmad Dallal Ikhwan al-Safa, Godefroid de Callatay Shaykh Mufid,Tamima Bayhom-Daou For current information and details of other books in the series, please visit www.oneworld-publications.com prelims.qxd 9/14/2007 1:54 PM Page iii MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Al-Mutanabbi Voice of the ‘Abbasid Poetic Ideal MARGARET LARKIN prelims.qxd 9/14/2007 1:54 PM Page iv AL-MUTANABBI Published by Oneworld Publications 2008 Copyright © Margaret Larkin 2008 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978–1–85168–406–9 Typeset by Jayvee,Trivandrum, India Printed and bound in India for Imprint Digital Oneworld Publications 185 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7AR England www.oneworld-publications.com Learn more about Oneworld. Join our mailing list to find out about our latest titles and special offers at: www.oneworld-publications.com prelims.qxd 9/14/2007 1:54 PM Page -
Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿabbād Promoter of Rational Theology Islamic History and Civilization Studies and Texts
Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād Promoter of Rational Theology Islamic History and Civilization studies and texts Editorial Board Hinrich Biesterfeldt Sebastian Günther Honorary Editor Wadad Kadi volume 132 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ihc Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād Promoter of Rational Theology Two Muʿtazilī kalām Texts from the Cairo Geniza Edited by Wilferd Madelung Sabine Schmidtke leiden | boston Cover illustration: MS Cambridge University Library, T-S Ar. 12.10, fols. 5b, 4a (@ Syndics of Cambridge University Library, reproduced by kind permission) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Madelung, Wilferd, editor. | Schmidtke, Sabine, editor. | ʻAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad al-Asadābādī, -1025. | Ṣāḥib al-Ṭālqānī, Abū al-Qāsim Ismāʻīl ibn ʻAbbād, 936-995. Nahj al-sabīl fī al-uṣūl. Title: al-Sahib ibn 'Abbad, promoter of rational theology : two Mu'tazili kalam texts from the Cairo Geniza / edited by Wilferd Madelung Sabine Schmidtke. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2016. | Series: Islamic history and civilization ; v. 132 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016026399 (print) | LCCN 2016030057 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004323452 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004323735 (E-book) Subjects: LCSH: Motazilites–Doctrines–Early works to 1800. | Islam–Theology–Early works to 1800. | Ṣāḥib al-Ṭālqānī, Abū al-Qāsim Ismāʻīl ibn ʻAbbād, 936-995. Classification: LCC BP195.M6 S34 2016 (print) | LCC BP195.M6 (ebook) | DDC 297.2/0434–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026399 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0929-2403 isbn 978-90-04-32345-2 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32373-5 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. -
Politics the Very Heart of Islam
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Sadiq Shirazi Politics The very heart of Islam Translated by Salim Rossier fountain books In association with Rasul Akram Foundation www.shirazi.ir and Teachings of Islam www.ImamShirazi.com English edition, 2015 ISBN 1-903323-42-8 © fountain books All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of fountain books . British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ii Content Foreword .................................................................................................. v Author’s introduction ................................................................................... 1 Chapter One Islam and Politics .................................................................... 5 Passages from the Sharia .......................................................................... 7 Two types of politics ............................................................................... 13 Firstly from Islamic Politics ............................................................... 14 Secondly from Modern Politics .......................................................... 28 Chapter Two Prophet Muhammad’s Wise Policies .................................... 31 Policy of Steadfastness and Forbearance ........................................... 32 Policy of Courage -
Analysis and Investigation of Religious Conflicts in Buyid Dynasty Era in Ray
Journal of History Culture and Art Research (ISSN: 2147-0626) Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2017 Revue des Recherches en Histoire Culture et Art Copyright © Karabuk University http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ DOI: 10.7596/taksad.v6i3.949 Citation: Jahan Abad, A., Moftakhari, H., Moghadam, B., & Jalali, A. (2017). Analysis and Investigation of Religious Conflicts in Buyid Dynasty Era in Ray. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(3), 919-936. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i3.949 Analysis and Investigation of Religious Conflicts in Buyid Dynasty Era in Ray Ali Fath Ghobadpour Jahan Abad1, Hossein Moftakhari2 Badrosadat Alizadeh Moghadam3, Alireza Jalali4 Abstract In the fourth Hegira century, there were a lot of religious conflicts between madhab of Shia and Sunni as well as verbal discussion. The Buwaihids rulers were the governors of Iran and formed a government of Shia. Different Islamic religions were fighting with each other because of numerous governments of Buyid dynasty. There were numerous conflicts between Shia and Sunni in the most regions of Iran, especially in Ray. This paper investigates the religious conflicts in Buyid dynasty era in Ray City. So, it investigates the religious beliefs of Buyid dynasty rulers, scholars, and schools in Ray, then discusses about religious sectarians and verbal discussions on the basis of criticizing the refutation texts. Finally, he investigates the policy of Buwaihids rulers. Keywords: Religious conflicts, Ray City, Religion, Madhhab, Buyid dynasty. 1 MA. Student of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.