THE PURSUIT of LEGIBLE POLICY: Agency and Participation in the Complex Systems of the Contemporary Megalopolis

GREY CITIES, GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE THE PURSUIT OF LEGIBLE POLICY: Agency and Participation in the Complex Systems of the Contemporary Megalopolis

Newton Fund British Council CONACYT IIMAS - UNAM Laboratorio para la Ciudad Future Cities Catapult Superflux Royal College of Art Unidad de Protocolos

Buró–Buró

GREY CITIES, GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE THE PURSUIT OF LEGIBLE POLICY: Agency and Participation in the Complex Systems of the Contemporary Megalopolis

Newton Fund British Council CONACYT IIMAS - UNAM Laboratorio para la Ciudad Future Cities Catapult Superflux Royal College of Art Unidad de Protocolos

Buró–Buró The digital publication The Pursuit of Legible Policy: Agency and Participation in the Complex Systems of the Contemporary Megalopolis was conceived with the support of the Newton Fund and is product of the collaboration between the following institutions: The British Council, The Newton Fund, CONACYT, IIMAS - UNAM, Laboratorio para la Ciudad, Future Cities Catapult, Royal College of Art and Superflux.

First edition, 2016

Editor Lacey Pipkin Designer Diego Aguirre Fernández Illustrations Juanjo Güitrón Editorial Coordinator Jorge Munguía Matute

This electronic publication is for free distribution in its digital presentation. Any printed version of this publication is not recognised by the publisher and is not registered under this ISBN.

Digital ISBN of future publication: 978-607-96255-5-9

Published by:

Buró Buró Oficina de proyectos culturales, S.C. Jalapa 27, Colonia Roma Mexico City, Mexico 06700 buroburo.org

Mexico GREY CITIES, GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE THE PURSUIT OF LEGIBLE POLICY: Agency and Participation in the Complex Systems of the Contemporary Megalopolis

Buró—Buró The Pursuit of Legible Policy Agency and Participation in the Complex Systems of the Contemporary Megalopolis

Introduction

Prototyping the City 10 by Gabriella Gómez-Mont, Laboratorio para la Ciudad Project Presentation 12

The City as a Product of its Citizens 15

Perspectives 19

Institutional Actors 23 Individual Actors 28 The Urban Context of Mexico City, London and Global Megacities 35 Photo Essay of the Binational Collaboration 38

Creating a Case for Legibility 43

Legible Policy in the Participatory City 45 by John Lynch, Future Cities Catapult Designing Agency in the City 53 by Dan Lockton, Royal College of Art Citizen Engagement In and Beyond ‘Smart Cities’ 63 by Gyorgyi Galik, Future Cities Catapult/Royal College of Art The Ecology of Public Spaces 73 by Laura Ferrarello, Royal College of Art

Dimensioning Legibility 81

Political Imagination: Towards an Experimental Theory of Legible Policy 83 by Gabriella Gómez-Mont, Laboratorio para la Ciudad Design’s Role in Policymaking 89 by Sofía Bosch, Laboratorio para la Ciudad Encouraging (and Inciting) Participation in the Architecture of the Public Space 95 by Leticia Lozano, Laboratorio para la Ciudad An Approach to a Museum City 101 by Begoña Irazabal, Laboratorio para la Ciudad

Practicing Legibility 105

Shifting the Balance—Design for Equitable Cities 107 by Anab Jain, Vytautas Jankauskas and Jon Ardern, Superflux A Case from Mexico City: Laboratorio para la Ciudad’s Mapatón CDMX 121 by Rodrigo Téllez, Laboratorio para la Ciudad Hacks and Probes 125 The Value of Disruption 137 by Iván Abreu, Centro de Diseño, Cine y Televisión 7

141 149 153 167 173 177 181 186 189 194 211

Policy Writable Design and Systemic by Jorge Camacho, Machina Speculatrix Machina Camacho, Jorge by its Complexity Understanding Urban Mobility by Improving - UNAM IIMAS Gershenson, Carlos by City: in Mexico Incidents Traffic on Road Open Data and Perspectives Situation Current la Ciudad para Laboratorio Coria, R. Sergio by Analysis and Spatial Initiatives Mapping la Ciudad para Laboratorio Isaac Serrano, by Policy Long-Term for The Incentives Dilemma: The Democratic la Ciudad para Laboratorio Ascencio, Roberto By A Blinking Pixel Unidad de Protocolos Kobayashi, Pablo by London Mobility in Comparison: of A Point Cities Catapult Future Vikhornova, Galik and Anastasia Gyorgyi by Graphics Collaboration Policy Legible for Tools Policy Legible of A Glossary Applying Legibility Within the City’s Complex Systems: Mobility Systems: Complex the City’s Within Legibility Applying City in Mexico 185 Epilogue References 8 9 PROTOTYPING THE CITY PROTOTYPING LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO GÓMEZ-MONT, GABRIELLA BY Our future is urban. As has been said and over again, over more than half of huma- 70%. astounding an to jump the will 2050 number by and cities, in living now is nity In differentthisthe to answers discovering of context, fundamental “What question is a city is for?” poses an interesting challenge. We are long past the days where we in us zipping efficient possible, and as practical as be to was purpose city’s thoughta cars from point A to B, from one bubble to the next. come have We to realize that a creating, constantly are we that invention cultural complex and multifaceted a is city have also now we Additionally, explore. other withto possibilities many together, all worse. and for better of the understanding effecta better of cities on the world—for In this shifting in which urbanity where is paradigm, cities can be great change-makers, - reinven urgent needs still cities of the future when but again, desirable as seen suddenly tion, what are the new ideas, areas, disciplines, technologies and ecosystems that cities traveling intensive become to themselves cities for happen to needs What explore? could surfaces and enablers for ideas? What type of prompts, strange attractors, experiments them? go about generating necessaryand conditions are do we and how During the collaborative sessions between the London and Mexico City found our teams, explorations of we these questions leading us to extended contemplation of the realities of Mexico City. We realized this has to do with how Mexico City - epito mizes so much of both the great potential and the many of challenges tomorrow holds. As thata megalopolis of thethe developing world, it shares City many of the problems faced (or soon to be faced) by cities in Latin America, emerges Africa as and an Asia; opportune it place to try out future scenarios in the as present. one of Because the most important city economies of the world, it also has the necessary infrastructure to create important experiments and become a city capable of - proto typing, and testing ideas implementing that can later be exported to other cities. In world, emerging and world first between bridge perfect the is City Mexico sense, that and enticing mix of both. a complex since it exemplifies In recent Mexico years, City become has one quietly of the most - socially pro world’s gressive and creative urban areas in the global south. Its energy continues - to ampli fy as it embraces its density and cultural roots. Mexico City is getting bigger, more megalopolis American Latin a what of stereotypes defy to starting is and imaginative being Mexico despite DF in rights gay progressive pass can we Yes, do. cannot and can religiously conservative. Yes, we can have a successful bike-sharing Yes, size. our despite grow) program to thatcontinues number a day, (witha rides than 20,000 more transportation green international win can inhabitants million 22 with metropolis a years. ten quality of its air in less than the improve and significantly awards At the same time, Mexico City also faces the many challenges that come with a city of its size and complexity, including These issues. urgent other social many and obesity to inequality, related crisis health problems possible a sprawl, related to urban 10 across the world.across the matter for future collaborations to contemplate in relation to London and other cities of view. The conclusions drawn and tools identified and developed will bethe subject point binational a from context specific this considers publication this presentedin implications their and City forMexico facing policy,issues legible work the of much tendedtowardcollaboration London-Mexico examining the of course natural the As p. 125). Probes, and Hacks in described (as intuition and collaboration synthesis, creativity, City’s Complex Systems, p. 141) the to its toforms of and thinking problem Legibility solving based in Applying chapter the in seen (as data visualizing and interpreting analyzing, gathering, from manyactivities, its behind motivation the operates),and whateverwork(in laboratory urban an the of of it city crux the is This environment. urban our of facets many the with interact and decisions make we way the rethink to opportunities with us provide and potential, full city’s this realize to done be to and complicated ofdifficult contemporary truths urban life showthere is still much 11 - - tant cities of the world, bringing together several award-wining teams from Mexico think about theCity and London to of cities. future and present The program was of composed in-depth research, joint ses- workshops, collaborative sions, city walks, presentations and sharing of best practices, public events, urban prototypes and a continuous conversation across borders via email and - videoconfe rence, using these different formats to explore the challenges shared by both cities, wor of series binational Across this metropolis. specific one to thoseunique also and kshops and programs, locals converged in studio sessions led by design-thinking in and urban strategies. collaborative prototype rapidly to order Each team member took different approaches and formats to and investigate share ideas that could directly (or obliquely) inform new social scripts and urban futures: other possibilities towards pointing and fields wide-ranging from insights proposing thought-proofferingup - and experiences and practices individual’s each of bornout voking conceptual tools with which to view cities—and with which to try to tackle challenges. urban imposing This editorial project functions as a summary (and even a diary) conversation between London and of Mexico whichCity, this took place from sustained August 2015 to April It 2016. is also a library of experiments and conceptual tools that will now - inqui future guide to serve can which and thoseall involved, of the practices inform the subjects herein. ries into exploration an towards approach first a as functions also thisbook time, thesame At of the potential of international and multidisciplinary teams tasked with not only language common a creating of objective thewith together coming but ides, sharing bothcollecti- evolution, next its to taken be later thatcan framework theoretical and the across Atlantic. and individually, vely Of Departure A Point Infrastructures: Green Cities, Grey The initial point of departure for the the Newton Fund consisted in exploring relationship between the health and the built environment, since this is a key issue in both London and Mexico and City, one that especially impacts poor and vulnerable - atten its and quality with issues significant air poor Both have cities dwellers. urban present, also are factors other though pollution, traffic-related primarily causes: dant including industrial pollution, domestic heating and cooling, waste-processing and quality air Poor thein parks,of lack“green of foliage. and infrastructure” form trees The Mexico City/London Linksof Institutional the two program impor bridged most PROJECT PRESENTATION PROJECT 12 cept that, while still in the process of definition, offers tremendous potential for potential tremendous offers definition, issuesinherent to complextackling the urbanlandscapes. of process the in still while that, cept con- relativelyrecent policy—a legible of idea the test-bedfor a as City Mexico use to was reached to make a collection of conceptual tools addressing priorities, these and conclusion a involved, all of sets skill diverse and perspectives multifold the Given relevant disciplines. sciences andother but take advantage of narrative qualities and input from systems social the thinking, complex systemshand, transparencyto at the moreonly not bring could that forms urban and languages political new for need the was start the from established Also cities. in life of quality positivelyaffecting of capable experiments urban of pertoire re- a with up come example) to for fictions, (design tools soft and analysis) data and geographyurban as begancollectively(such facts investigatinghardpotential of the teams The shifts. and change cultural induce to manages that policy public of neces- sity the interest: common a on agreed group the workshop London first that At Second Stop: Legible Policy translation key ofpublicpolicyinto publicrealm.issue athand:the the another was there that identified was it workshop London first the during So, Doble No Circula program,and the amongothers. centres testing emissions auto bikeways, and system sharing bike the of expansion the example,City,car-pollutionMexico and in congestionLondon policies as chargein such for citizens, by received poorly been had but place, in already were policies interesting certain that conclusion tocame cities the both in, came research and data enough After design. high-quality,sustainable innovative, combined that projects environment built gical inversion. And so, the initial reflections were based on collecting new approaches to and mobility-related especially both, industry-related causes, foras well listas domestic heating the and cooling and on geographical/topolo- high was Pollution cities. two the of challenges specific the on research independent did teams the phase, first the In costs respiratory illnesses)aswell interms ofhealthcare. through assecondary ths dea- (early,painful terms human fundamental in cost greatest the worldwide—with others many in cities—and both in citizens of health the on impinges significantly 13 14 15 THE CITY AS A AS THE CITY ITS OF PRODUCT CITIZENS 16 IN COMMUNITY AFFAIRS) TO THE CITY ORENGAGED ARE DIRECTLY RELATED (WHETHER ORNOT THEY PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS DISCUSSIONS AND INVOLVED ->INCREASE LEARNING ANDGETTING UNDERSTANDING, OPPORTUNITIES FOR OPTIMIZE ANDINCREMENT MAKE POLICY LEGIBLE -> 17 AGENDAS. COMPLEX SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS COMPLEX WITHIN THE WITHIN THE CITY’S THEIR IMMEDIATE CONTEXT CONTEXT THEIR IMMEDIATE OPPORTUNITY TO TO ADDRESS OPPORTUNITY ACTIONS HAVE A GREATER A GREATER HAVE ACTIONS THAT EACH INDIVIDUAL’S INDIVIDUAL’S EACH THAT -> FACILITATE -> FACILITATE THE CITY AND COMMITMENT TO TO AND COMMITMENT CITIZEN’S RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP CITIZEN’S -> STRENGTHEN EACH EACH -> STRENGTHEN 18 19 PERSPECTIVES 20 21

UK/MX ) olicy e egible P green L (conceptual tools) y Mobility cities, ) Mobility in the oductivity ey Future Case Studies Gr infrastructur • Urban Infrastructure • Air qualit • Health • Public space • Pr Megalopolis (Mexico City Analysis of the current state (Mexico City ONDON MEXICO L 22 23 INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS INSTITUTIONAL intended are grants Fund The Newton - the econo to relevant support areas to part of - and welfare mic development the of the purpose For ner countries. Programme, Links Institutional Newton with and innovation research it defines as activities relevance development to contribute to the potential have that social and the economic development countries, Fund the Newton of welfare popu- poor and vulnerable benefitting in these countries and beyond. lations - propo and proposals Multidisciplinary sals in Arts Social and Humanities and welcome. Science disciplines are BRITISH COUNCIL to founded The British Council was and un- knowledge a friendly create the of the people between derstanding call this They UK and the wider world. relations. cultural work of implementation the resources; scientific involving specific projects innovation modernization, research, - pro development and technological science and of the dissemination jects, development the creation, technology; or groups research of consolidation of - and recogni stimuli Economic centers. and researchers to also given tions are of evaluation following technologists and results. their activities DE INVESTIGACIONES INSTITUTO EN Y APLICADAS EN MATEMÁTICAS SISTEMAS en de Investigaciones The Instituto Aplicadas y en Sistemas Matemáticas Ma- in Applied Research for (Institute is one of IIMAS) Systems, and thematics Physical of within the area 21 institutes make Sciences that and Mathematical Scientific Research for up the Subsystem Nacional Autónoma the Universidad of mission The Institute’s (UNAM). de México original and foster develop create, is to - NEWTON FUND NEWTON part is of Links Institutional Newton is partThis the of Fund. the Newton assistance development official UK’s Links Institutional Newton programme. of the development for grants provides collaborations innovation and research UK and partner the countries. between these grants by facilitated The research needs and development local tackles weather as extreme such challenges health affordable access to conditions, and energy security. food care, provide to intended are The grants start to: seed funding small-scale between collaborations and develop departments and academic groups, in partnerinstitutions countries and experti- of the UK support the exchange knowledge se and research UK-partner hubs for local establish country activities. CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y Y DE CIENCIA NACIONAL CONSEJO TECNOLOGÍA - Tec The Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y that is an institution (CONACYT) nología and articulates coordinates fosters, and technological scientific national the de- promote to in order activities expanding basic science, of velopment and linking knowledge of the borders human resour of it with the formation in education ces and enhancement of In addition, science and technology. the development promotes CONACYT research applied of and strengthening pressing most society’s attends that of the perspectives widening needs, as a result, and, sector the productive life quality of raise to making it possible population. Mexico’s for via grants distributed funds, CONACYT’s linked directly activities to go and financing, - scientific and tech of the development to fellowships research; nological and the human specialized of formation 24 • • Objectives: access such knowledge. and thesociety at large themeansto provide both theuniversity community universal value. Inaddition, we aimto contributing to scientificknowledge of disciplines iskept up-to-date, andthus tems, ensuringthat thestudy of these Science andEngineering, andSys- in Applied Mathematics, Computer tinued existence of research groups IIMAS works to guarantee thecon- Engineering andSystems. Applied Mathematics, Computer Science, scientific research inthedisciplinesof young people’s opportunities. sive andopensocieties andincreases education systems, builds more inclu- their work helpstransform national In thefields of Education andSociety career andstudy prospects. to trusted qualifications to their support worldwide, helpingpeople gainaccess offer over three millionUKexaminations radio, web and broadcasts.TV They also teach Englishandtrain teachers through veloping andpost-conflict countriesthey ner andteacher whowants them. Inde- quality language materials to every lear Their work inEnglishaimsto bringhigh 1934. and have beendoingthiswork since effective meansof engagingwithothers Society. They believe theseare themost language, theArts, Education and grammes andservicesintheEnglish with theUnited Kingdom through pro- countries, connecting millionsof people The BritishCouncilworks inover 100 te programs inboth theScience Participate intheundergradua- Sciences;Earth andEngineering. Computer ScienceandEngineering; programs: Mathematical Sciences; Participate inthefollowing graduate Science, EngineeringandSystems. Applied Mathematics, Computer Carry outoriginalresearch in - • • • • • Functions: • • the world. tions for prosperity andsecurityaround helping to create trust andlay founda- tutions andthosearound theworld, links between UKpeople andinsti- In theseways, theBritishCouncilbuilds understanding each other. plays avitalrole inconnecting withand sure that culture in itsbroadest sense industries. Through thiswork they en- skills andpolicy andcreative inthearts gether thedevelopment andsupport of work globally, andthey to bringartists - international work intheUKandfor UK talent. They helpincrease audiences for best Britishandinternational artistic involvesTheir work intheArts thevery and learn from each other. from different countriescanshare with together soyoung people andteachers They bringschools around theworld sh students to experience life abroad. to comeandstudy intheUK, andBriti- They encourage international students produced by theInstitute. and technological developments Disseminate theresults of research industrial sector. tional institutions, and with the and related national andinterna- collaborations withacademicunits Develop outreach activities through tionally. events, both nationally andinterna- and symposia andother academic minars, conferences, congresses Organize andparticipate inse- tutoring anddirection of theses. through theprovision of courses, and teaching inhighereducation Train humanresources inresearch Institute. Research theareas studied at the Disseminate scientificknowledge. through research projects. Train high-level humanresources Department, amongothers. andtheEngineering Department 25 to cities across the world to improve improve to world the cities across to economies strengthen life, quality of the environment. and protect analysis, data Their Cities Lab provides capabilities modelling and visualisation - pro city elucidate and understand to demons- on-the-ground while blems, collaborating of network in their trators testing opportunities for cities provide Combined, in-situ. approaches new new which help them discover they on impact the biggest ideas can have the urban environments. - archi top the UK’s bringing together By academics designers, engineers, tects, Future and business professionals, help transform can Cities Catapult strengthen They scale. cities on a global urban turn excellent ability to the UK’s reality. commercial into innovations or deal with the challenges to equipped - the opportunities this foreseea of seize la Ciudad para The Laboratorio future. ble disconnect the growing that believes some- government, and citizens between - conversa one-way by times broadened addressed can be trust, of tions and lack reimagining by reverted actually and me- traditional and repurposing roles engagement. of chanisms reconnect and citizens can cities How This is the itself? government through and work, the Lab’s drives that question as a matter only it not approach they services or offering better delivering of but truly engagement, for channels new and government of the role reimagining better building to it can contribute how beyond went if government What cities. innovation, promoting administration, imagi- channeling possibly and even not was if government What nation? for catalyzer but a true a regulator, just change? - - - - FUTURE CITIES CATAPULT CITIES FUTURE ur accelerates Catapult Cities Future the eco- grow to market, ban ideas to bring They better. cities and make nomy and universities businesses, together with can work they so that city leaders that the problems solve to other each cities face. Centre their Urban Innovation From world-class provide they in London, support the to and expertise facilities and products new of development as opportunities to as well services, and ideas test with others, collaborate business models. develop helps innovators Cities Catapult Future - pro working into ideas turn ingenious urban in real can be tested that totypes - Fu proven, once they’re Then, settings. them helps spread Cities Catapult ture LABORATORIO PARA LA CIUDAD LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO la Ciudad (Labora para The Laboratorio ex new City’s the City) is Mexico for tory and innovation civic for perimental office city government the first urban creativity, department America. in Latin its kind of la Ciudad is a space for para Laboratorio and reinventing reimagining, rethinking, and government citizens the way can open, a more towards together work city. imaginative and more livable more urban by is becoming more The world peo- ten six out of In 2030, the minute: This on Earthple will be city dwellers. urban shift—particularly in emer great bring as Mexico—will ging countries such technological, environmental, radical that transformations social and cultural and demand lives our everyday affect Does government responses. innovative assume a deeper to it takes what have deal with we in shaping the way role city governments cases, In many change? dea- institutions traditional and other be betterling with urban issues could 26 passion for thecity, andthebelief that characteristic isimpatient optimism, a urban psychologists… Butoneshared filmmakers, sociologists, designers, scientists, journalists, urbanplanners, gists, editors, historians, art political unusual bunch: architects, technolo- prior government experience. It’s an multidisciplinary team, mostly without The Labisconformed by ayoung, Ciudad. The outcome was Laboratorio para la promote citizen ingenuity andtalent. ting publicpolicy andprojects that society could collaborate, by implemen reimagine theway government andcivil the new citygovernment that could to create anexperimental area within ched director GabriellaGómez-Mont Mayor Miguel Ángel Mancera approa- rica. Afew weeks after beingelected, office, thefirst of itskindinLatin Ame- The Labisanew breed of government The Studio’s partners andclientsconti- projects for breakthrough innovation. for emerging technologies andspecial culture andcontext-sensitive design ries of strategic anddesign-led futures, Studio expand itswork into new territo- and commissioners—allowing the been recognised by clients, partners Over theyears, Superflux’s work has London. National Museumof Chinaandthe V&A exhibiting work at MoMANew York, the soft Research, Sony andNokia, and world’s biggest companieslike Micro- new audiences, working for someof the experimental designapproaches to in 2009, theStudio’s early work brought Founded by Anab Jain and Jon Ardern emerging technologies andculture. acclaimed work at theintersection of foresight company producing critically Superflux isadesign, research and SUPERFLUX - Legible Policy. pment anddesignof ThePursuitof particpated inthe editorial develo- Buró—Buró, alsoapublishingplatform, nisations, museumsandfoundations. and theprojects of institutions, orga - communities, for both internal projects on culture, andwork withspecific art tics through anapproach that focuses addressing contemporary problema - that works onstrategies and projects Buró-Buró isaninterdisciplinary office BURÓ–BURÓ civil society. both withingovernment andthrough of thecitythrough collaborative efforts, around theproblems andopportunities seeks new proposals andprovocations is collaboration: The team constantly vernment. The other unifyingelement positive change withingo canbeborn - evidence for change. enabling people to usetheirdata as incubated IoTA, acivicorganisation Mars Mission. Most recently theStudio biology, civiliandrones andtheIndian future quantumcomputing, synthetic developing ambitiousprojects around search labwithinitsdesignpractice, The Studioalsohasadedicated re- Future. pult, Samsung, BBCandForum for the UAE, Innovate UK, Future CitiesCata- nue to grow, andinclude Government of 27 - the social through to the industrial, the industrial, to through the social in design thinking, on research focusing and experimentation, design practice design me- new of and the application in- of remit thods within the expansive towards is targeted Research novation. - and cross-discipli inter-disciplinary nary practice. Infor Communication, of In the School on Experience Design focuses mation - experien into information transforming visua- encompassing data through ces, and installations and narrative, lisation and investigative research exhibitions, a global gained IED has quickly design. and research innovative for reputation - cha that critical practice experimental, norms presentation information llenges a maintaining and encouraging while creativity. of high degree parametric around gained knowledge strategies evolutionary modeling tools, and within processes and generative - conse have we without the digital tool, in the notions interested grown quently material and programming analogue of systems. the con- explores Our design approach - ele intuition as an informed of cept the hu- integrating By the code. ment of and part machine of man body as both and arranges interacts the code which a de- following a component system takes the system rules, of set termined set knowledge intuition as a pre-loaded testing certain drives decisions, that in approach file-to-factory a physical systems. hand-built construction - ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART OF COLLEGE ROYAL is a who- Art of (RCA) College The Royal art and design school, postgraduate lly si- two over in 1837 and based founded is known The RCA London. in central tes and its design and art research for and achieved innovation, technological University place in the QS World first Art & Design in 2015 and Rankings for and employer based on academic 2016, advance aims to The RCA reputation. the influence and of the understanding be- to and contribute creativity scope of this is the ability to Key society. nefiting to theories and methodologies apply to research translate issues, real-world directly and work practice findings into and nonprofit corporate, with academic, sectors. government and staff research Within the RCA, departments two worked from students Innovation project. Policy on the Legible of in the School Design Engineering, from domains, of a range covers Design, UNIDAD DE PROTOCOLOS UNIDAD - is fo Unidad de Protocolos of The work of the use of cused on the implications stages in different digital technologies concep- from the design process, of emphasising fabrication, to tualisation and the theoretical of the analysis this consequences of philosophical with and its interrelation paradigm new the by This has been driven the matter. the and apply explore will to constant the both to emergence of principles and design and thought of structure processes. research always the unit are The dynamics of plug-in an adaptable shifting between agency consultancy an external office, art and design and an experimental with ar enabling collaborations studio, desig- and industrial fashion chitects, and artists. ners design computational Drifting into consequence having and as a direct 28 awarded by theNational System of Art grants by andsupport FONCA, grant Arte Contemporáneo. He hasreceived Museo Extremeño eIberoamericano de Histórico, Casa Vecina; Televisa and TAS Foundation, Patronato delCentro private collections asFEMSA, CIN- His work isincludedinpublicand political phenomena situations linked to physical, socialand text of art. Hiswork produces unusual science andtechnology inthecon- explores theaccuracy andcapacityof mentation andindustrial design, Abreu software development, soundexperi- drawing, photography, electronics, a broad range of mediaincluding works andlives inMexico City. Using andprogrammerIván isanartist who Y TELEVISIÓN CENTRO DEDISEÑO, CINE IVÁN ABREU ter’s thesisinArchitectural andUrban University of Venice (2010). Hermas- PhD inArchitectural Designat IUAV Paulo, Brasil (2006). Shereceived a Beijing (2008), Venice, Italy (2006); São gham, UK(2010); Brighton, UK(2009); (2012); Los Angeles, USA (2011); Nottin- (2015); Warwick, UK(2014); Lincoln, UK ghai, China(2015); Geneva, Switzerland ted inKolding, Denmark(2015); Shan- ticular. Laura’s work hasbeenpresen- enhancing humansenses, touch inpar looking at designprocesses capable of materiality of digital/physical reality by mance. Laura’s work alsoexplores the of engagingcitizens through perfor the cityfor itsmultisensorialcapability practice speculates aboutthetopic of Through theoryanddesign Laura’s program. formation ExperienceDesignmasters at theRoyal College intheIn- of Art and researcher. Shecurrently teaches Laura isanarchitect, designer, artist ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART LAURA FERRARELLO - - México (ITAM), Mexico City. at theInstituto Técnico Autónomo de Science andInternational Relations He studied adouble major inPolitical projects at Laboratorio para laCiudad. policies. Henow coordinates mobility cialized inmobilityandtraffic control ked inaffordable housingandhas spe- Roberto, apoliticalscientist, haswor LABORATORIO PARA LA CIUDAD ROBERTO ASCENCIO at Centro dediseño, cineytelevisión. He istheChairfor DigitalMediaDesign tional Center for (2007). the Arts Research and Mediaat theNa- inArts Arts, 2011–2012 andtheProgram for the CINTAS Foundation Award in Visual The PrixArs Electronica (Linz, Austria); Creators of FONCA (2012–2014); 2012 City Award 2013, Bristol). Lamp Post (winnerof thefirst Playable Year 2014Award for theirproject Hello of theDesignMuseum’s Designof the been nominated intheDigitalCategory Studio and Tom Armitage, Gyorgyi has environmental challenges. WithPAN respond to contemporary socialand vironmental commonsto address and collective relationship towards theen- form socio-ecological systems andour more specifically onhow we cantrans- focuses onvoluntary socialchange, and Future CitiesCatapult. Herpractice is working asaDesignResearcher at London. Alongside herstudies, Gyorgyi Engineering at Royal College in of Art started herPhDinInnovation Design ner andresearcher. Shehasrecently Gyorgyi isaLondon-based desig- FUTURE CITIES CATAPULT GYORGYI GALIK the Rotary Award (2007). (2009). Hergraduation thesisreceived Studies received theDistinction Award INDIVIDUAL ACTORS - 29 Science Gallery Dublin and the National National Dublin and the Science Gallery others. amongst China, of Museum sits Fellow, a RSA TED Fellow, She is a Broadway of on the advisory boards Now the Long and curates and Mztek, Group. Meetup London Foundation’s a IoTA, of She is also the co-founder platform advocacy and civic innovation - Things and com of the Internet around at She has tutored munity engagement. HEAD Geneva, Art, of College the Royal of and School University, Goldsmiths Chicago. of the Art Institute and design technology Anab has led numerous for projects innovation Sony, including BBC, organisations No- Research, Microsoft Samsung, She and Anthemis. UAE of Govt. kia, about the impact speaks regularly emerging and change exponential of and society on people, technologies Anab India, from Originally culture. from (with distinction) is a graduate in and lives Art, of College the Royal with her partner and son. London he worked as researcher and lecturer at and lecturer as researcher he worked - Universi South Bank University, London From and Centro. dad Iberoamericana, the Postgraduate he was 2014-2015, CEDIM (Monterrey at Director Academic he launched City) where and Mexico on business courses and coordinated - organizatio design thinking, innovation, He was nal design and design futures. Eramos design studio the a member of of as Director and has worked Tantos and JWT agencies creative at Innovation - inte He is currently City. in Mexico Flock issues and practical in theoretical rested and futures design, of the intersection at thinking. systems - Her interdisciplinary approach allows allows approach Her interdisciplinary subjects, of a variety study her to dramatur art history, among others: gy, visual studies, art and technology, art and technology, visual studies, gy, media and writing, creative design, art analysis, theory, communication - anthropo psychology, environmental human ecology and design for logy, in She has participated social change. and workshops conferences numerous in the UK and in in Europe, in Budapest, North America. ANAB JAIN SUPERFLUX and filmmaker Anab is a designer, a critically Superflux, of co-founder - design and tech acclaimed foresight, Superflux company. nologyinnovation in work inventive produces consistently for technologies emerging of the realm and social purposes. cultural, business, from awards has won work Anab’s ICSID UNESCO, Inc., Computers Apple Innovation and the UK Government’s - has been exhibi Her work Department. Museum, V&A York, New MoMA at ted SOFÍA BOSCH LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO - in gra is interested designer, a Sofía, She design. social and sustainable phic, the Design Art program from graduated in Montreal, University Concordia at on the Ciudad works and she currently Visual Com- City) and Lúdica (Playful para Laboratorio at teams munication la Ciudad. JORGE CAMACHO SPECULATRIX MACHINA who technologist is a creative Jorge and as a lecturer Mexico Google at works de Centro in the MA Design Studies at His City. Mexico Televisión Cine y Diseño, between moved has constantly career com- After and practice. academic work in Cybernetic degree a master’s pleting Studies, and a PhD in Cultural Culture London, East of the University from both 30 searcher and alecturer inanew public Laboratorio para laCiudad, hewas are- language processing. Priorto joining cularly ondata mining, andnatural ground inComputer Science,- parti Sergio isadata analyst withback LABORATORIO PARA LA CIUDAD `TT R. CORIA other socialinitiatives. gal, theAudi UrbanFuture Initiative and (IIMAS). Healsotook inD4DSene- part Matemáticas AplicadasyenSistemas intern at Instituto deInvestigaciones en mobility anddata scienceandisan México (UNAM). Hehasexperience in Universidad NacionalAutónoma de second degree inmathematics at the engineering, iscurrently pursuing a Christopher, agraduate incomputer UNAM CHRISTOPHER CHÁVEZ tion, particularly what’s becomeknown design, understanding andhumanac- Dan specialisesinthelinks between ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART DAN LOCKTON HEAD, Geneva, Switzerland. a master’s degree inMediaDesignat In June, 2015, Vytautas graduated with School, faculty of Interaction Design. Copenhagen, theRoyal DanishDesign did asix-month research exchange in Brera Academy of FineArts, Milan. He bachelor’s degree from inMediaArt the Kaunas, Lithuania, Vytautas hasa cultural background. Originally from understanding of ournationality and communities, shapethemodern rapid expansion of citiesandlocal curious onhow citizen migration, futures researcher at Superflux. He’s Vytautas isavisualdesignerand SUPERFLUX VYTAUTAS JANKAUSKAS - at the Center for Complexity Sciences and member of thedirective council Lab. Heisalsoaffiliated researcher he leads theSelf-organizing Systems Autónoma deMéxico (UNAM), where (IIMAS) at theUniversidad Nacional Matemáticas AplicadasyenSistemas the Instituto deInvestigaciones en computer of sciencedepartment Carlos isaresearch professor at the IIMAS-UNAM CARLOS GERSHENSON tion from thecitygovernment. practitioner of data miningoninforma- culture of data analytics. Heisalsoa data onMexico Cityandfostering the la Ciudadare promoting theopeningof responsibilities at theLaboratorio para government data. Currently, hismajor dress theapplication of data miningon his recent academicpublications ad- university intheOaxaca state. Most of Design. University asassistant professor in Mellon2016 hewillbejoiningCarnegie at theRCA, andbeginninginSeptember tutor inInnovation DesignEngineering At present Danisavisitingresearch in late 2016. with Intentwillbepublishedby O’Reilly practical prototyping. HisbookDesign and builtenvironments, withafocus on including theuseof products, services on in-context research withpeople, with thisprocess. His work centers that world, andhow designcanhelp them, aswell astheiragency within and make senseof theworld around interested inhow people understand social andenvironmental benefit. Heis as “design for behaviour change” for 31 multilingual writer, visual artist, docu- visual artist, writer, multilingual advisor cultural mentary film director, She has also founded and arts curator. for projects multidisciplinary several - internatio several she has won which including and recognitions, nal awards First (Holland), Fund the Prince Claus Award Art the Best Practice Place of Film and the IMCINE National (Italy) she is a City in addition (Mexico); Grant Gabriella awardee. grant TED Prize 2.0 TED Senior a Fabrica, is an alumnus of and she Fellow, World Yale and a Fellow Cities as a World selected recently was Leader. Summit Young IRAZABAL BEGOÑA LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO Mexico at Art studied History Begoña She Iberoamericana. Universidad City’s Público the Sala de Arte at has worked and she Jumex, Museo and at Siqueiros art named her own gallery directs now ANASTASIA VIKHORNOVA VIKHORNOVA ANASTASIA CATAPULT CITIES FUTURE at is a designer-researcher Anastasia - Anas London. in Cities Catapult Future - an MA in Design Interac tasia holds where Art, of College the Royal tions at impli- on the potential she focused on technologies emerging of cations studied Anastasia this, Prior to society. at Image Design & Moving Interactive Communication. of College the London lie and expertise interests Anastasia’s technology between in the intersection practices. and cultural - - at UNAM and is currently a Visiting Visiting a UNAM and is currently at Massachusetts the at Professor and at Technology of Institute a He was University. Northeastern England the New at fellow postdoctoral (2007-2008). Institute Systems Complex from summa cum laude a PhD He holds Belgium Brussel, Universiteit Vrije the on his thesis was where (2002-2007), Self-organizing of “Design and Control degree an master’s He holds Systems”. Systems and Adaptive in Evolutionary (2001- Sussex of University the from in Computer and a BEng degree 2002), Arturo the Fundación Engineering from He (1996-2001). in Mexico. Rosenblueth at Philosophy of studies also pursued UNAM (1998-2001). GÓMEZ-MONT GABRIELLA LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO - Mexi of and director founder Gabriella, is a la Ciudad, para Laboratorio co City’s JOHN LYNCH CATAPULT CITIES FUTURE - Futu at team the Urban Futures Part of projects John leads Cities Catapult, re for the potential highlight to work which improve to and services products new of and sustainability life the quality of our cities. in Mul degree John has a bachelor’s Dublin City University timedia from Design the Interaction and completed Institute Copenhagen at Programme Before Design in 2011. Interaction of John has Cities Catapult, joining Future - sof from contexts in diverse worked design consul to development tware including brands ting with international automotive, consumer electronics, and financial services. healthcare 32 and Designprogram. completing theEmergent Technologies Association School of Architecture after ter’s degree from London’s Architectural Intercontinental andreceived amas - architecture inat Mexico’s Universidad and definition of publicspace. Hestudied ture systems that question thedynamics cated to thedevelopment of urbanfurni- Unit),duction itsfabrication branch dedi- Unit) andUnidaddeProducción (Pro- studio UnidaddeProtocolos (Protocols Principal at thedesignandstrategies UNIDAD DEPROTOCOLOS PABLO KOBAYASHI temporary state inMexico of theart City. cultural managers to discussthecon interdisciplinary artists, curators and dioArquitectura.com, where sheinvites and hasaradio show, Altavoz, at Ra- Breve. Shewrites for local publications - to culture. Shecurrently coordinates places andhow itmorphs from culture about thedialogue between people and riences. Sheisguided by hercuriosity immersive andinnovative urbanexpe - searcher, ispassionate aboutdesigning Leticia, anarchitect, designerandre- LABORATORIO PARA LA CIUDAD LETICIA LOZANO following asimple set of rules. the interaction of simple components the direct sumof asystem’s but parts emergence, where theresults are not His work isdriven by thenotion of of thematerial’s inherent properties. manship through adeepunderstanding neration, digitalfabrication andcrafts- and therelationship between digitalge- from it. Hestudies material systems use of thecomputer butcanprescind thinking structure that derives from the He isinterested inthedevelopment of a 33 - - ISAAC PÉREZ-SERRANO PÉREZ-SERRANO ISAAC LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO in degree a bachelor’s Isaac holds - and Geogra Social Science (Economics in Human degree and a master’s phy) and Urban Planning from Geography in the Nether University the Utrecht the University at He also studied lands. from and graduated in Italy Bologna of and in India, College the Mahindra at as a visiting researcher has served the at the Department Architecture of Isaac has ex Hong Kong. of University Sus- Education, of perience in the fields Banking and Development tainability, - coordina He currently Urban Planning. and research the urban geography tes la Ciudad. para Laboratorio at analysis the Ciudad Lúdica area at Laboratorio Laboratorio at the Ciudad Lúdica area la Ciudad. para NUÑO JOEL LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO Joel is passionate artist, An audiovisual and mobility cyclists about pedestrians, the coordinates He currently in the city. la para Laboratorio at area audiovisual Ciudad. 34 35 2 - 1 3 . Retrieved Retrieved . de México Metropolitanas Zonas de las Delimitación (2010). Consejo Nacional de Población Appert, M. (2009). Les mobilités quotidiennes à Londres : aspects, impacts et régulations. Lyon Univer Lyon régulations. et impacts aspects, : à Londres quotidiennes mobilités Les (2009). M. Appert, World Urbaniza- World Division (2014). Population Department and Social Affairs. Economic of Nations, United sity. Retrieved from: http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/doc/transv/Mobil/MobilScient6.htm http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/doc/transv/Mobil/MobilScient6.htm from: Retrieved sity. 3 1 2 LONDON London, with city in the its 8.7 million inhabitants,the is Union, European largest It experienced a much of the century. for 19th city in the theand was world largest when its growth acce- the 1990s, to decline in growth in the 1930s the period from late After reaching a population of 8.5 million inhabitants in the 6.5 30s, it had only lerated. high point. London’s population has returned its historical million in the 90s, but today and with since the of theThe area 1940s, city of London has expanded considerably the growth of the of the creation green beyond city the belt around city favored in the shifted again London. The paradigm 90s with a voluntaryGreater densifica- tion of the city. MEXICO CITY Greater Mexico withCity, its 20.1 million inhabitants since the latest census, is the fourth largest urban area in the world, and the largest on the hemisphere. western theinhabitants)of million of one planet, 10 theof one also (above is It megacities 28 the three megacities in Latin America and was the third city to cross this threshold York. and New after Tokyo During the 1980s, Mexico City was well known for its urban around three sprawl. million inhabitants The in 1950, city but by 1980 had it had surpassed 13 million. more or inhabitants million 30 reach would city thethat estimated predictions Some when 2000. by thisEven did not happen, the city has now more that 20 million people living within the same urban space. THE URBAN CONTEXT OF MEXICO MEXICO OF CONTEXT URBAN THE AND GLOBAL LONDON CITY, MEGACITIES time first the for 2007, In areas. urban in lived population world’s the of 30% only 1950, In in the history more than of humanity, half of the population world’s in lived cities, and in that 2014 percentage reached 54%. At 82%, North America cities. is in the lives most population the urbanized of - re 80% where America, Latin by followed planet, the on gion and York million cities inhabitants: withNew two more than only there 10 were In 1950 By there1975 Tokyo. three,were with the addition of By Mexico the1990, City. number grew to 10, and today that number stands at 28, among of which 12% constitute and we inhabitants million find453 of population combined London.a Thesehave megacities the total urban population on Earth—their combined populations are similar in size to of population combined the to million—or 500 at Union—estimated European the of that 472 million. Russia and Japan—an estimated Brazil, - http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/highlights/wup2014-hi from: Retrieved Highlights. The 2014 Revision, tion Prospects: ghlights.pdf from: http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Delimitacion_de_las_zonas_metropolitanas_de_Mexico_2010_-_ from: Analisis_de_resultados 36 MEXICO CITY ANDLONDON CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPARING URBAN 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 CREATING CREATING FOR A CASE LEGIBILITY 44 45 The built environment, in every city around the world, has a language. Whatever city Whatever language. a has world, the around city every in environment, built The throughcan, thatlanguage—we understanding of capable are people, as we, visit, we our learned knowledge of the affordances of the physical and social space, navigate basic In interactions. social and etiquettes hazards, systems, transport infrastructure, terms, we “get” what the city is saying to us. know We a pavement from a roadway, a from a market park, and open our understandings emerge, some to more complex interpretation. own BY JOHN LYNCH, FUTURE CITIES CATAPULT CITIES FUTURE LYNCH, JOHN BY CITY THE OF THE LEGIBILITY Cities are perhaps the most complex creations of humankind. To borrow a phrase from Edward Glaeser, Harvard professor of economics - crea also and but problems, of lot a author solve Cities of invention”. greatest “our are “Triumph they of (2011), City” the the complexity. of their understanding to infinite legibility is key some—and te LEGIBLE POLICY POLICY LEGIBLE IN THE PARTICIPATORY CITY 46 - partici of level What policy? given a of creation the in participation public is What ticipate init’screation and implementation? par to than policy a understandto waylegibility,better of what forend-game the is indeed Iwould this Beyond city-making, posit that policylegibility lies participatory policymaking. to comes it when misunderstood and underutilised largely is city a of population the in lies that change for force the and capacity innovative the will, The citizens of a city are its greatest resource. The collective knowledge, common the CITIZENS city. needsofthe to changing the implementation process ofiterating ofpolicies,andthe policyover timeinresponse and adoption the process, policymaking the in participation true is conversation, a But here, I would like to push that thinking further, for beyond legibility, and beyond momentum towards policylegibility. demonstratedleastpositive at has authority relevant implementation,the after and during before, discussed, actively is policy a If this. understand to which qualitative by single metric a of think to like I citizens, many to unapparent utterly be to as inaccessible and opaque so often policies of context the In policy? legible a is What inclusive andunderstandable? weimplementationand makecreationbetter policy legible, moreunderstood, more At the outset of our collaborative mission, we set ourselves this challenge: How could simply stakeholders. notlegibleto necessary allofthe is implementation.process policy The of area complex vital but this with struggling improvement in the consultative process. This is an old brief, and still today cities are been the challenge of planning, and the potential of digital technology as a means for ges of city governance, the single most common conversation I have encountered has As an interaction designer, being a digital practitioner, and working with the - challen policiescomeaboutare opaque, convoluted. these which inaccessibleandoften by processes the but city, the in experience every our affect implement and create governments city our that policies The transparent. less far something is legibility, their influencing developmentand their fabric, their shaping cities, our behind But THE POLICIES BEHIND THE PLACE are understandable, navigable, usableplaces. cities quirks, contextual local, of face the in Even ensue. wouldlegibility, chaos this tandings of this language creates. The global city is a routinely legible space, without - misunders that serendipity the and idiosyncrasies, local the dialect, of changes the What makes travel, and explorationthe of new cities so intriguing is discoverythe of urbanspace. common language ofthe in CDMX. In addition, there are the factors which London and Mexico City share, as a Ciudad la Laboratoriopara the at partners our with work our in debates of fulcrum the and streets the walked we as dinner, at conversations our of subjects the were City. These Mexico “of” specifically as out leapt which Capital Mexican the of ments ele- wonderful many found team our City, Mexico of exploration days few a just In convention, changes which dialect,buthasglobal commonprinciples. and communication affordance, of language a is This environment. urban the use to order in interpret and understand we language a is there “megalopolises”, gent comprisingemer and surrounding settlements informal the to on and capital pean Euro- a of streetscapes medieval the tomega-cities modern systemsof grid the From - - 47 The first such example encountered is the spectacular effect of the closure of Paseo de Paseo of closure the of effect spectacular the is encountered example such first The traffic. of motor all element small a As CDMX of policy the to Sundays on Reforma la scheme sharing bike public the alongside sits event weekly this cycling, encourage to (EcoBici), the construction of kilometres of separated bike lanes, signage and priori- tisation programs in traffic management and probably amyriad of other measures. But the experience of what is essentially a of festival weekly cycling that takes place on the city’s thoroughfarecentral is a truly participatory phenomenon. Here, policy and there is a sense of the citizens of becomes theirreality, by expression ownership thatof the of motorists. to public space in a very different way I am certain that the awareness, the debate and the controversy this on event its purpose and impact its enhances intended public understanding of policy, creates the city. pation pation is optimal? might and can How new assist technologies how good design of a participatory true mere past “consultation” process partiand help - towards us move based way, dynamic more a in calibrated or iterated, be policies might How cipation? on the participation of a city’s inhabitants? What would the downstream effects be and thecity over ownership more feels participation, of virtue by which, society a on its citizens? which in for the the ways city provides to wonderful was it London, and Mexico in collaboration mutual our through so, And watch ideas emerge which not only made policies more visible and understandable, partici- to policies, on these theirinfluence express to citizens empowered which but in the locality. making of theirpate own or in invest vote, a urban given To using development a parking fee, is both make to the flow of financial resources within the city more legible, but also potentially em- citizens participationto powers in the decision making process of This thecon- city. cept, during sketched our workshop in CDMX, takes the policy of implement a - “rin in the directly fund” and places it of citizens, at the hands gfenced “point of sale”. Participation through greater legibility is something which is already underway in cities across the world. Indeed it was greatly encouraging to see in even examples, a short in Mexico City. of this visit, evolution 48 directly city. to needsof the the reacting years, to opposed as minutes, in occur could changes Policy smartphones. from data of streams of thousands of hundreds from accrued near-real-time data the on based calibrate’ ‘self to written is policy where city a Imagine administrators. city their to information operational but taxes,just not provide citizens where city a Imagine res. participation through their movement data, or through other easily quantifiable measu- It would be no small step to extend project to this a long term application for citizen of community and ownership, a pride in participation among the citizens who took part. visation and citizen participation. I would speculate projectthe that also fostered a sense result, though a moment in time, included learnings about the huge potential of incenti- complexity. The cost of this initiative was a fraction of that of traditional alternatives. The first ever map of an informal network transport micro buses of Mexico City) of huge (the the creating in time of amount short very a in gameplay,succeeded capture” “territory in a game basic of incentivisation. citizens, A participating small group not dissimilar to some and app smartphone a using unlocked was citizenship the of capacity the Here, of process this CDMXproject Mapatón(p.121). the with citythan in understanding the participation citizen of example better a found I have Nowhere cities. our to value great provide aggregate in can, sensors, wearable cheap and nes The very technologies that we use to improve our navigation and fitness—mobile pho- as individuals,we cantake steps to improve ourown well being. lives our understanding better by that movement is Self” the”Quantified of premise vioural patterns using consumer technology has bred an entire social movement. The ability of individuals to meantime the In the record own and understand their beha- narrative more detail. Citiesinmuch publication, examines the ofSmart this zens are often forgotten in the rush to “instrument” the city. Gyorgyi Galik, on page 63 of step evenand totocome up efforts as fruition, better quantify citi- environments, urban really never has promise advocates technology that utopia “smart” Unfortunately,the theory, enablebetter policycreation. technology vendors. The accumulation of new knowledge about our cities should, in city” “smart the dogma has that been driven, in a “topvery down” manner by global quantities of data about how city operates. entire the precedent it of the Indeed, this huge understand and gather to possibility the is city modern the in enabler huge A DATA ANDPARTICIPATION

49 The Talk London platform operated (talklondon.london.gov.uk), by the Greater Lon- broad a with engage to technology digital of use successful represents Authority, don range of citizens on issues and of their to extreme involve opinions complexity, and experiences in the creation of new policies Much thefor has been city. learned, over participation. foster to best about how London has existed, thatthe Talk years The platform allows for many behaviours, from the “lurkers” the to participants extensively and who regularly contribute are who users “London extreme Champions”, com- also is It curiosity. of our conversations the explore and around poke simply who of communication theclear content, of thecuration in work extensive by plemented input. citizen from benefit that implements policy the and participation of valuethe Another of example a project which wishes a create to more participatory approach city to making, specifically the use of “smart”technologies urban like data platform and the internet of things, is OrganiCity—an EU funded project in which Future Ci- the lead. as London role ties Catapult plays aims citizens provide to of London (UK), Aarhus OrganiCity (DK) (www.organicity.eu) and Santander (ES) with an accessible and flexible uniform platformfor experimen- of programme complex a Through things. of internet the and data urban with tation online and offline engagements, the project has defined challenges specific to each city and has opened up a data platform and a tools to enable comprehensive citizens, suite researchers, businesses of and city technology government to create their experimental applications and services using smart technology. own are We entering an age of lateral innovation in cities. The challenges our cities face can no longer be defeated with a “divide and conquer” of strategy government silos and separate policy implements. Only by taking an informed holistic approach can we understand the complexity of the modern megalopolis and create the that will require. our future policies Upon returning to London, and on reflection, it is clear that in the U.K.’s capital work capital U.K.’s the in that clear is it reflection, on and London, to returning Upon this participationof kind as making city and policymaking in foster to done being is a result. 50 in policymaking.Legibilityiskey evolution. in this partake can who citizens become policies understand who Citizens work. cities our way the revolutionise can that change of face the in resilience for capacity the and capability,collection knowledge, data behavioural the the lies Therein influence the challenges. of modern face the in have cities our resource greatest single the is innovation, and ticipation city,toforindeed inherentcapacity country.par a the engaged An with citizenship, town,a a street, a to extend can sentiment this that believe loved.”I is that one the is world, the in building sustainable most “The said He Mexico. in spent teams our time the after shortly Helsinki in Interaction16conference the to presentation a in Cameron Sinclair, founder of Architecture for Humanity, made a beautiful statement - 51 52 53 . complexity Cities, and messy (Haque, But 2013). this complexity is often part of their appeal— the issues facing them, are complex, difficult to grasp, through size and diversity and diversity and size through grasp, to difficult complex, are them, facing issues the life. They are for life; of tired is he London, of tired is man a when Sir, “No, Johnson’s Samuel from there is in London all that life can afford”, to Kevin “Looking Lynch’s (1960) at cities can give a special pleasure... At every instant, there have is explored”—writers be to waiting view a or setting a than more the hear, can ear more than the eye can see, demonstrated a fascination with with unpredictability, verve and emergence in the city context. For Margaret Mead, cities had unique characteristics: “A city is a place where there where place is a is city “A characteristics: unique had cities Mead, Margaret For any of the food taste to question, a to the answer get to week next for wait to need no (Partnow, again” to listen to ones familiar and to listen to voices new find to country, 1993). Jane Jacobs (1961) pointed out that cities “differ from towns and suburbs in basic and ways, one of them is that cities are, definition,by This full is strangers.” of as true of Mexico City as of London. What this suggests, as with so much in contemporary life, is DESIGNING DESIGNING AGENCY IN THE CITY ART OF COLLEGE ROYAL LOCKTON, DAN BY AND CYBERNETICS COMPLEXITY CITIES, 54 embedding the ‘Quantified Self’ within the the & 2015; (Moore Robinson, workplace within Self’ ‘Quantified Ma- the embedding Ferrarello’s essay, p. 73) to ways the in which corporations (and even universities) are with hand-in-hand go quantification and legibility often, Too one. dangerous and tative unrepresen- reductive, a result the makepotentially which decisions and incentives commercial and political with fraught is cities” “smart of quantification uncritical “perfectknowledge” the intended63), through the(p. explains Galik Gyorgyi As sensitivity. day Book) and hence ‘legible’ by state apparatus with a paucity of social or cultural (comparequantified ‘ordered’, them make to human, and natural places, complexity,reduceto totrying about been has visation, how so much work of central planning, from Haussmann’s Paris emphasisesto (1999) Soviet collecti- Scott handle. to governments for difficult be can Complexity room temperature controlled bya room isinturn the itleadsto (Glanville,1995). inevitably temperature the of ‘controlling’ ‘control’ thermostat a as just turn, toin it, controlling up ends seeks government a what observers: detached no are actions. previous There their of history the and system the within positions their by ced what to measure, and what possibilities are considered, are themselves being influen- about tomodel, what of humility decisions, their that recognition but change,to enact ability just their not need servants civil and designers, planners, sense, this In Jeremijenko, Gyorgyi Galik,Zygmunt Baumanandothers. what is possible at a larger scale. We face a our because understanding of povertywhat we areor able to pollution do locally does change, not match climateour understanding of as such crises planetary-scale to pulations, inequality, war and privatisation of the commons. We fudge our responses po- ageingstate,surveillance military-industrial the as such issues little—about very do yet worry—and Wetake).simultaneously to continue (and take do we actions the complexity in, enmeshed over regret and action, taketo able and being overparalysisnot us causes once by,at which surrounded is humanity scale, city the Beyond howand simulations,interms oflearning to learn. models the creating people the do perspective—so cybernetic second-order a taking anymean that model or simulation ability needs tothe adapt, to change itself, and— cluding people, in diversity),all their and how relationships act those on each other, The confidence. much with predict to nor whole, a as functions system the how about much say toyou enables isolation in components individual the studying where something not are city the within mobility as such systems 149),complex (p. out points Gershenson Carlos As : the echoes of the ‘high modernist dream’, from Pruitt-Igoe (see Laura (see Pruitt-Igoe from dream’, modernist ‘high the of echoes the control: - (in system the of parts between couplings or interactions crisis of agency, in the phrase used by Natalie populations and populations simplify Domes- 55 illegible the people, rather than by , of policy and politics, is something that something is politics, and policy of system, policy. policy. Using an example from the UK, here is coun- a borough the That’s sign, London). in outside (just a Surrey little in Thames, bit River theof alongside public space the including space, the of name the as such details gives it and sign, the on logo cil’s all”—swans of thepleasure for provided is space open public “This phrase heartening included! LEGIBILITY AND POLICY LEGIBILITY at looking by start to easiest perhaps It’s policy’? ‘legible by mean we do What solely from above. above. from solely chkovech, 2016; Whitson, 2015), can be read as attempts at aligning the behaviour of of the aligning at behaviour attempts as read be can 2015), Whitson, 2016; chkovech, withpopulations both a particular practice’, and ideological. biopolitical ‘best model of In one of my own areas of been research increasingly has and 2013) Stanton, & Harrison practice, (Lockton, change’ behaviour what for sign has become known as ‘de- mo- behaviourist, even 1966), (Broady, deterministic a embody which ways in applied system, a in components be to considered essentially are people which in kind a of del with known properties, which, if made legible to the system’s controller, whether algorithmic or human (Dutson, Fantini van Ditmar can & be Lockton, 2015), treated as ‘solved’. We are seeing this reductiveness applied in visions of our domestic in visions of human beha- even life and potentially van Ditmar 2016) & Lockton, (Fantini As 2016). Kerridge, & Galik Steenson, Lockton, (Ranner, futures ‘streamlined’ in viour more up open and this, challenge must we designers, engaged thoughtful, reflective, approaches. are pluralistic lives not People’s just there be to made ‘legible’ authoto - corporations). rities (or indeed to the of legibility see, will we as yet, And can work from the other direction—to empower change 56 of In themselves, these seem like reasonable policies for a public space, but the question others. space with address”, are and a there whole ruleslot aboutof playingspecific and sharing sports public a “deliver or ball, golf a putt day), a times of dozens breached be must which law (a area this in river the intojumpto dog yourallow to illegal it maketo appear bye-laws the also things, other Among road. the alongside railings the include tially poten- could which space, public the of area particular the within fence any climb make it illegal—a leading tocriminal offence, prosecution in a magistrate’s court—to them) toread squintenough bye-lawsyou can (if the here but reasons), other forgal ille- be might (it itself of and in UK, the in fence a climb togenerally illegal not is it sense or supersede go beyond laws the are which nationally applicable. For example, These are If we lookclosely, tree, we sign,alsohiddenbythis extra the sign: ofthe back find onthe is important: how many of the people who take their dogs out for a walk, fora out dogs taketheir who people important: howis manylegibility the of bye-laws, a form of local legislation, enacted by local the council, which in a 57 - percep accessible: using lan- policies explained even theto are making the intentions behind policy much more visible. A policy is essen - So, as we build our tentative model of legible policy, it seems as though intentions are somethingthe else and communicate, public to involve actually to in. In Mexico the was extent what to example, for meters, parking of implementation City’s and let the dog splash about in the river (often chasing ducks, swans or moorhens— which is also against the know bye-laws) that it’s illegal and they could be - prosecu ted? Elsewhere this behaviour is permitted, or at least is not banned. But how many lan- legal in text, complex of in theprinted tiny read actually thesevisitors bye-laws, policy-makers the of any Do tree? willow a by half-hidden sign a of back the on guage, or it, understand and the text, read will that visitors believe thegenuinely at council assumed thatis it essentially the public will not care? Legible policy, then, is partly about making policy (and law) guage which making understandable, things is guage easily visible and open and readable, the as example, (for contexts across consistent more and complex less also potentially Common Good movement in the US proposes), and not hiding policy changes. But, than more this.legibility is somehow discus- our through apparent became which legibility of dimensions extra the of One sions of mobility policy in Mexico City with para la Ciudad Laboratorio was the idea of tially an argument put into practice, a stance on an issue which (otherwise therealmost is necessarily do to thing ‘best’ the what about dissent and debate some involves the perhaps, be no need for policy). would, But how much of this argument is apparent in the way that policies are presented and explained to the public? Does the public get to see the rationale, the intended consequences, or the reasoning which presumably was persuasive enough over a committee to (or at win least other colleagues) at some point, within whichever government agency produced the policy? muchHow public? Is it any wonder that misinformation, and mistrust of government policies, spreads easily when there is so little transparency about consultation, consultation—genuine in which the public’s ideas and are views around the intentions? Is this value? accorded a of part Coyoacán) in poster this on about complained (as consultation of lack of tion wider ‘illegibility’ of the policy? discus- actively policy... that“a while suggests Lynch John thisin volume, essay his In sed, before, during and after implementation... demonstrate[s] positive momentum towards policy legibility”, going beyond this means “true participation in the policymaking process” on the part of the public, and in “iterating policy over time in 58 the everydaythe decision making of millions of people is a laudable aim for researchers, and organisations, and infrastructure of matter dark interactions,the the of plexity com- the understanding book, this throughout discussed them—as around policies weIf take examplean systems—andmobility and transport City’s Mexico as such the and contextual peculiarity. uniqueness its highlight only will problem a with deal attemptsto all and answers; wrong or right no be will there rules; stopping no be will there out); points (1975) Gall as problems, new create turn in will attempted have(which been ‘solutions’ til understoodun- be not will they facing: arewe problems the of 2005) 1973;Conklin, designers to understand (and be allowed to deal the with) perceived—by designers as an impediment to action, rather than an enabler. We need experienced—and be often may matter dark the though evenengagement this need infrastructure, - politics and institutions,of 2012)“the substrate (Hill, that produces” the worldmatter’ as it ‘dark is. Weinvisible the with engage to designers need We servants. fictionalised ‘user’, but fromthe perspectives of multiple actors, including other civil a of view of point the from just not systems the appreciating experience, subjective and making decision situated of realities appreciatethe lives,and people’s derstand un- better—to context and culture society, understand to servants civil and signers, de- planners, requires it, destroyattemptto complexity,than rather with Toengage AGENCY, DARK MATTER ANDDESIGN are allcomponentsfor action—andthey ableto designis, Ithink, address. which are reading, minary In summary, three components of legible policy which seem important, on this preli- first place? policy inthe ting the involvedtobe creaable simply- you aretoin overturnit—or it, to to changefeelthat toability challengepolicy, the it toIs relation policy? in mean, it can what But next. weturn tothat agencyis linkedtoagency,it and toact, perceivedability topeople’s intrinsically is world” the of legibility of project “a as design (graphic) of consideration the in form of signs things into an intelligiblearranges whole in order that to prepare mind a strategy forthe action”. This of operation that into is, that legibility, into “transform[ing] for tool key a is Design world). the in information presented of kind any to refer to taken be can (which ‘sign’ a apprehending is who person the of behalf on action for potential Abraham Moles (1986), designed legibility is associated with an explicit dimension of Forcontext. this havein considered others something indeed is this and act, to able response to the changing needs of the city.” This implies the need for the public to be intent andanunderlying disposition.” the river—is fluiddynamicsof betweenthe difference the to read adeclared organisation issaying pretty landscape versusthe andwhatitisdoing—the “For technology each ininfrastructure space,to distinguish between what situated aswell characteristics within asthe localcultures.” oftheir happento municipalitythey be ‘dark matter’, culture ofthe basedonthe owntheir decisionsissupported orinhibited widerframework by this of andfuturehistory strategy, andsoon.Theabilityfor acommunity to make culture andbehaviour, legislationandoperational modes,itsprevious “The citywe experienceis,to someextent, aproduct ofacitycouncil’s Keller ThePower Easterling, ofInfrastructure Space,2014 Extrastatecraft: , and the the and intentions, of transparency accessibility, into visibility & Trojan Horses, 2012 Horses, &Trojan Dan Hill,DarkMatter , that is “transform[ing] visibility “transform[ing] is that legibility, wickedness (Rittel & Webber, potential 59 - Understanding how to act as a way to: as a way — in the sense broadest — understanding how . to enact change 1. understand the world 1. 2. understand people’s understandings of the world 3. help people understand the world 4. help people understand in the world their agency world in the 5. help people use that agency …in a progression from understanding to action. But how would we do it in practice? practice? in it do we would how But action. to understanding from progression a …in Different techniques would be effective at different levels. Some would - be investiga unders- for tools us give would Some critical. or speculative some practical, some tory, reflection. for doing, some provocations for tanding and learning, some tools to change the systems we’re in is arguably the biggest meta-challenge of our age. our of meta-challenge biggest the arguably is in we’re systems the change to We need not just information, but agency: tools for connecting our understanding how things ofwork and how we can act, around everything from cities, the environment, our own bodies, and networked infrastructure to policies in social, civic of futures. considerations and plural emerging technologies contexts, and political This is design change, but behaviour for is not about planners, designers or civil ser phenome- separate a somehow were it if as behaviour’ ‘public vantstrying change to non. are We all part of the same systems. An approach which prioritised ‘designing use ‘design’ would agency’ but it is surely not the goal, ultimate whether transport for planners or members of the public. The real goal is 60 At At empathy for other people within a system. In a sense, the microbus map produced by by produced map microbus the sense, a In system. a within people other for empathy facilitate to eventrying or situations, of reframing horizons, expanding models, mental here, from a transparency perspective, but Level 3 interventions could be about changing collected by Dieter Zinnbauer’s interface, of activities kinds educational new experiences, of designed form the take could This in. the they’re systems of the understandings and world people’s change help which ways designing tand theworld, government—iswithout an important step towards, at and system—within a about present at understand people what understanding So, mass. complex, difficult not just invisible dark matter, but perceived or imagined dark matter sense, a in this is government Perhaps2016). (Reichelt, end-users” to view single a present doesn’t generally government but thing one as government of think people Many do. they model of government… Most people don’t know all the parts of government and what for design haveAustralian “people mental no the government’s TransformationOffice): Digital service leading now and Service, Digital Government UK’s the of merly (for Reichelt Leisa by out pointed one is policy legible for here issues key the of One peopleto leads different act. that how and situations, of understandings different people’s surfacing about also but legible, or ble - tangi visible, invisible the making issue, an about thinking own their through think to people triggering about partly is This made. are howdecisions and goes, it where spent, what’s system: ‘own’ their about know actually servants civil much how out find to ces, one idea in this vein125), was (p. to ‘Probe Ciudad the Government’, la to para put Laboratorioprobes inside with government - generatedoffi we concepts example the In 2005). mes to world about explore the people’s thinking and possible futures (Tsing & Pollman, 2015), to uncover people’s understanding and mental of imagery a system, or creative ga- basically,ple, very it could be about using techniques as drawingsuch (Bowden et al, exam- For work. things how about think and conceptualise imagine, people which in ways different the explore to try practically which activities using further: stage a things takewould (2003), Foerster’sphrasevon Heinz (in understanding’ derstand ‘un - to Level 2:attempting Understand people’sin understandings of theworld, next level.the for scaffolding meaningful provides which way a in data gathering through world yedtoexperiment world,designed a into investigate the running the in phenomena deplo- probe large-scale a essentially is which system a designing example:fantastic Level 1:Ciudad’s Understand theworld,la para Laboratorio (i.e. what is legible, or not, to them), tothem), not, or legible, is what themselves(i.e. people of view of point the from Ambient Accountability project (Zinnbauer, 2015) perhaps fit — a range of things. Some of the examples the of Some things. of range a Level 3: Helppeople unders- (p. 121) is a 121)is (p. Mapatón - 61 - or they — accessibility, Level 5: Help peo- 5: Level a what if? — agency sensitive - de relationality, visibility, visibility, relationality, could be a valuable set of — clearer. Legibility of Legibility clearer. action for potential relationality (recognising that assumptions of nei- what they can do to change things, and then helping people do that. Designing agency in thisin a way, progression from understanding to ac - (Kocaballi, Gemeinboeck, Saunders, Loke & Dong, 2012) — 2012) Dong, & Loke Saunders, Gemeinboeck, (Kocaballi,

considerations to explore in relation to the design of these ‘Level 4 and 5’ attempts to to attempts 5’ and 4 ‘Level these of design the to relation in explore to considerations and use their in thehelp people understand agency world. could be direct ways of enabling action, empowering people to change the behaviour thebehaviour change to people empowering action, enabling of ways direct be could live. in which we of the systems In this vein, A. Baki Kocaballi has written very usefully about sign, particularly the notion of ther full technological determinism, nor full social determinism, are useful when understanding agency in context. Kocaballi’s six qualities for agency sign sensitive de- multiplicity, configurability, accountability and duality the system, of policy and politics, can empower change by the by change people, rather theof thanpolicy and politics, system, solelycan empower from above. types. intervention tion, offers a series of potential At this level, planners, designers and policy makers should be particularly mindful of their roles within the systems we are aiming to help people change. dynamics, and about our theassumptions The are people need designing we with or for, power be surfaced and questioned. to on Dan Lockton’s blog post can do: Designing Agency’ ‘Let’s see what we draw Parts of this essay - https://medium.com/@danlockton/let-s-see-what-we-can-do-desig published 23 December 2015: ning-agency-7a26661181aa CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the complexity of cities and the miss important solutions whichto address phenomena policy in simple isolation are likely issues involved means that with When relationships. considering the planners,engagement desig- public, reflective ners and policy makers must challenge approaches reductive to ‘behaviour change’ and consider opening up policy in ways which its throughimprove legibility, the making and , intentions of transparency Laboratorio Laboratorio para la Ciudad as a result of the Mapatón research could be considered in system a understand to people helps thisthey way—it use every day, in a different way. In our example concepts generated with Laboratorio para la Ciudad, we considered infor of otherforms or diagram Sankey labels’, ‘price of form a putting as such ideas mation visualisation on urban infrastructure such as parking meters, to show where where show to meters, parking as such infrastructure urban on visualisation mation the money raised from parking charges actually goes, transparency. through about since come can government in trust as increasing volume), (this SofiaBosch argues It’s important to be clear here that this isn’t just about ‘correcting incorrect mental models’ on behalf of the public, but about enabling and supporting people to cons- truct and refine theirown which models evidence of standards ofand thebetter, them serve world,which andexperientially, in, live theythe government of the cities satisfy their decision-making. in the world and their agency understand Help people 4: Level peo- helping directly: more in comes agency where are together agency use that ple ple understand What could this look like? Examples such as DemocracyOS (as discussed by Gyorgyi Galik in her article, p. 63) are very people clear not instances only of to empowering an as agency creative consider can We action. take but theydo, what can understand important component of this—the ability to use creative approaches to participate in, and have an impact on, civil society (Hargreaves & Hartley, Lockton, 2016; - Gree ne, Casey, Raby & Vickress, including 2014) changing the behaviour of the systems than us. Can thisaround be about constructive ‘fighting back’, more be and actually co-designing policies that behave more effectively, and work better for more people? These could be applied speculatively critically, or provocatively 62 63 - more informa - more solutions offered by big technology corporations, the- corporations, technology big by offered solutions smartcity HOW CAN WE BETTER UNDERSTAND A ‘SMART CITY’? ‘SMART A WE BETTER CAN HOW UNDERSTAND understanding our dominated has narratives certain of use the years, 20 last the Over dis- and urbanism contemporary in phenomena significant theof most One cities. of by defined As 2014). (Minton, cities’ ‘smart of notion the of rise the is cities of cussion BY GYORGYI GALIK, FUTURE CITIES CATAPULT / ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART OF COLLEGE / ROYAL CATAPULT FUTURE CITIES GALIK, GYORGYI BY INTRODUCTION How would you rate the air quality in the room you’re sitting in or fair, now—poor, If excellent? you think it’s does poor, that matter? Is there anything you could do to it? improve Citizen sensing and engagement tools or platforms are becoming increasingly popular ways to engage everyday people in city problems, such as air pollution, noise, infrastructure. and broken traffic congestion, ‘top-down’ the Unlike CITIZEN CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT BEYOND IN AND CITIES’ ‘SMART se ‘bottom-up’ applications are intended to be initiated and run by members of the public, on the premise that citizen involvement will lead to better actions. positive awareness and In relation to environmental pollutants, it’s widely suggested that citizen effect they change. citizens the need to awareness give tools sensing while However, these tools do have the potential to help citizens make more infor med decisions, citizen sensing and engagement alone are arguably not enough for theon built are theseof that false premise tools Many change. systemic tion automatically leads to behaviour change and some the oversimplify complexity of these altogether. problems In this article, I will explore some of the strengths and of weaknesses the citizen engagement in movement the context of making cities more ‘legible.’ I will introduce projects that broaden the current discussion on citizen sensing, behaviour change along with engagement ideas several that may and offer cities and citizens a more holistic and creative approach to participation. To provide some context to the rise of the citizen engagement movement, I will first give anoverview of the smart city perspective. 64 sensing. environmental of practices and engagement citizen technologies, between tionship rela- investigatethe that conferences and projects of rise a observing areWe cesses. city, their affecting and better understand complex environmental and political pro- decisions in more participate to citizens encourageto is aim evolve.toTheir started (and promises) of smart cities, premises new initiatives current and citizen-engagement the platforms have with disillusioned increasingly become citizens and cities As THE RISEOF CITIZENENGAGEMENT SERVICES ANDPLATFORMS involve publicmore directly the into politicalandenvironmental processes. various toaim which engagementmovements,platforms, citizen sensing and citizen in rise a seen have years few last the approach, city smart down’ ‘top the to opposition In instead aimto perspective make ‘smarter’ from the ofcitizensthemselves? them king, what if people who want to - challengethin top-down this visions stop fightingthem,with and line In obsolete.” model existing the makes that model new a build “Youthat, never change bythings thefighting existing reality. Tochange something, maxim BuckminsterFuller’s from tolearn something is contextthere this Maybein a static quality ofasystem. be cannot it involvedsmart; interactionpeople as perceive that the if ‘smart’ only is person) a (or city 2016)—thata Lockton, and interactionwith Ditmar an (Fantini van isrelational ‘smartness’ were that enough? Someargue atleastthat smart ‘smart’—or vision and an impact that is still yet to come. Or perhaps we have always lived in cities (Greenfield, 2013). Perhaps itthen is easier to avoid accountability for anyfailure of a time generic a in space generic a occupying future, generic a in operate ideas These The timeframe in which perfectthese scenarios are supposed to happen is unknown. worldview. architect anddesignerUsmanHaque Asthe (2016) putsit: particular designer’s the designer, and their about and something reflect designed, they therefore was technologies these of each that mention to important also is It to bescalableandrepeatable inmost cultures andlocations. expectedevenis or tosolution individual, each to collectivethis a And need. human services. In smart city statements there is often only one, universally correct solution vel, etc.; and in return for these insights, the smart city will provide them ‘optimised’ tra - consumption, energy people’s example, for citizens: their of knowledge perfect It is claimed that smart city systems will give their leaders (and planning authorities) tive, questioning how couldbeputinpractice: approach this The writer andurbanist Adam Greenfield (2013) arguesagainstthis simplistic - narra optimally regulate andcontrol resources by meansofautonomous ITsystems.” and energy consumption, and provide optimum service… The goal of such a city is to intelligently functioning IT systems will have that perfect knowledge of habits users’ autonomous, countless have “will that cities are cities smart example, for Siemens, tions, ormake decisions.” goals would usedto get setofrules derive encodedinto –the solu- algorithms how to evaluate towards progress agoal.They alsodecidedprecisely how tion ofefficiency, oradefinitionofsafety, ofrisk,certainty. They decided “Somebody somewhere decidedonadefinition for optimisation,oradefini- context.” given meaningandchange by beingsituated inaspecificcultural orhuman local practices, How activitiesandcultural systemswith norms. these are tions raised around how technologies and solutionsactually these mesh corporate“On the andgovernment level especially, we hardly seeany ques - 65

- - “Practices of monitoring and sensing environments have migrated to a num- to migrated have and sensing environments of monitoring “Practices participatoryber of everyday users where applications, of smart phones and with similar modes of environmental engage able to are devices networked to observation intend and data collection. These citizen sensing projects thedemocratise data, and in the collection and use of environmental process with issues, such environmental as air pollution.” enable public engagement “A variety of mobile sensors (air pollutants, humidity, noise, temperature, temperature, noise, variety mobile sensors of (air pollutants, humidity, “A another us with new yet provided their and data (big) have resulting etc.) the of opportunitiesour cities. The network of for future and promises range is slowly alike, entrepreneurs scholars and Silicon Valley by heralded society, a society in which society: a platform personal, and poli- social turning into through organised are thetical relations and algorithms interfaces of digital media platforms.” THE ‘POLITICS OF INVISIBILITY’ AND CONSTRUCTED NARRATIVES AND CONSTRUCTED INVISIBILITY’ ‘POLITICS OF THE thatenvi- indicates evidence Current all? at matter sensing environmental does Why developmental and diseases chronic to contributors important are factors ronmental disabilities, which in some cases have reached epidemic proportions. These tants become have pollu- widespread soil, in food, our water, homes, air, schools, and wor kplaces, and thus 2013). also in our bodies (Health Effects Institute, theEmphasizing importance of health through minimizing environmental exposu- res to invisible hazards in our environment is critical for effective and better-infor WHAT IF CITIZEN SENSING IS NOT ENOUGH? CITIZEN SENSING IS NOT IF WHAT While environmental citizenship and in analysed been yet citizen not has that practice environmental an science is sensing citizen search, are established areas of - re detail. Citizen sensing is not made just up of observations of environmental change, but also involves technical and political practices that form a sensing. complex In order to establish ecology environmental engagement, citizen-sensing initiatives of often depend on forms of monitoring, reporting, managing and self-managing even (Citizen Sense, 2015). of the “Citizen Sensing and Environmental project, As the principal investigator points out: Gabrys Jennifer Practice”, (2013) Gabrys goes (2013) on to ask, whether such sensing can lead to “new modes of environmental awareness and practice?” In addition to this question, I would also what ask happens with people who are either less or not technologically literate? And, in these issues at all? not interested what happens with simply people who are The upcoming conference Design & the City (2016), for example, will examine the itself: shape society of these to platforms potential The event will discuss emerging projects and collaborations “new that modes of social are organisation, economic production introducing and political decision-ma- - relations new forming are these platforms how explore will it otherwords, In king.” citizens, businesses and policymakers. hips between of this type of project an from theexample gives city (2016) The designer John Lynch of Aarhus Denmark, in which “citizens have voluntarily allowed their bikes to be radio tagged—enabling them to be tracked as they pass important intersections in the in intersections important pass they as tracked be to them tagged—enabling radio By doing this, theycity. increase thedirectly aim to thatlikelihood when they reach a green they signal.” will get an intersection 66 nies, polluters and governments. Change may require something visceral, such as such visceral, something require may Change governments. and polluters nies, compa- behind motivations, economic and political the of understanding broader a also and decisions; their of impacts possible of understanding better a perception; in change real a havegained citizens which in situation a mean could Legibility ge. - chan sustained and real mean would action’, to understanding from ‘progression calls Lockton Dan which process, This difference? a make would that action to lead it could How understanding? and seeing just than more mean legibility could How ness actually make adifference? aware- and visibility do question, the begs all This action. political and civic or sion discus- public sustained and weretoalwayswider raise contaminants enough not of and the poisoned soil of New Orleans and Beach, Silicon Valley—the Times visibility and tangibility of pollution dioxin the Canal, Love the of contamination waste toxic the disasters—including environmental manmade of examples shocking at Looking VanDeveer, 2012). to be most obvious or intuitive might be false (Gould, 1993; Vila, 2003; Steinberg and appears often what that reveals research sociological But it. about something do to be will people likely more the then is, pollution visible more the that is perception common The misleading. be toprove may they problems, those to responses public and contaminants environmental of awareness and visibility the between tionships rela - intuitive seemingly of number a are there if Even action.” informed to prelude a “awarenessis suggestorganizations that, health various messaging public their In are invisible. they that reason very imperceptibleforthe movements pollutants cial these around 1992).Jensen, grassrootsso- and action civic suggestedof lack is often is It there that disorders caused by eating mercury-contaminated-fish over many years (Isaacson and that are not those directly associatedand with detectable,an environmental readily problem, such less as neurological are which those than attention more get to tend problem health or environmental an as recognized and individuals by perceived or visible in an environmental sense? Environmental impacts that can be seen, smelled, and tangible legible, between difference the be could What citizens? engaged more to lead actually visible’ invisible the ‘making would But component. significant a is visibility which of legibility, about lot a heard have we essays, of collection this In LEGIBILITY, TANGIBILITY, VISIBILITY ANDENGAGEMENT impossible effects tion to madeitshealth to radiation andthat observe oraddress. nobyl’s consequences in Belarus. She explains the practices that limited public atten- manufactured invisibility and in particular the production of the invisibility of Cher In tations. represen- constructed through only known be only could it imperceptible; largely covered with long-lasting radionuclides. The damage from this disaster, however, was Chernobyl nuclear disasterAs a result of the in 1986, nearly a quarter was of Belarus One of the most interesting examples to describe this challenge is the case of Belarus. (1997)UNESCO’s ‘Educatingfor asustainable future’ explains: practice. and research design through adequatelyaddressed and critically been not has issue serious this far so Yet public. the and makers policy both by making decision med cating with the public.” the cating with messengers communi- to than spendmore timesquabbling oneanother with complexity unfortunate messagesthe andthe ofthe tendency ofsomethe neglect orinadequacy the lity ofcontaminants, ofcommunicationstrategies, and tedgovernment of industry interests—the to efforts manipulate visibi- the “There are several influenceof ofchallenges incommunication:the sorts ves- , Olga Kuchinskaya (2014) describes the politics of politics the (2014)describes Kuchinskaya Olga Invisibility, of Politics The - 67 - “The imperceptibility of these an] individual expe- that means hazards [how “The imperceptibility maps and of visualization, ways by mediated highly riences them is always these and also through of people. How themeasuring equipment, narratives analysing therefore matters; produced are and technologies representations is constructed invisibility are the in which politically-driven current ways also crucial.” HOW TO BUILD A CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT PLATFORM? BUILD A CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT TO HOW companies all for critical be will it platforms, engagement citizen new developing In Data Urban ParticipatoryCity, as (such examples past or existing at look to cities and few.) a name to CITIVIVA, Neighborland, Changify, OpenIDEO, Commonplace, School, ones the from learn and citizens engage to managed actually that ones the analyse to that ‘failed’. informatics Beyond and sensor data, one of the very inspiring of examples this shift citizen towards engagement is the project Democracy OS, launched in Argentina in a disappointing “After brush with2014. traditional political parties”, the platform’s “realized that the Pia existing Mancini democracy was (2014), disconnected founder, from its citizens—and that no fixone to it. was Inresponse,likely she helped launch citi- Argentinian aimed at providing mobile platform OS, an open-source Democracy The rhetoric and language we choose (and use) is important. In thinking through thethrough thinking In important. is use) (and choose we language and rhetoric The se issues, we need to consider how we can challenge and expand on the simplifying of citizen engagement. rhetoric It is hard to think of something more engaging than a such natural disaster, as ear rage, rage, fear, passion, or a burning sense of (un)fairness. thanmore data. just It will certainly something LANGUAGE AND RHETORIC thquakes or hurricanes. They have immediate and tangible impacts on our safety and safety our on impacts tangible and immediate have They hurricanes. or thquakes well-being, while the health effects of invisible hazards such as radiological fallout and air pollution are oftenin time delayed and difficultto Kuchinskaya As perceive. describes: (2014) authorities city engagement, citizen around rhetoric simplifying this of result the As all around the world often share the strong belief that if only they could thensensor-infrastructure, theydeploy could a measure and define the whole city: as if they engage to used be truth could data that in the ultimate sort of a find somehow could citizens’. ‘better becoming into citizens and ‘nudge’ From a personal perspective, as a designer and researcher working in this field, seeing some of the current critiques, advantages and challenges of previously deployed thisabout skeptical bit a am I Safecast), Egg, Quality Air (e.g., infrastructures sensing logic. In many cases, these applications and technologies did not understand people thebetter of to thecomplexity necessarily in context which the data - was ga help Instead, points. otherdata all to relation in space, or time over the trend, thered,nor they seem or distract to pacify even us. In some theyways remind me of the ancient Roman maxim: “Panem et circenses” or in English “bread and supposedly circuses,” coined by Juvenal and describing the cynical formula of and entertainment. food the with the ample content masses keeping Roman emperors for My hope for all of these widely deployed, inflexible and sometimesverythe creating thatis false technologies and theyfor than frastructures more be will tool a expensive in- there - question, next My democracy. participatingin directly are thatwe feeling or belief affect change? real to sensing infrastructures beyond have, is what else do we fore, 68 assumes that differences in outcome will result from changes to people—‘if only we only people—‘if to changes from result will outcome in differences that assumes may understand’, Locktoncommon approach [to“the argues that behaviour change] ‘Aspaper,we his In important. also is decisions make people Understanding which in in.” contexts the they’re systems the and world the of understandings change people’s help which ways “designing on work rather we ‘behaviour’, of level the at starting of instead whether (2014)asks, Lockton Dan as question, the also is There based onempathy andcompassion.” asaltruism andvicariousemotionssuch shes anaffective bond,couldleadto analternative towardsapproach self-awareness, into wellbeingthe of an external entity or a community, which with user the establi- In her paper, she goes on to suggest that “a system where the data of a user is mapped behaviourpersonal change andinstead callsfor empathy: (2013)trini questionswho connectedbeing tolead could tocommunity whether the Bales- Mara PhD, Cities ICRI UCL the from point a to well relates point last Haque’s world action. taking sense ofthe andthen making of ways with up coming collaborativelyto us allow could connectivity that believes‘complexity’;he of notion the embraceto encouragespeople simplicityand of notion the rejects He it. about something do then and collectively situation a of sense tomake people enabling about is Instead,fridges.”connectivity bloody nected con- about not succinctly, “[it’s] more says he as smartness—or and efficiency about not is connectivity extreme of idea the that believes Haque people. and disciplines of variety broad a reach and discussion, to lead can data relevant of visibility public beha- one’s monitoring viour or environment doesn’t necessarilyand lead to civic and/or data, political action; but the to access having that argues (2012) Haque man Us- designer and architect The authorities. city also but citizens, of part the on only behaviour about is action, and engagement around work, this of Much UNDERSTANDING ANDBEHAVIOUR CHANGE emergencies butineveryday life (Asmolov, 2010). in only not problems, of types different to solutions crowdsourced and aid mutual Virtual Rynda: an Atlas of Help, which was an online project to support and facilitate was Russian-fires.ru of out grew 2010. What in Russia western struck that wildfires of wake the in created platform response emergency crowdsourced the at look also 2011, by aiding the crowdsourcing of real-time radiation data (Haque, 2012). We could bled a hugeFukushimanuclear disasterDaiichi the public discussion after in March devices—ena- Things of Internet other and sensors connecting for platform Xi- vely)—a (now Pachube how from learn also could we examples, earlier to back Looking tors explain: crea- the forLife.As Cities platform, global the is Colombia, in Medellín N Ruta ción Corpora- by run field, this in projects co-creation’ ‘citizen promising, very Another legislate only asdirected by constituents usingonlinetools for participation.” to committed candidates running party new a Red, la de Partido the found helped zens with immediate input into the legislative process (TED, 2014). To promote it, she on andchange herbehaviour by visualizingherown collected data.” usually follow userisexpected where an‘egocentric’approach the to reflect of applicationsfor self-tracking to motivate behaviour change. tools Such the design fieldof Informatics the pursues research Personal much “Within proposals, we create guidelinesto designactionplansfor cities.” ecosystem. these successful innovative ofthe are With apart experiencesthat platform, as well in the global community participating as from a bank of the musturban challenges bemet.We that receive then solutionproposals from platform, we“Using this process specificissues for citiesanddefine concrete change—not 69 : Yorker New “In the universe, everything is always in motion, and everything is always mo- everythingand motion, in everything the“In always is always universe, is That’s basic. So I said, ‘If that’sving in the resistance. the of least directions modify thecase, then shapes of things it should be possible to so thatthey fo mind at this point I made up my resistance.’ of least directions preferred llow try man—that’s difficult. reform would much too never to that I What I would man moving get try modify the as to to do was such in environment to a way directions.” in preferred How How could we redefine whatwe meanby environmental sensing and participation, and open up this very narrowly focused discussion? How could we design tools that to relationship collective our re-designing in participate to citizens encourage would urban systems? complex While citizen engagement platforms are not enough to inspire systemic own, they change can on be powerful theirtools for change: they can help challenge our assumptions and of our surroundings. understanding informed build a more - pro sensorsand that devices measuring lacka somehow platforms, of still however, is, There voke people to think deeper about what is actually going on in our world thewith and interview an in bring 1966, aboutin it put Fuller Buckminster As change. meaningful CONCLUSION: DEVELOPING NEW FORMS OF ENGAGEMENT AND PUTTING ENGAGEMENT OF FORMS NEW DEVELOPING CONCLUSION: PRACTICE THEM INTO can make people more motivated’; ‘if only we can persuade people to do this’; ‘if only only ‘if this’; do to people persuade can we only ‘if motivated’; more people make can people would stop doing that’—overcoming cognitive biases, being more attentive, caring about things, being more thoughtful, and so on… considering attitude, questions beliefs of or motivations in isolation rather than in context—the person and the in which situation environmental social or someone acts.” but behaviour, their changed have who people at only not look to here important is It idea the is suggestion One why. understand all—and at changed haven’t who ones the that—similarly to Timothy Morton’s concept transcend to as time and of space in distributed massively ‘Hyperobjects’ so are change climate as such (2013)—phenomena localization. They become “invisible forces” over which we feel little and agency, so little capacity to change. It’s a lack of “response-ability” and agency that feel. we For instance, as artist and engineer Natalie Jeremijenko (2015) resources whatever reflectson draw thinkyou “I crisis: climate furtherof theface in agency for need on the you have to make sense of an issue – if it’s question driven, it doesn’t matter if it’s cultural, scientifichistorical, or biochemical. So thequestion is aboutto how figure you.” to that the as a citizen, compelling are questions you sense for out what makes There are many popular campaigns that aim to change our relationship with natural but tems, they on sys- draw the rarely imagination thatcreative and autonomy each of us has to design and manage our own lives. Content tends to focus on either grand policies, such as actions, suchsolar energy; or as cookie-cutter changingfor light bulbs, buyingtax incentives local, or reusing shopping bags. And, while the of content these messages is very important, confusing. or even be uninteresting to tends thesethe communicated ideas are way As the writer and professor, Richard Sennett very use (2006) don’t we argues resources but in past, thehis in than use talk to on resources more the have Open “We City: creatively.” 70 • • • followingquestions: the asking left am I research, and practice own my with forward go I As ofitsown failings evaluatingown the policies. than citizens,rather its of apathy the topower. limitedpoint onlyexample,government, for could city A with those powerto real with those from responsibility shifts it that is faith this of There is an implicit ‘agents in citizens as the of faith change.’ dangers But one of the In cases when people are not engaged, is it because don’t they care? Is simple?it that Who has the powerWho hasthe to act? world?about the idealbalanceoftransparency? HowWhat isthe dopeopleneedto much know lead to lasting change? What practices are available beyond citizen-sensingandengagement could that 71 72 73 don’t use very creatively”. don’t use very creatively”. RICHARD SENNETT, “THE PUBLIC REALM” RICHARD SENNETT, Pruitt Igoe Myth describes the story of the Pruitt Igoe council estate could not begin to imagine. We have many more tools than in the past, but these resources we we toolsthan in the past, more but these resources many have could not begin to imagine. We “Today’s planner has an arsenal of technological tools, lighting and heating to from structural “Today’s support ago to urbanists years materials buildings and public spaces, which even a hundred for THE ZEITGEIST POLICY THE ZEITGEIST The area of Pruitt Igoe is comparable to the scale of sing a complex was part city; of urban aiming strategy indeed for the regeneration theof Saint Louis. social hou- Nevertheless, as the events show, the city is a complex organism. Cities run under entropic laws, with factors coming from different contexts. Socio-cultural - relations The documentary complex The residents. former of interviews of series a through Missouri, Louis, St. in violent such For decay. physical and social of state its of because 1970 in up blown was action the American architectural historian Charles Jencksthese of light In (Jencks,1977). died describes architecture Modern when day the Pruittas demolition Igoe’s events, the documentary explores the economical, political and social effects that causes lead to that Thetoldstoriesbyfinal and residents day. unfold an interwoven - invest of plan urban complex a of fragments the of one is architecture where pattern ments and social housing policies the government undertook to theregenerate city of Saint Louis. If on one hand Pruitt Igoe represented the government’s attempt to the on other triggered and live, supported also it to place better a dwellers slum give Americans left sold land at a flight”; once cheap price, white “white the government downtown to pursue the American dream in the suburbs. In addition to the social segregation created by such politics, Pruitt Igoe’s residents had to agree to a series of policies before moving into the brand new apartments Policies (Freidrichs, 2011). didn’t take into account the social result, a substratum As for. existing defined were they people in the from decontextualized rules established the communities; they the policies became the trigger of social because decay, of the division they created communities and government. between How can policies speak the language of communities? How can the government design a set of rules that help run themachine of organic complex the city and reflect citizens’ social and cultural background? This essay would like to address possible theunder policies of roof the governmental of legibility to that contribute strategies citizens’ everyday experience of the It city. will look at the social syntax that shapes policies and at the value they have in creating ways for citizens and government to interface. THE ECOLOGY THE ECOLOGY LEGIBLE OF SPACE URBAN ART OF COLLEGE ROYAL FERRARELLO, LAURA BY 74 trates its sense of direction with the least amount of information. The TFL tube and tube TFL The information. of amount least the with direction of sense its trates illus- clearlysystem) and the contentforextensionoverof (to account time the scale delivered 1931via riverthe Becks’ Thames. Harry map incorporates possibility the to Campkin B., Ross R., 2014). In London, the public transportation map (TFL) legibility is M., (Mogilevich read can’t and can who people signageboth would reach derground un - pictographic The familiarity. recognized generally and shared a for abstraction and rritory Mexican cultural heritage). Wyman’s language removes the sense of alien his case, to underground understood“surface” this the surface—in the as physical telink - to language transportation public a designed Wyman Lance designer graphic composed1967was in alphabet mind, bian in pictograms. of American Keepingthis through symbols. The language of symbols is largelynot new forspeaks Mexicans, signageas the pre transportation Colum- public local City Mexico the in to instance, linked For territory.are that rules follows cities two the of ecology The conditions. local around shaped are that policies lawsand different tosustainability,under run transportation public from infrastructures, Their backgrounds. political and tural cul- different with nations, two different of capitals the are London and City Mexico city alive. the makes that machine the regulates and feeds framework policy the invisible, or visible Nonetheless, borders. district or council with as be, not might they or signs, Just like words, policies are not strictly tangible. They might be streetvisible, as with and future ofcommunities. present the challenges that system dynamic a to shift can boundaries restrictive as quality and to move urban communities forward. The common perception of policies cultural retainto is wordswhich language,haverole in the play can Policiesfuture. are theindeed main of pastthe filters thethrough passes memory which towardthe habits and culture Society, structure. faceted its and context social the reflects and understands but path, linear specific a follow doesn’t factors such of selection The language is comparable to a membrane, which absorbs and repulses different factors. body value the of past,the which is taken forward to future.the The evolution of any em- that vesselslike Wordsword.are a of meaning direct the beyond look to reader the helping by sentences,to context cultural adds also It time. through meaning ge transfersquality.wordshow- chan analyzesand comparative etymology By methods cultural enables that medium the any texturethe and is resiliencylanguage Etymology that has. i.e., quality, is tackle to need policies that challenge the Nonetheless, urbaneveryday.city by actinthe agents interfacing different that refer to pastthe to take city the forward. Policies are guidelines change that the with language, urban as policies, Similarly time. across continuity guarantee they which of events, past from meaning take Words substrata. cultural have words language, tes governmental strategies and intentions relate that to city. vision of the the In any - Policiesarticula syntax formarelanguagea which of in fabric, urban to applied the THE ETYMOLOGY OF POLICIES people’s experience. by enabled agent urban active an be can policies improvelegibility; can media, ble - tangi by enabled it, of experience the via city the of vision government’s the in ties communi- engaging Indeed, parties. between communication facilitates that dium me- a is policies, by represented largely strategies, governmental of experience the hand, other the On people. the from) comes (and understands that communication of form a via problems tackle and city the of DNA the identify to help can Themes “phenomena”. and “behaviours” of effects and causes complexity, diversities, lines out- technology,etc)(mobility, environment, city the throughout work that themes through context urban Understandingthe innovation. socio-economical trigger can any governmentpolicies tofactor that take needs tointowhich understand account pivotal a move—is people how and meet to places like aspects includes city—which the of zeitgeist The them. of one is space urban with engagement people’s and hips

75 - - - railway map stations are represented as knots connected by lines of different colours, different of lines by connected knots as represented are stations map railway graphic simple The Thames. the is city the of geography the to reference only the and legible of examples best the of one map TFL London makes river the of representation maps. of The importance thepivotal was river made evident in 2009, when the river thethepublic, from outcry general a After the map. of edition new a in removed was river returned its legible to thenavigation The map map 2015). illustrates (Glancey, the the river. to of stations relationship showing territory by physical In the essay “The Open City” (2006), Richard the factor Sennett capable of triggering sustainable living. describes The concept of continuity how can be continuity is applied different to scales, from urban growth people. to By Jane referring to Jacobs, similari- contrast, underlines elements between adjacency the how describes Sennett value, urban important an with quality a resiliency, have Thresholds hybrids. and ties as thresholds are interfaces and to gateways futures that embrace order thein memorypast the remembers and that future of kind a enable Thresholds past. the of value forward. one step move to Con- thecity. of aspects different to apply can parts among continuity of concept The and its tinuity, opposites, can filter policy analysis London between and Mexico City la Ciu- para the During the at workshop Laboratorio legibility. increase to as strategy dad we proposed low-res probes and hacks around selected people Spending decisions?”and “Government make to of “Tangibility Information,” topics, from “How do and Accountability” that can generate a new system of urban analysis, which takes account into citizen’s from theengagement beginning Citizens (p. embody 125). the resiliency of the city; they enable a thatsystem policy withinterweaves its territory. Citizens’ experience of the city make policy legible by turning them into guidelines of the urban territory. The ecologist Gould Steven (Sennett 2006) differentiates a border from a boundary: asThe an isfirst whereas interface. a In dead edge, the secondthe behaves city there are many borders, which define different jurisdictions with theirown policies. On the other hand, boundaries can be experienced as defined perimeter or thresholds, i.e., areas with an embodied exchange and transmigration of information. Borders/ thresholds are blurred territories of osmotic interchange—they are the place of the time, same the at continuous and porous are thresholds, like policies, Legible hybrid. bridging the boundaries of the city by acknowledging the of complexity it. They un- particirule- and its of acknowledgement thepublic’s via life urban regulate and lock politics. pation in everyday According to what has been described so far, the resiliency of any policy lies in recognition its of the value of urban complexity as strength; the understanding of ur ban stratigraphy and the ambition to challenge it are, indeed, factors new thatopportunities. The low-res enable probes and hacks the UK and Mexico City teams de- as can understand solutions. triggers veloped to work Considering this, I propose an infrastructural system that works through tangible experiences. Citizens can “feel” thebody human that engage interventions throughphysical datathe urban of value this legible policies and are extent, tangibleits away senses. guidelines To that move abstraction. from Pruitt Igoe was designed according to core Modernist guidelines; it was considered a Moder nist one masterpiece, that applied speculations abstract to theThe Moder territory. physical nist built environment was thought of as a product of belt conveyor production; it became symbol of with society, people, like objects, aligned to the belt Modernist conveyor order. society was then the reflection of Modernist rules.Nevertheless, as history displaysfor us, an ordered society establishes constraints and boundaries. People, like buildings, had to follow the rules, which the government outlines as the driver of urban innovation. It then follows abstraction.illegible of theat remains people, level to forms from city, thatthe over-designed design thedemonstrated Top-bottom problems proffered by the tendency to new impose - re detached the from it. history of the place and people dwelling gulations 76 tionality for different usages. At the beginning of the 20th century, bikes were the the were bikes century, 20th the of beginning the At usages. func- different for different tionality of bikes enable that accessories designing at looked addressed Jain leisure to business? One of the proposals that Superflux founderfrom andbikes co-director of Anab understanding their switch people can How transportation. leisure a of more are bikes whereas particular), in vendors food street trans - (by to merchandise used port often are trolleys cars, than more even Reformathat, noticed Roma, I Polanco, Condesa, to and Histórico Centro the From mobility. of lens the using citizens City Mexico observe to was workshop collaborative the of tasks the of One Howbecome athreshold? canit“leak”beyond area? current the and blur boundary EcoBici the systems. How can transportation flexible most the of City citizens. areOf course, there specific reasons this. bikes forNonetheless, are one Mexico of section small a are users words,EcoBici other In Roma. and Juárez témoc, defined by a boundary, encompasses which the districts of Polanco, Condesa, Cuauh- area an within used are mobility.Bikesbetter of politics the under government the illustrates the EcoBici area, i.e., Mexico City’s public shared bike project supported by them city.of One the of map the on data display that topics different in dissected is topfloor, City the Mexico At performance. theatrical a in if as discuss, and togather people allow seats space of sets Two capital: The Mexican City.the of map scaled Mexico the around wraps of policies and strategies the around public government the the interface and to looks that space interactive an is model CDMX Futura The MEXICO CITY ANDLONDON: URBAN SPACE INCITIZENS’ EXPERIENCE inrelation to environmental performs conditions. the comes abodythat be- city The experiences. tangible displayedvia is and agents urban among loop a in platform I envision at looks legibility as an interactive set of information travelsthat The tangible. become numbers and words that so value, of experience the through intention government’s the express policies Tangible engagement. public derstand a path, policies can adapt and change in relation to real time information, which un- such On territories. urban contemporary understands that path a draw can policies workshop, the in proposed probes and hacks the using by and experience, tangible as employs data which methodology, urban as etymology of concept employingthe By infrastructure. sustainable urban address to strategies possible of development the for values key the indeed, are, multiplicity and Diversityother. each from learn can City Mexico and London (dis)symmetry, their In solutions. scalable of proposal the for processes investigative the any among from extracted is be view,to information of relevant point most socio-cultural the from fabric, urban the of dynamic complex territory.The a of intricacy the understand to medium a is analysis Urban 77 City would be a point of departure to understand new pathways for designing the city the designing for pathways new understand to departure of point a be would City of the future via legible and tangible policies. The physical experience of the urban space offers a good spectrum of the city. From October 26-30, I 2015, ran an urban experiment with Information Experience Colle- Royal the at Tidey Jimmy and Kozlowski Benjamin candidates PhD (IED) Design looked 2015) J., Tidey B., Kozlowski L., (Ferrarello Metalondoners project The Art. of ge at theater and social networks as a intangible means unfold social to patterns of the city and understand people’s behavior between the digital and physical space. The theform design individual to data use and collect to prop as walking used workshop of the In city. London, one’s sense of place changes A continuously. combination of factors like people’s background, political strategies and infrastructure contribute to create different kinds of spaces. For instance, looking at bac- Londonerswith socio-cultural thesimilar (2014), “Whereaboutslondon” project pult Future Cities Cata - kgrounds do not cluster around the same council; they live in different parts of the greater Nonetheless, territory. contemporary urban space is no longer just physical. the and the digital. physical i.e., in-between space as hybrid, understand We Urban life takes form through the spaces in which we dwell, which are equally shaped by dynamic places (such as our journey to and from or work) static ones (home, places of experience work, The leisure, of etc.). contemporary the city is by mediated what I define “content maps”, which are maps createdby means of content.the From restaurant we love to the cinema, gym, pubs, etc., we understand and read the city under themes.the Navigating city through these content maps creates our own an Booking journey. the along leave we metadata of set the by illustrated space, urban vehicles vehicles that convinced Americans to drive. According to Frank Geels, the weekend leisure journey to the countryside triggered urban Americans’ imagination to move - free and curiosity of sense theresulting and (2005), territories suburban explore and dom triggered car culture in the landscape of American cities. Can a similar sense imagination of and curiosity, aspiration get Mexico City inhabitants on wheels? two Can inspirational and experiential policies facilitate citizens’ engagement and enable new forms of behaviours or behaviour change? Another relevant example is the Mapatón, the public campaign and Android app developed by Laboratorio - loca and themap routes to game a usersin transport public para whichinvolved Ciudad, la (2016). of rewards using thetion of microbuses, incentive Is there a specific culture and habit aboutdwelling in the urban space that triggers are workshop the in developed we probes and hacks The change? behavior drives and beha- drawing for patterns city contemporary articulate and analyse can that systems vior change. Nonetheless, testing them in the physical space of London and Mexico 78 CONCLUSION individualandshared understanding ofone’ssurroundings. shapesthe that matter became information digital Abstract performance: through tangible became data workshop, the Through characters. three the through reshaped were Brixton) and Green (WestHampstead, Bethnal London in areas selected three The space. ban eye character the looking of at the space through students “saw” resiliency of ur the reality—by its experienced students once real, became character The collected. they information materialitythe hybrid,of the studentsexperienced the dwellingthis in By feeds. Twitter and city the by influenced indeed was behaviour students’ The ce. spa- physical of perception students’ transforms and world digital and physical the crossover of digital and physical information, a character that is an interface between the through character,envisioned theatrical a embodied participants talondoners” “Me- experiences. personal their with content enrich who people through fluctuate belongs to human nature as well as the will to sharestories experience. Through Twitter, tation. The power of social media is the capacity of creating an engaged audience. Fiction Similarly, creates Twitter social space by clustering has physical information that conno- perse—storiescity isatheatre happeninreal time. The space. urban and feeds Twitter by constructed is space hybrid contemporary of is fiction Dubliners related to physical space and society.the story In “Metalondoners” everyday,in- fictional digital our represent valuable embody.metadata can’t weIf formation are stories our behind; data leave we when happens what is this larly city.Simi- the of section” “social a renders book the of complexity and diversity The Dublin. in backgrounds social different to belonging people storiesdescribing short Joyce’s James from inspiration takes “Metalondoners” I? How canIcontribute to everyday? management ofthe the givesban performance, a sense of responsibility citizen of am being a citizen. Which ur byunderstood is which metadata, of presence the Acknowledgingcontent. their of citizens employsentitle toproject metadata “Metalondoners” framework the this generate information that speaks for us and tells our everyday story of the city. Under Airbnb, tapping an Oyster card, buying a meal and connecting to Wifi are all actsthat

a olcin of collection a , Dubliners The The - - 79 In thisI described essay, different scales of possible pathways that might a generate culture of legible policies. Human beings rely generally on tangible forms that reify - comprehen for abstract too often is Intangibilitythe surrounding. of theabstraction sion; abstract content becomes complex and alien. To tackle the concept of familiarity means to look for strategies that increase the individual and collective sense of legibility through individual and shared cultural backgrounds. Within the context of legible policies, familiarity is quite important, as it creates a common ground of thediscussion for politics of the city. During the at tangible in looked workshop means Mexico of City influencingwe the decision making government’s process looked in the We of context urban strategies. in particular at the topic of mobility to understand which politics can help the - te air pollution, etc. rritory of obesity, Mexico City reduce problems like and London to We identifiedspecific topics like “Visions of the City”, and “Government Spending and Accountability” and we developed hacks and probes for each with the purpose of enabling categories in physical space. We then identified the mostfeasible ideas thatof A thefuture stage. a step could into prototype be be project developed would to enable the shortlist in real space via low-res prototypes and tools performed both in London and Mexico City. in reality. territory the if not tested abstract beyond can move of strategy form No each the one constructingCitizens are the heart place of the of the city by city, people shape if not shaped by of urban guidelines can take form in it. No dwelling must them. for In conclusion, we in thethat manages space the live government that work urban complexity for prioritise the design strategies of new introduction participations and engagement. via multi-agent 80 81 DIMENSIONING DIMENSIONING LEGIBILITY 82 83 - PAUL GILROY - PAUL of self-definition and transformation” Culture is “… a radically unfinished social process unfinished social process is “… a radically Culture TOWARDS AN EXPERIMENTAL THEORY OF LEGIBLE POLICY LEGIBLE OF THEORY AN EXPERIMENTAL TOWARDS LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO GÓMEZ-MONT, GABRIELLA BY the by place (so-called) where fact fascinated and (so-ca- been helplessly always I have lled) fiction collide; volcanicthe and viscous bordersmyth where symbol, and metaphor create tiny fissures in whatwe call “real life.” I am interested in theway multiple subjectivities are added up to make the world as we know it, in all truthsits and disguises. forms, - exa while mention to reflection impractical utterly yet whimsical a seem might This and cities gray around policy public of terms In governments. their and cities mining green infrastructures—the initial starting point for the work between London and think public offiMexico City—one therewould we is little - But relationship. I believe cities our of each that day passing every certainty more with realize to come will cials within from momentum particular its gathers and start its gets first societies our and the invisible and symbolic landscapes. Culture writ large, in other words. what out Culture, spells silently DNA that collective our principles, first our apriori; thegreat is possible and what is not, how we tackle our challenges and explore our possibili- and collectively. individually think of ourselves we ties: how first- becoming it imagine aspirations: future city’s a envision to ways many are There world, becoming alpha or becoming smart. Each has its own subset of principles, policies organizing and ways of instigating a particular social energy and political will while obfuscating others. Each with its own potential and its own thought-experiment blind additional an spots. forefront the to bring should we me, ask you if So, that granted for taking life, urban on reflections serious policy: about thinking when cities should not only be built for the human body but also for the human imagination. The mind is the place where our cities agency have start. also must policies public We that must know and imagination better social and political understand our there, if they are to be at all effective. I believe, with great thaturgency, we should where to know We need bring thesetovery reflections the life. heart of government and how our seemingly neutral regulations are inscribed within a certain vision of legi- of definition our into dive deep long-term a starting for thebasis is This thecity. ble policy at Laboratorio para la Ciudad, to be conceptualized, prototyped, iterated, POLITICAL POLITICAL IMAGINATION 84 tionary psychology,tionary fields—and artistic even fiction. ethnography,visual innovation,evolu urban - and social modelling, patterns design, systems visualization, data science, computational ludification, practices, rimental expe- and creative thinking, futures design, when behavioral from cities borrowed about tools using thinking for available inputs new of understanding better a to During our research and workshops between London and Mexico City, we have come communicate butalsoengage and evoke andpondertogether. and inform we way the becomes it surface simply being of instead so equation; the into deeply narrative also but data only not bringing of way a Ciudad: la Para torio Labora- of projects ongoing the in policy legible of theory experimental towardsan point inflection our also is This Lab. the at agenda City Open our with work our of heart the at been has governance participative and deliberative of framework This and envision. And to ask ourselves questions difficult no at easy times, answers. with is in the end a tool for us to collectively make sense of our world. To frame, deliberate is bility—which also about counsel, discussion, arranging persuasion, and guessing— honest explanation (the hows and the whys) we must also take into account that legi- and good a of realm the through pass must) (and can policy legible though even So counsel, guess.” ra (relatedorder” toin put reading; by learn explain; forebode; equip; arrange, guide; rule, deliberate; old English the from “reading”: of etymology the explore and time, toextrastepin takean back interesting is it us, before “writing” the of clarity the or transparency, at begins ends “legible” and be to that think we lest But read.” “to legere, Latin from read,” be can “that legibilis, Latin: Late14c, fromlate the from us to comes Legible word The zen outrage. evenciti - politics—and bad into policy good turn can communication proper of lack howmanyexamples173) of are (p. essay there his in out points Ascencio Roberto As makecomplex them. systems we agencyif tounderstandablewithin our are explore In an increasingly intricately connected world, there is no doubt that we need tools to LEGIBLE POLICY: BEYOND TRANSPARENCY of life we want to live together. basic building block: the nature of the polis and how we collectively decide what type possibilities of social capital as wellthe creative as the capacity of a city. to Back that and possibly even new types of institutions and civic ecosystems—formindframes— rethinking both new for need the plus governance, urban to pertain that challenges) and how it evolves. This brings to the forefront new questions (and potentialities, and is waycity a the of topart citizens be of behalf on growingdesire is there time same teresting paradox: There is a growing mistrust of institutions and politics, and at the in- an in caught weare Mexico in that clear is It things. of crux the be might is This in cityandsocialtongues. city life, not a tautological thing unto itself. We need to learn to read and speak again systemic change—because, aswe sometimesforget, government towardschannel isa and life social about thinking for tools new forms—other explore political and to languages need urban our realize to come have I office, public in years three my In to daily urbanlife. scenarios, tools for interpretation and the making of conceptual frameworks relevant changing to adapt strategiesemergentthat practice; in transmuted:theory possibly , Old Frisian Old ða, rædan (West Saxon), , Dutch reda, ræd, red (cognates: Old NorseProto-Germanic*redan(cognates: fromOld “advice”), , Old High German German High Old raden, redan (Anglian) “to advise, counsel, persuade; discuss, , German German ratan, “to advise, “to raten 85 - Knowledge empowers people. empowers Knowledge Antanas Mockus, former Mayor of Bogotá Antanas Mockus, Mayor former If people know the rules, and are sensitized by art, humor, If people know the rules, by sensitized and are art, humor, and creativity, they are much more likely to likely accept change.” more they much are and creativity, “The distribution key is the knowledge of contemporary task. The fact that he was seen as an unusual leader gave the mayor the opportu the- mayor The fact that seen as an unusual leader gave he was trynity to extraordinary things, traffic control such as hiring 420 mimes to - Wo He launched for a “Night streets. in Bogotá’s chaotic and dangerous the for and care home in the evening stay the city’s men to men” and asked out on the of first nights went three that Mockus children; 700,000 women them... Mockus to sees the 80 per of homicides from dedicated reduction inhabitants a major in 2003 as 22 per 100,000 to inhabitants in 1993 100,000 that noting also trafficachievement, by more fatalitiesthan half in dropped - about 600. Contri to per year of 1,300 the an average same time period, from on the stars paint decision to inspired this the success was buting to mayor’s of them) had been killed in traffic accidents. (1,500 pedestrians spots where CULTURE AND CIVICS CULTURE These are spaces that could compliment policy as we now think of it, withun- now better policy we as thatspaces are These could compliment derstanding of different nodes and connections in a system of human relationships that permit (or block) different social configurations. th, who has investigated theth,formal and informal between rules,tension who has and investigated Jürgen social capital. dialogue creates on how Habermas’ work This, I confess, is one of the topics that intrigues me through culture and the all of imagination’s instruments,most: in and turn, how, how a social in- to create city its surroundings. by can be incubated vention There are questions we have forgotten to ask within the walls of government. What have been our sense-making tools throughout history? What lies at the edge of the legible and other ways to read and thewrite within possible are the transformations What spaces? city? visible and physical Are theirthan there more to urbanscapes The power The of power open is knowledge The unquestionable. more information that is - avai lable and theflows freely, better people learn from each It other. is thetowards way exponential and of agile But a evolution information system. and data are not enough. A ethoscreative is also necessary for ideas for information to take hold to travel, and evolve. I believe we have spent too much time thinking that policy begins laws or upon interventions and the physical infrastructure. New optics ends can and discover with life communal and behaviour human individual to relationship in paradigms switch city. a thatis artefacts organic and withintheseshape-shifting thathappens cultural Politicians like Antanas Mokus, once-upon-a-time of Mayor that Bogotá, proven have im- making in effective more much so be can metaphors powerful and ideas unusual while playful even and creative become can one society—thatwithin changes portant tackling all-too serious problems. Mockus found a different way of legible. making policy engagement citizen with norms and policy new complementing for well-known is He the by methods, Gazette: Harvard through as highlighted creative 40%. on by months, and later in two 14% by waste water reduce to He also managed Mockus’ seemingly wacky notions a have respectable intellectual pedigree. His mea- Nor Douglass economist Prize-winning Nobel others, among by, informed were sures 86 the the unfolding story. This is how agency is born—and where grey first turns intogreen. of part activelybecoming into enticed is one when begins legibility true perhaps So imaginative socialtools to envisionourpossibleworlds andourplaceinthem? intohimself or to betterlife.be public could what haveAnd than increasingly more herself howinscribe and can individual wean where openings write them: read and jective relevance. Legibility can be our capacity to create “suture” our within systems I But, sub- about also clarity,but and visible. objectivity about only not be decisions should legibility insist, and infrastructures ideas, make to need we why is Which decisions we canmake asasociety. better the stake, at is what understand we creatively and deeply more The policies. these strategies need to be embedded within the ethos of open knowledge and legible insteadrealm.But political “spin” using the of privateand within from imagination wouldweif hybridhappen design stimulatestrategiesalso facilitate public and what that explore to experiment necessary) (even interesting an is it why Which engagement. of rules the of many as well as infrastructure physical the both out laying and ordering by government, is city a shapes that forces powerful most the of One TOWARDS CREATIVE GOVERNANCE symbolic infrastructure ofacity, forgotten that “real” estate. it—the inhabit that people the of imaginaries social the through constructed tively collec - is it way the and geography objective and specific a between points meeting With each passing day we should become more interested in exploring (and creating) havetruly apositive onshapingrealities andcommunitylife? effect our fictions capable of creating social realities? What does ittake for public policy to Are politics? and aesthetics betweenworldhybrid the in happens What data? tative quali- and quantitative both understand and analyse we do How realms? intangible 87 88 89 DESIGN’S ROLE IN DESIGN’S POLICYMAKING LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO SOFÍA BOSCH, BY happens This citizens. its and government the between Mexico in palpable is Mistrust of thislack Mexico of thecontext in but theglobe, around governments city many in theon thatpolicies public of millions of affect impact the lives daily trustmajor has people. Where do citizens’ misgivings come from? Two important culprits are lack of understanding and communication. The way public policy decisions are made in by or where how, understand not do citizens Its effect: box black a creates City Mexico profound more a for need the shows fact This made. are changes and decisions whom design and its effect policy outcomes. on public legible policy, about conversation Su- and Catapult Cities Future Art, of College Royal the with collaboration the During we perflux, understood that of many our concernsregarding decisions made within context. countryor city, the of regardless same, theoften are structure government a made Who incubated? policy public for ideas were Where similar: were questions Our the decisions and with considered? or data was what type of information com- a reached we experiences, different our and doubts shared bothour Examining mon agreement: The process of turning public policies into legible policies is essential because thethere decisions is a from mistrust civil clear society and towards felt made within government. Not only do citizens not trust benefit. common thethe for truly leaders are made choices themaking believe not those do they but decisions, - special qua several Within employ to the are trained practitioners design profession empathy, understandable: and tangible veryboth is that process a determine to lities common sense and necessities, pinpointing among others. If the process of a design solution is not understood, the client (in this case, the city and its citizens) will not empathize with it—they will not understand why a certain result is being exposed instead of another. This type of design-thinking should play an essential role in the way the government communicates to its citizens, if this bond is not the respected process of public policy creation, the in decisions made politicians by be will never barrier a and mistrust misunderstanding, in results This dwellers. city by understood that will not public better for allow policies be to put in thoseplace. It is imperative in public service recognize the benefits broughtby the integration of designto the policy making process. Working with designers as two the reconcile and allies, public thewith communicating of strategies better they implement could develop and and theoften-opposed the fronts: citizens it serves. government AND COMMON SENSE EMPATHY FOR TOOL A AS DESIGN Recently Donald Norman, director of the Design Lab and emeritus professor at the of University California in San a Diego, talk gave Autónomo at Tecnológico Instituto object The relevant in Mexico City. university private de México, an ITAM, important themof Most spoke: he which to theaudience also but talk, his only not was study of 90 0,0 mr cr t cruae ihu rsrcin n h ct, rgeig o only not triggering city, the in restriction without circulate to cars more 300,000 motor, the level createdonlydebacle but bygasThis way the of emissions. a to allow of age the to due circulating from banned be not could cars that insisted and gram pro- the of stipulations legal the in loophole a found users parties, opposition from city.the many protests congestionthroughout public after support Thus, and traffic create massive that terrible cars of reduced environmentalso the city’s but numbers the benefitted only not program Circula No Hoy the how depth in explain to failed gram provoked a total rejection from a large of part population. the The government In 2015, while reshaping program,the miscommunication about changes to prothe - week. a daystwo or one city the in circulating from car that prohibiting is sanction nufacture. If a car’s motor is not in good condition and emits too much pollution, the which car gas emissions are regularly evaluated with respect to each car’s date of ma- City,Mexico in in program HoyCirculaNo examplethe One is population. the from understanding of lack and miscommunication to due received or perceived poorly mes with different public policies that are actually very beneficial forthe city but are bably not be successful or will be prematurely discarded. This has happened many ti- pro- will solution the built, is connection no and absent is trust If citizens. by ched A large part of design has to do with the way the solution is communicated or approa- DESIGN AS ACOMMUNICATION ANDCONNECTION TOOL shouldbeappliedto makingofpolicydecisions. methodologies the design reason this for and collaboration, binational the during diagnosed problems main the of one is wouldwhich data of bypportedand evidence promotelack trust, govern- the ment as a of whole. Over a perception longer period public of time, understanding howmend public policy help is su- would but taken, actions the validate prototyping that goes into the making of every political decision would not only help data and possibility tothe communicate all having the ethnographic research, observations and Hence, itself. government the of benefit the for rather but inhabitants, city’s the consider to out thought well not are government the so- by proposed lutions the felt is It transportation. urban as such systems complex in participating to related especially face, citizens problems everyday the of history) performance poor government’sresulting understanding(and of the lack about citizenship from ming tics which need to be design tackled in process. the There is a constant complaint co- problema- pinpointto user the with empathize to is job designer’s a mentioned, As governments. within decision-makingmethodologies current king inthe empathic, culture-specific decisions can betaken. These are all qualities felt to be lac- specific topic tograsp the real needs. It isthroughthe process of designthat peculiar, one tries to relive certain experiences to consider solutions or to deeply understand a which empathy,with without happen cannot This imaginaries. and futures needs, its understand to user, final its with closely work to has Moreover,design unleash. or trigger can it consequences the and solution possible a about decisions informed make to design allows view wide-angle This interventions.limited through it tackle rama as well small details of a complexas the toproblem to iterate try solutions and tohas designer A sense. picture,big to to pano- able wider be the understandsee the because it brought to conversation the two far-reaching tools: empathy and common careers educational other in design of importance the emphasize to was talk his of point Company;main Apple emporiums, andtechnologicalthe like the health, tion, educa- as such fields, different in experience his about only not spoke Norman Don communities. to oftheir trust make prepared andregain choices the thoughtful, decisions in government, makeand with the toolssomeday offered by will design they will be who better able people the are These reaching. be should concepts design dience, but sitting in there crowdthe I realizedis this exactlythat type the of people au- target right the to speaking not was he think might One thinking. design even or design behavioural design, human-centred as such concepts, design about before heard never had students these of Most service. public the in career a seek to on go were engineers, mathematicians, and people from the social sciences, many of whom 91 - - ferocious ferocious traffic jams,but an environmental crisis of airquality that had2015). notRomero, & González (Servín, been years 12 than more in City Mexico in experienced this us gives and Mexico, as populous and big as city a in subject delicate a is Mobility specific ofexample how poor end-of-processdesign canhamper a public policy that otherwise enforce. to plausible solution be a would account that into in do the not thetake Politicians step creation of last a public new communication. impeccable be to one—needs old an of therearrangement policy—or If the population does not understand the new proposals they will knowing likely without resist new trysomething theto wants one No sense: common is That change. As it will affect their what it it lives. came will do from, and how where daily exactly much as we are social animals, there is a big individuality influencer: The decisions made must be beneficial in a tangible, personal moreway, than in a collectiveway. That is the heart of the matter and where design can step in. How does the - govern ment communicate the personal benefitsof apublic policy without leaving behind its social and collective assets? How do we convince people that making long-term choices, even though the results may not be immediately visible, is the best road to take? These are all interrogations where design can intervene. Design exists in the over lap of the social sciences and the arts, a quality that helps why illustrate it requires the creation of a communication campaign as part of the process to be taken account into by decision makers. Furthermore, design should be given the same impor it appeal, design outreach Without proper process. a thepolitical of therest as tance is for citizens impossible practically to grasp and understand theeven most positive aims of the progressive government. and genuinely TRANSPARENCY FOR TOOL A AS DESIGN theforthcomingcommu- and thepolitical in essential become only not must Design theIn that moment tool. the democratization a government as but process, nication clear startsgoals, have withto open data as a basis of decision making, with accessi- transparent a And imminent. is transparency citizens, its to accountability and bility the minimizes risksgovernment of corruption and mismanagement. Legible policy can be applied as street level interventions, where data and decisions are made visual and public to citizens, imprinted upon their everyday cityscape, as explored in the essay by Superflux (p.107) and in the Hacks and Probes during developed our collaboration (p. 125). what However, happens when legible policy not only becomes a for tool understanding and conciliating decision makers and the - ge neral population, but also becomes a tool comprehension for politicians and public servants? now, years 10 Annual Reports. For in Nicholas can Felton’s be found A great example Felton has developed a series of data visualizations related to his everyday life. has He spent years collecting data on Con- and habits. mapping sleeping his his and eaten heartbeat, has he both food the the had, has banal he conversations and in-depth sequently, the American government has discovered raw benefits in this: Through his of distilling this in thedata, people when are story interested he even tell, has to the information featured is so highly personal. For many years now he has applied his knowledge of graphic design and data to work levels all of in viewers for graspable and clear so are visualizations data His data. public different projects related to of experience and education that they are a clear example that graphic design has a large important role in the way the government permits the user to understand the information. Beautiful, accessible, tangible graphic design can be a democratic statement from a political view: If the government permits citizens to understand thetheir- their become trans processes information, automatically decision making, and democratic. inclusive parent, 92 two canbegin to parties bebuilt. the between understanding empathic an processes, these about up opens government neral population may not have a pressing need to know all of information,this but if the ge - The hospitals? public at rooms emergency in beds assign to or moments, hour rush in lights coordinatetraffic to is complexHowit city? the systemof metro operatetothe takes it people manyhow understand or knowreally we do citizens, As communicated. design to counteract workthe this, of of thousands public servants can be visualized and Using face. public limiter very a with institution blurry a as government the of ception per general the and accountability of absence the corruption, known of history long a stemsit and Mexico, from governmentin anguish relevant createsthe very in a trust of Lack Nicholas Felton AnnualReport, 2013. Types of conversations Nicholas Felton AnnualReport, 2014. Cover. - 93 If we want the idea of legible policy is to succeed, it is essential that it comes hand- - pre morally be must government The accountability. and withtransparency in-hand pared to open its doors not only to the outside but also to the thousands of public servants that often (just like citizens) do not deeply understand the processes of decision-making (or even the main goals and values that is thebe could desirable indicator democratic participatoryand a thefuture, we in Perhaps society). strive for as process the in inherent design of degreethe including policies, of legibility of degree us in the future. of policy making awaits 94 95

BY LETICIA LOZANO, LABORATORIO PARA LA CIUDAD LA PARA LABORATORIO LETICIA LOZANO, BY “status the of manifestation historic a as it view can we architecture, at look we When the complexity understand social us help remains Architectural societies. of update” of ancient cities, which are so often reminiscent of our urban contemporary spaces. While we’re well past the days of the Greek agora as a centerpiece of looking public that at interaction, reveals architecture much of what was social our to important - evol societies our and grows populations our as But today. valued still is predecessors theve, problems faced by cities grow in making significance,relevance and priority, upon and act on. reflect to them complex more Everyday, academics, NGOs, governments and policy makers are complicated problems confronted related to managing with urban expansion and congestion, - foste ring competitiveness, innovation, social inclusion and environmental - sustainabili among ty, others. These issues should matter to each and every human being, or at the least to of us majority living all in should cities. want parttake We to in making decisions about the courses of action to address these problems, because eventually, either directly or theyindirectly, will affect us all. But how do policy makers make these decisions? How do those decisions address the common good? Are they - consi dering what is likely to happen in the next 100 years—or just in the account? next into citizens and our concerns do they and interests take period? How electoral for again once designed be to have cities Our in. step to has architecture where is This people, to host public life. The built environment must engage people to go beyond organizing the public protests that are common in places like Mexico City and take an active role in decision making affecting the problems that affect them. Likewise, decision makers need to take advantage of public spaces to effectively and - transpa their actions and choices. communicate rently Representatives from institutions of urban laboratories (and pioneers in civic innovation) in of two the metropoli largest came world’s together in London and Mexico City for a series of exchanges. During the collaborative sessions between the Royal College of Art (RCA), Superflux,Future Cities Catapult, UNAM (the- NationalAutono mous University of Mexico) and Laboratorio para emerged. legible more la policies make Ciudad, to how many of notion theconcerns, surrounding questions ideas and instigating collectives and organizations of examples many find we world the Around participatory processes for decision making, organized around different topics, and the resulting tools and methodologies have become increasingly popular for - enga ging regular people with complex problems. Having proved very effective at - develo ENCOURAGING (AND INCITING) (AND INCITING) ENCOURAGING IN THE PARTICIPATION THE OF ARCHITECTURE SPACE PUBLIC 96 vernor would kindofeconomicboon? notwant that earns Bilbao in Museum Guggenheim Gehry’s Frank that Considering planning. urban concerning often attach a renowned name to a project to help win major governmental decisions architecture/frank-gehry-dont-call-me-a-starchitect-1842870.html vented it, Ithink. Iamnot a ‘star-chitect’, Iamanar-chitect...” Seehttp://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/ 2 projects give themadegree of fame orcelebrity status amongst thegeneral public. 1 power. purchasing table tohome Juárezneighborhoods, and largea youngcomforof population with adults Roma Condesa, the by comprised city the of zone creative the dividing barrier a as the experience of crossing is best described as tortuous and dangerous. It is perceived consultation. Avenida public Chapultepec, to the site taken of the project, was is an centre 11-lanecity avenue the where of avenue main a on project regeneration” ban “ur An situation: unprecedented an experienced City 2015,Mexico of December In A NEWPARADIGM FOR THE URBAN CONTEXT that agenda from majordiffers publicconcerns? an to respond to perceived is and anonymously made is decision this again,if, what But good. common forthe decision good evena making feelof proud might People neighborhoods. different in life of quality the improving on spent be wouldthen income city new the meant it endeavor—stillif more the wouldsupport building a that wouldin bring investprofits to like Bilbao’snot Guggenheim Museumor does for whether said city,of citizens decision the make to implemented be to vote were city-wide a if that speculate I executivemayorofficial, or beyondthe Even commonwealth. the for environment urban the improve to little offering desires, financial developers’ and and prefer to concentrate brands andattending onpromoting their to governments’ activities and lives people’s accommodate to spaces designing in uninterested they clear very one is global the prominence of “starchitects” and common the belief that physicalof full manifestationsis anonymousenvironment of A urban decisions. The than our own. sions respond to agendasrather andbenefitsofothers the deci- those quite tobelieveis that easy it decisions, the havesayin nor a considered, strategies the understand processes, the in participate does one when officials; ted resulting anonymity of the process deepens already prominent public distrust of elec- The itself. process the not and decisions, policy of the form in results final tothe see priority.one Unfortunatelygetnumber only citizens their interestshave as citizen’s theory in should us, for decisions make to people suitable are they that notion the on based elect we Mexico in whom makers, indirectly.Decision or directly us affect a plan to improve safety on the streets, every day anonymous decisions are made that implementationof the postpone or library new a get will neighborhood our if mine deter house, our of front in sidewalk pavethe to project the concern they Whether THE SHAPEOF ANONYMOUSDECISIONS urban fabric. the with parallel in developed be must process this and citizens, of butions contri- the reflect responsiveand be must It participate. toopen people for accessible and more be to needs process decision-making the that agreed collaborators The zens andpoliticians,butultimately onourcities andoureveryday lives? citi- on only not effect positive a havestrategies these would and processes, making decision the in involvingcitizens keepwe might how But communities. responsible methodologies of legible policy have the potential to create more interconnected and and tools the surroundings, urban their of propriety and belonging of sense a ping Gehryfamously stated, “I don’t know whoinvented that fucking word ‘starchitect.’ Infact ajournalistin- The term starchitect isusedto architects describeparticular whose landmarkbuildings andwell-paid 320m for the city every year, we should wonder what mayor or go- mayoror what wonderyear, should we every city the for €320m 1 Regrettably, this may be at least partly true, as developers as true, partly least at be may this Regrettably, 2 - - - 97 - 5 In a country plagued with recent examples of political fa- 4 As a narrative, the CCC sounded like an astonishing urban 3 - Rome Fernando by developed Chapultepec(CCC), Cultural Corredor See: http://www.archdaily.com/772173/fr-ee-proposes-cultural-corridor-chapultepec-in-mexico-city (2016). Forbes. See http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ Billionaires The World’s Summary from: There There was no international to competition identify the of executors the project. Only two offices pitched proposals, and the winning Romero, son-in-law of office Carlos Slim belongs Fernando Helu, the richest man in Mexico and fourth richest in the world. vortism vortism and corrupt development contracts, this greatly damaged the public’s acceptance of the project. consolida- were develop to area theproposed into thatfell land of theplots of All deputies. local the or mayor the of approval thewithout tract, single one into ted The land was then granted by for managed mostly trusteeship thea to control next overall gave turn in which 40 ProCDMX, years to the semi-public company members of the sector. private The members of said trusteeship were the same companies that developed the project’s feasibility studies. The contract granting them them 94.88% of the overall CCC’s profit, leaving onlyto 5.12% control thethe Clearly, city. - pro gives theof rather than public. the theirinterests interests, in was best approval ject’s The long-term control of the trusteeship was brought to mid-August, when public construction was slated to knowledge begin The mid-September. “public in non-exis- practically a leaving interim, brief the in hosted be to was consultation” tent time frame to include citizens’ perspectives and opinions, grosstruth a and in was consultation public at giving attempt intended thethatthe impression deception. Citizen opposition stopped the first at attempt public consultation and delayed construction, leading the government to forcibly schedule the public consultation for early December 2015 and limit participation to the of inhabitants location prominent the of despite boroughs, city - Delega 16 of one Cuauhtémoc, ción the across people from by city. frequented in an area project

strategy and was even acclaimed on international media. But here in Mexico City, the City, Mexico in here But media. international on acclaimed even was and strategy theproject’s announcing of theprocess found public The differently. out rolled story master plan suspicious and opaque, and the content of project itself would up causing more problems than it aimed to solve. Citizens quickly perceived the proposed corridor as a mere excuse to privatize public space and build a large outdoors shopping center. theImmediately, community organized itself into the the ‘No Shopul- tepec’ and movement brought a of powerful wave crashing controversy down on on the city government. 3 4 5 http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/news/Backlash-begins-for-Mexico-City-s-linear-park http://www.citylab.com/design/2015/09/the-terrible-plan-for-mexico-citys-high-line-style-park/408010/ http://www.animalpolitico.com/blogueros-el-dato-checado/2015/12/03/diez-puntos-para-entender-shopultepec/ - http://www.animalpolitico.com/blogueros-ciudad-posible/2015/08/20/dudas-legitimas-y-razonables-sobre-el-corre dor-cultural-chapultepec/ - http://www.animalpolitico.com/blogueros-salir-de-dudas/2015/09/01/necesidad-o-necedad-avenida-chapulte pec-y-su-entorno/ CRITICAL FACTS ABOUT THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS AROUND THE AROUND MAKING PROCESS THE DECISION ABOUT FACTS CRITICAL CCC INCLUDE: 1. ro’s ro’s architecture office FR-EE, entailed a linear park thatwould connect the- neigh bourhoods and extend the greenery of Chapultepec Park, the world’s largest urban park that is located adjacent to the proposed project site. In the words of Archdaily Karissaeditor Rosenfield, itaimed an into avenue transform “...to effi the congested - commer with lined promenade elevated an features that roadway multimodal cient, The proposal for the for proposal The cial and cultural programs that are powered by renewable by energy lush and landscaping.” connected 2. 3. 4. 5. 98 the city, setting the precedent for how a local government can impose the private sector’sthe guiseofurban financial agendasregeneration in projects. the impose can government local a how for precedent the setting city, the around “amenities” similar ten of construction the announced has government the city, and the of outskirts the on appeared has elevatedpark another of construction construction tion, had the not begun, and it is if uncertain it ever will. However, the ject. Atbook time was this the published, in seeming respect for public - consulta the Approximatelysurprising: pro - werevotersnot results of rejectedtwo-thirds the The dor-cultural-chapultepec 8 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/metropoli/df/2015/12/7/dicen-no-al-corredor-cultural-chapultepec 7 6 mocratic vote) was not particularly innovative and despite low the voter and turnout de- (a used methodology the if Evenexercise. civic good a as it recognize should we government,the distrusting of habit American Latin welljustified) (and common in roots its has consultation public the of validity the of suspicions public’s the While CIVIC INNOVATION, CITIZENSHIP INVOLVEMENT when conceivinglegiblepolicyasanew paradigm for cities. account into take to characteristics some determines and empowerment citizen of City Mexico matter.voices havingof proud be should this heardtheir in made of examplean sets It people the and exercise, citizenship-driven a urban transform into to decision-making effort this from draw to conclusions relevant many are There neighborhood. the of population total the of 4.8% only participated, people 22,370 of total a newspaper national a to according happened, finally the consultation public When participation.” citizens’ nurturing keep would and consultation public the of results the “...respect would he promising statement public a made Mancera MayorÁngelminutelast Miguel the at project, the controversyaround roiling With 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. characteristicsthe facts about the proposedSignificant CCCproject include: of

“...is well-served whenitcomesto transit, retail, andnamely, space…” green ITESM, at scholar planning Ortega,David wordsof the in location, its as placed, repair fragmentationthe of social the fabric, objectivethe of CCC the seems mis- While Mexico City as a whole has great need for cultural regeneration projects to words, population. in other segmentsofthe segregating certain the right of access to citizens who were judged undesirable based on appearance, The trusteeship planned to contract private security, likely enabling them to deny project. location ofthe the underneath precisely tunnels metro’s city’s the of passing the more by questionable made and unclear was standards seismic with compliance project’s The meet userdemands. wouldbus) articulated (an line Metrobusnot proposed the statingthat tructure, infras- transportation public of insufficiency the about trusteeship the warned companyalso The go. would lane bike the where specify not did blueprints blic pu- the that and standards council) environment SEDEMA’s(Mexico’s cover not did infrastructure cyclist the that highlighted Davies Steer consultant Mobility high crimerisk. ces with pla- and darkness noise, pollution, increased wouldcause elevated corridors the investment, capital beyondthe because, stronglycriticized was masterplan The proliferating globe. around the spaces public privately-owned popular the of another space,” cultural “public a as public the to presented mall shopping multi-story elevated an was CCC The Forfurtherreference: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/metropoli/df/2015/12/7/dicen-no-al-corre- SeeRobles,J.(2015,Dec7).Dicen“no” alCorredor Cultural Chapultepec.ElUniversal.Retrievedfrom: See http://www.citylab.com/design/2015/09/the-terrible-plan-for-mexico-citys-high-line-style-park/408010 / 8 6 7

- - THESE THINGS TAKE TIME THINGS TAKE THESE The original timeframe imposed for the public consultation was far from ideal, and in my opinion, absurd, giving only one month to hear and consider thepublic at large, make design opinions iterations and a approve proposed of project that would have the on an the impact While years. I city at don’t it for least believe should 100 six take years, as City’s did High New York Line, which seems provided inspiration to have that guided the CCC, there must be a proper co-design process. First, local concerns and comments should be taken into account, then a project should be by a clear accompanied urban presented and plan,financial and impact then processto the iteration all stakeholders, coherent and transparent a in addressed are problems all until continues and place takes third party. In addition, it is vital an impartial that by the be evaluated project way. cultural a not was it but things, many been have may Chapultepec Cultural Corredor corridor. It was quite clearly a private development project that would not have benefitted the city nor itsresidents. Therewas no justification offered for building an elevated park next to the 847 hectares acres) (almost 2,100 of forest in Chapultepec Park, nor thewhy for city need would more “cultural” space in the between creative zones where the city’s most culturally vibrant neighborhoods are located. Holding consider we park’s that when flat falls theup theof example success an as Line High root, at And everyone. for safe line rail freight the under spaces the keeping problems we must remember that for the high line, neighbors and stakeholders were in the guided thewas of park the theand project beginning, from process decision-making theby reuse, refurbishing and refreshing of decrepit creating infrastructure—not an elevated park from These scratch! facts make me thequestion professional values in - architec of importance the emphasize to points pivotal as serve and FR-EE at practice ture and of the architect itself as the one responsible for the physical manifestation of a legible policy in the urban environment. In conclusion, architecture and essential architects have roles to play in the concep- a in participate and facilitate must They policies. legible of implementation and tion shared space with citizens, where all can and listen interact, understand each other to create a level playing field and shape urban decisions. This space is full of oppor THE PRECEDENT FOR AGENCY FOR THE PRECEDENT - exam resounding a us shows and precedents, many sets CCC for consultation public The ple of how citizenship engagement can change united a against a government’s common and enemy, decision. this situation The created an environment public in which everyone’s opinion was important. Neighbors of the affected area gathered the to situation; people outside of discuss the neighborhood took part in demonstrations; various officesarchitectural presented projects alternative for discussion in openforums; social media vigorously embraced the subject (the Elec- National the summoned by Instituto and a debate online networks); permeated hashtags #NoShopultepec oppor the groups opposing and and favoring both gave Institute) Electoral #AsíNo (National toral tunity to discuss three public topics: transparency/accountability, participation and the project itself. During the months this city-wide effort flourished, academia, civil atmos- an created and goal shared a towards together worked government and society city. once, within for our own of agency, phere tunities for hosting public interactions and spontaneously engaging civilians with their social and built environments; if governments, developers, architects and the public are able together to work to create it, the architecture of our cities will stand of our legible policies. manifestation as the physical highly flawed communication and government highly between flawed citizens, itstillto managed the stopped construction of the thatCCC, showing the was people’s heard and voice to. aspire we community engaged and processes open the to closer step one us taking citizens do not start will not come if it. Change 100 101 AN APPROACH AN APPROACH MUSEUM CITY A TO LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO IRAZABAL, BEGOÑA BY are artmuseums and discourses, powerful thatform can messages contain Artworks sites where the public can participate in them, appreciating and reflecting on the work of great artists of all times. At art museums, visitors take in information - rela ted to history, sociology, anthropology and aesthetics, among many other subjects; pain, feel them, move that scenes in lives their identify techniques, contemplate they transgression, and other complex emotions while developing their understanding of socio-economic, political and religious contexts in different parts of the world at different moments of history. What happens when we apply the concept of an art museum to the city in order to dai- our in function environments’ urban our of perception our improve and expand between relationship the define us help museum a of metaphor the can How lives? ly policy makers and end users and us show can how they The relate? intention of this an exploring is approachthe suggest text a to to Museum roles City, of governments theirand - relations the curator and partsartist of plays who evaluating citizens, and theand the exhibits hip to experience therein. as of thethethe government, curator Museum consider City, theIf we policy maker, its public policies are works of art: the tools it uses to intervene in discourse of theand general application population. of This therather conventional the experience swit- propose I result. will City Museum of kind what evident rather makes metaphor and artiststhe of role the in makers policy placing government, the of role theching making citizens the curators, but leaving public policy as the effort. is a collaborative and implementation creation works of art whose Urban innovation coexists in harmony with (and even manifests itself in) art. When education, by bothpotentialized can offer every a for citizen, message a provocation Camnitzer Luis artist German-Uruguayan city. livable better a toward think and act to thesays museum is a school that explores studies its relationship education; to own abili- people’s through knowledge of acquisition the toward directed often is work his modes traditional ideas. Camnitzer confronts connections between make freely ty to of artopening themcontemplation, to the process of created by questioning a work the the art us how of theof art, role museum can play and showing educator. Art has the capacity to change the public space and the way we live in cities, but it is essential to define howwe intend artto function in urban life. One of art’s - grea test potential contributions is how it can help make public policies more readable, understandable and engaging to the public. Looking at the issue of urban mobility, for transportation public functional offer good, to theexpect government should we city use citizens inhabitants. it, to They encourage withoutmust demanding or obli- participationand acceptance citizen bolster to greatone way so—and do to us gating in public transit systems would be to theemploy discursive possibilities of works of 102 that ourpoliciesare dynamic,creativethat andlegible to all. ensure to roles of number a in engage to like wouldwe which in ecosystem diverse within the city plays what role at the Museum, we should see the Museum City as the body which creativeway.determineto a looking in Ultimately, it than policy rather understanding and at looking benefit,greater by social on priority place and benefit personal of expectation overcomethe to individuals help can museum a as city the Understanding citizens. fellow of part the on engagement and legibility encourage to word-of-mouth and traditions oral using policy, a disseminate or strengthen te, promo- to order in others for examples setting City, Museum a in artists becoming city more sustainable in aspects of mobility or ecology. Participation is key to the citizens allowing the make population, help to habits and preferences creeds, general different movements”of “art many the in biodiversity promotes City Museum The cityintoto the aliving,interactive turn museumdriven by citizenengagement. users way practical for and beneficial a offers and scale, larger a on replicateto easy is locale, its in establishedwell program, The policies. public and cultural city’s the exhibition formats to raise and debate questions about underlying social problems in and media of variety employinga neighborhood, surrounding the in public is what of concept the diversifying of aim the with street, the to façade the of extension the vites artists to intervene translates Museum, often which façade of the upon the into its social character art, of the and potential for The political programimmersion. in- nes the complexity of contemporary artistic strategies related to the public dimension Project) program focuses on public art and maintains a curatorial agenda that exami- (FaçadeProyecto Fachada Its helpful. is Siqueiros Público Arte de Sala museum City Mexico of example the museum, as city the of potential the understand further To will contemplate. “artists of legibility” for policy and the example they set is the work of art that others the be can users ways, these In planners. city for information important offers also destinationstowards the of wecollective a which creating heading, areartwork that area the indicate that colors in bicycles of tires the painting by map transit great a making as such residents, its and city the of understanding deepen that projects in participating City, Museum the of artists the as work collectively even can Wecar. a without further get may we that so lines transportation public of expansion the requesting example, for messages, posting writing, opinions—voting, and ideas our many by offered technology—online networks and public spaces to draw and express the including “blackboards,” city’s the from learning students and government the co-curatorswith Weboth City: are Museum the in role multi-facetedhave a Citizens citizens also engage in shaping the policies and discussions that affect life in the city. government’smakes toit city, sense curator viewas the that the essential of is it but policies, legible of creation the In how? and City, Museum the in participates Who the of emotions ofcardrivers. aware us making and cityscape the to sensitive more be to how us showing process the in bikes, ride to citizens invites piece performance a which in museum contemporarya shown.Imagine artworks the of messages the communicateto help project the to fundamental is design why and interdisciplinary be City Musuem the that vital is it reason, this curatorialFormessage. delivera help that concepts other many the and function beauty,change, of principles the use to how about made be must decisions arises; that question crucial a how,is and exhibited is what of sion deci- the Curation, environment. our perceive we way the change help can art how see we questions, and provokereflection that exhibits curatedfor platform a as city educational along art the possibilities with of museum-city.the When we look at the 103 104 105 PRACTICING PRACTICING LEGIBILITY 106 107 - Ladder of Citizen Par co-option of hand-picked ‘worthy (1969) labelled this (1969) as practice ‘placation’—the UNDERSTANDING NOTABLE RIFTS IN POLICYMAKING RIFTS NOTABLE UNDERSTANDING While policy in making London strategies and Mexico City are very different, and in both cases difficultto penetrate,we observed systemic rifts commonto both.of the key pain One points for civil as servants by suggested policy internally, makers we spoke to, and outlined clearly in the Institute of Government’s Report (Hallsworth et is al., the2011) gap between theory and practice in policy making. The lack of capacity and opportunity to adapt policies to local or changing circumstances means that in practice, policy making processes remain difficultto explain,evenfor those who make them. The report points to an urgent need to design-led approaches introduce to policymaking that more can iterative take into account rapid social, eco- unrest. political and engagement citizen increased change, technological and nomic also discontent observed in We the around citizen tokenism ‘active’ participation in processes. Sherrygovernance R. in Arnstein her paper important ticipation BY ANAB JAIN, VYTAUTAS JANKAUSKAS AND JON ARDERN, SUPERFLUX JON ARDERN, AND JANKAUSKAS VYTAUTAS JAIN, ANAB BY “Modern statecraft is a largely project of internal colonization, often glossed, as it is in imperial rhetoric, as a civilizing mission.” This quote from the seminal work of James C. Scott (Seeing Like a Schemes to the Improve Human ) Condition outlines Failed Have one of State:the nemeses of con - How Certain Scott democracies: lacktemporary proposes of thattransparency. the central métier of modern is statecraft maketo a society legible, to the arrange population that in sim- ways (1998). rebellion of prevention the and conscription, taxation, of state classic functions the plified which name and classify places, roads, systems All efforts—from application of novel by mechanisms data—are private citizens’ of collection the now and property people, theWhile ends. political to legible landscapes and people its renders thewhich state public is becoming more and more legible and exposed remain, often to made, decisions governments, and the formulated are policies inner how state, the of workings the public. to and opaque complex or not, largely whether intentionally In this essay we reflect on our learning around currentpolicy making andengagement approaches in citizen London and Mexico City for the Legible Policies project. We then explore possibilities for using some of our successful design methods and experiments to help in creating a more equal footing between those in power and trust thatthose meant to power. who are SHIFTING THE SHIFTING BALANCE— CITIES EQUITABLE FOR DESIGN 108 ment’s planto install parkingmeters intheirneighborhood. (2014) Fig. 1. Residents inCoyoacan march down thestreets protesting thecitygovern- 2015) audit.(Morse, outanecessary hasruled Supreme Court the shows2015in that only 11%about havespendings public of accountedbeen for, and data infrastructures, area local investedwerein funds collected the of 30% as much as that claim authorities the While policy. the of implementation the on spending actual around transparency of lack the of because ensued confusion Further neleros. befriended by secured previously spaces, parking habitual their were losing of commuters afraid Regular clientele. reduce would shops their outside meters king par of presence the that worriedwere centre city the in 2015).owners (Morse, Shop tural improvements. Unfortunately, benefits of such citizens did not see strategy,the local nontaxable of economy shadow the eliminate usage, car reduce to was intent government’s The criticism. much in brought meters parking of introduction the City, Mexico in instance, For policy.a such behind visions to sustainedthe dialogues no discuss are there because is this Often term. short the in aspirations citizens’ and citizens, its and city the to benefits term long policy’s betweenthe misalignment the is systemicerror Another Mayor’sthe office. of version (Freeman,2014)legalresultedaction a This in Plan. London final againstcouncils bynine the in policy the included and report the ignored allegedly Mayor The needs. housing local levelsmeet torent affordable local own their determineto able be should authorities local that stated which report inspector’s planning dent indepen- an downon severalby based boroughs,turned local was decision The Plan. London approved currently the for draft a in introduced been had threshold prices 3.10,2015)pol. Plan, (London housing affordable 80% an instance, For account. into But, sessions these feedback. from suggestions take to receive Mayor’sOffice tothe for obligation no order is there in held are unions citizen and councils local with ned by the Mayor is a recent and ongoing example of placation. Consultation sessions a long-term strategy for the city of London, which is legally drafted and finally - versio (2015),Plan London The . holders power the to advice the feasibilityof or legitimacy judgethe citizens’ onto committees, allowing them to advise or plan ad infinitum but retaining the rightto as well as collect money for local infrastruc- local for money collect as well as franeleros fra - - 109 - , Polis the Wikipedia, 2016). We know today how elitist and difficult CHANGING NOTIONS OF CITIZENSHIP (BEING A CITIZEN) CITIZENSHIP OF CHANGING NOTIONS In contemporary terms, citizens are members of a opinions voice theaffairsthein city, of participate political to power and theirrights community: exercise They can while withholding their unique multiple identities and can, most importantly, influence change (Jones, Gaventa, 2002). Ifwe go right backto the notion of involvement in the affairs of the city defines the modern day citizen’s identityto a large extent (Polis n.d. In citi- and citizen of definitions changing These is. citizenship of vision thatambitious ci- term the Does people. of realities lived everyday thewith odds at often are zenship withtizen mean anything discontent), more than (occasionally, voting taxes, paying theirexpress opportunitiesand the to opinions through fragmented various media? Do most people care enough to actually volunteer their time to better understand, of the in theand when possible participate state? workings As we began our research, we traced a particular trajectory of gement active in citizen both - enga cities. It leads us to believe that there is large desire groups and of intent, people, within to affect change. Mexico City’s history of authoritarianism has created a deeply engraved culture of regular there protest as 2013-2014, a Between government. the means of actions and decisions the by question zens which citi- (Ortuño , day. a 6.3 averaging City, Mexico in manifestations registered 2302 been have From the theto Suffragettes 2015). CND marches in the the to 1980s recent anti-war citi- relentless of with instances replete is too, history London’s protests, student and Riots in London. In Wikipedia of . 2015). (List and power. voice zen demands for What becomes obvious in these examples is that whilst policy making has good in- appropriate the lack and process the from alienated feel often citizens reality in tent, mutual thatand trustcreate tools and affectwould knowledge use Here, change. we le- layers policy complex or invisible making thanjust more that is term a as ‘legible’ gover of understanding shared a of creation the mean would legibility Instead, gible. nance and political processes, all for all citizens. above stakeholders, It should make it easier to understand what influence and agency citizens have within the system, what tools and capacities can help act on that and agency, how citizen input - beco thisIf is loops. feedback transparent and dialogue through actionable sustained mes one of the key ambitions of the Legible Policies project, then first of all,we needto the contemporary in is ‘citizen’ term misunderstood and complex how acknowledge the understand changing notions of citizenship. better to in order democracies, 110 consulting on citizen engagement benefits for governments, civil society organisa- society civil governments, for benefits engagement citizen on consulting society. The International Association for Public Participation (2016) offers worldwide ternate National Action Plan based on broad and participative engagement with civil al- an togethertopropose come who organisations citizen-led and NGOvernmental, Mayor. The Open Government (2015) is an international initiative numerous with go- the byconsiderationinto taken been haveapprovedalso Plan, currently London the by proposed 2012), Space, (Just adjustments earlier Some 2016). Space, (Just elections upcoming the after right service, of day first his Mayor,new todirectlythe introduced be on will plan The Plan. alternateLondon an nised its own working groups with local citizens, and together they intend to propose people’s input in policy making processes. For instance, London’s Today, organisationscitizen-led advocatingof we number steadyfora see the in rise gentrification. (2015) Fig. 3. Activists andresidents gathered for aReclaim Brixton protest inApril against protest inMexico CityonMay 25. (2015) Fig. 2. Alocal taxidriver paints ‘Uber Out’ ontheback windshield of hiscarduringa and their partners to partners their and Space Just Just Space, Just has orga- 111 A LIBRARY OF DESIGN EXPERIMENTS DESIGN OF A LIBRARY These initiatives have created awareness and raised and questions bottom-up about creative, more accountability many for need urgent an is there But transparency. and methods inclusive on a for draw to shared like pathoswould multiple for We actors. our own research and design practice to suggest an exploratory set of experiments that are more profoundly grounded in actual practice, so that all stakeholders may policies. and implementing trust in generating greater gain thefuture of visions alternate by generating on focuses practice research and design Our bringing in the voice of multiple stakeholders and communities. Examples of such methodology from our work include projects of like Power 8 (Superflux, 2009), Lilo- and (2015) Fiction Port (2015), All for Mangala (2012), Cards Tarot Synbio (2010), rann ex- creating find of approach that design-led this we Increasingly (2014). States Failed periential, inclusive, plural and public sec- governments valuable for is futures proving organisations. tor For instance, are we currently withworking City (Smartof Eindhoven participatory for smart design as strategies thecities, to as Labwell Policy Council, 2016) for policies inclusive more create to design speculative use to Office (2014), Cabinet the in in the experiments five propose we thisexperience, on Based transport. rail of the future alongside current methods. thatpolicy making process could work Fig. 4, 5, 6. Mapatón CDMX. (2016) CDMX. Mapatón 6. 5, 4, Fig. tions, tions, and industry. From within the government too, several programs have been created Policy to Lab’s encourage transparency. Open initiative Policy Making (2014) has published a toolkit and (2016) techniques policy makers can use to create more the- Commu Smartare London Otherinitiatives similar policy. led user and open proposal and (2015), Mexico nityParticipativo City’s Presupuesto (2016) Engagement a promising drive to introduce new policies to citizens. The Mapaton CDMX (p. 121) project is citizen data of a participation thathow great can example would generate and generation data between loop the closing thus gather, to impossible otherwisebe data consumption. 112 Fig. 7, 8. Superflux: Mangalafor All (2015) licy process, ornew versions ofexisting provocations. policies,couldactasvaluable alternateof ethnography, diagrams po- political visual as such props tactile creating of context the Within conceit. the to commit involvedand get opinions, develop to speculative prototypes help ask ‘what if’ and ‘as if’ questions, giving people the space often These encouragedpossibilities. arenew to imagine participants props, actual interviews, and provoke observations Alongside to responses. used are prototypes and diegetics which in work ethnographic our for used have we method experiential successful a is research design Object-driven them publiclyaccessible.(2016) continually Ciudad la para torio Labora- instance, For processes. governance in participate activelyto citizens asking political actors to become participants in making their own work legible, rather than for willingness a displaywould importantly,activity Most such trust. they whom in those vulnerabilityof even aspirationsand the the understand citizens bywhich ms - mechanis emotivepowerful become could makers policy and servants civil various tential implications of those decisions. Where possible, audio and video recordings of of policy making processes, the evidence and intent behind decision-making, and po- understanding deeper a provide could institutions, research and academic byraged activity,encou- Such (Auyero,2007). activity political clandestine of zones’ ‘grey the as well as institutions, political and actors state of workings inner direct the bywhich means a ethnographybecomes litical po- experiment, our In dissemination. and gathering insight aid design tools to cific Political ethnography is not a new but method, we would like to enhance it spe- with 1. POLITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY document their urban experiments and make and experiments urban their document unbiased third party actors study actors party third unbiased by looking and even touching even and looking by 113 Prices in Public, for example, are Money Off, is a prop highlighting that - govern Updates would show how much money was collected and how stickers stickers on public infrastructure which enumerate their costs and funding sources, Parking Meter Monthly much (and where) it was spent. Also, Fig. 9, 10, 11, 12. Superflux: Synbio Tarot Cards (2012) Cards Tarot Synbio Superflux: 12. 11, 10, 9, Fig. TACTICS DISSEMINATION 2. are work ethnography thethat political from theensure insights to critical be will It of tools traditional the redesign to is this achieve to possibility One accessible. widely tactical a instance, For format. accessible and familiar a is it as campaigning political notices and stickers posters, flyers, for templates include could toolkit dissemination which could be filled in withkey findings and placed on public noticeboards, cafes, halls imagine and local libraries, town pubs. councils, We citizen-led and initiatives, numerous organisations non-governmental be would keen to try such low-cost tools and become early adopters. Several of the ideas that emerged during our workshop in Mexico City explore such dissemination tactics. ment is providing bikes, parking and much more at highly subsidised rates. Apart from visible stickering, cheap and accessible digital tools could also be designed to of the city and its infrastructure. thehelp people understand multiple hidden layers 114 politics andcitizenship. of realities the with audiences confront that presentations performative ceptional, ex- creates 2012) (Redcat, Wunderbaum group actors’ Dutch prolific The theatre. or opaque streetpolitical proceduresin the dissemination tactic is either performance, highly Another successful and effective way of raising awareness and visibility about Fig. 13-14. Anab Jain. Yellow ChairStories(2005) Fig. 13. CandyChang. IWish This Was(2012). to meet anddebate neighbours localissuesinexchange for afree WiFi connection. for space community shared a became 11) 10, fig. see (2005, StoriesChair Yellow project Jain’s Anab spaces. these for hopes their share easily to dents resi- invite to Orleans New across buildings vacant Was—on This Wish I said which project Chang’s Several artists and designers have successfully explored such analogue tactics. Candy (2012, see fig. 9), used a very simple stickering tool, stickering simple very a used 9), fig. see (2012,Was This Wish I 115 . (2015) Drone . Traffic Drone Aviary: Superflux. 16. Fig. (2012) Songs at the End of the World Wunderbaum: 15. Fig. POLICYMAKING SPECULATIVE 3. One of the biggest rifts in the current system is the lack of shared future visions between the state and its citizens. When a policy needs to be in implemented London, there is a consultation process through which people (London can comment Elects, and 2015). However, respond such public feedback often comes policy-making too process. late Subsequently, implementation of in a new the policy comes as an with saw we As it. reverse mechanismsto no have who people to surprise unpleasant the around theredisparity of notable notions a is City, Mexico in themeters parking good, dividing the and thegreater visions of policymakers public. We strongly believe that there is a clear need for safe spaces, both physical and considered.concep- implications their and extrapolated openly be can policies future where tual, 116 policies canbe publicly versioned collaborative through visioning. where governance, participatory to approach iterative an for way the paving ture, for vehicle a becomes It more. can annotate their own suggestions through pictures, words, photographs and much citizens and stakeholders relevant where board drawing a the becomes policy proposed aids, visual through Presented context. this in tool, powerful considering a worth be particularly can design speculative via futures envisioning of practice The policies. tions, aswell doubtsaround particular astheir aspira- their share and create to encouraged feel they Furthermore, consequences. people envision such futures it becomes easier to also envision and understand their When livedrealities.day presentto them bind can that conditions legal and nomic citizens could be expressed constraintsthe without of existing socio-political, eco- An environment is needed where alternate future visions and aspirations of aspirations and visions future alternate where needed is environment creating an open and editable policy for the fu- the for policy editable and open an creating 117 a generative space Fig. 19, 20. Ecobike Scheme, Mexico City operating since 2010. Modified bikes for for Modified bikes since 2010. City operating Mexico Scheme, Ecobike 20. 19, Fig. City (2016) Mexico goods, carrying The current London Plan proposes big improvements to the cycling infrastructure. (London Plan, pol. Plan, 6.9, (London city the2015) around Another lots parking long-term of number thestrategy increase that to is figures inhowever, plan, that same The policies, two part of 2015). pol. the6.13, same long-term plan, clearly contradict each Parking other. lots, notably in residential are developments, in some cases - pro stresses mobility, sustainable for charity a Sustrans, 100%. to up increased be to jected that there is high risk of encouraging the use of two or more cars with consequent impacts on local congestion and pollution, while discouraging cycling and walking mechanis- useful become could approaches design speculative Here, 2015). (Sustrans, different stakeholders. involving mobility scenarios by ms in exploring future who families as well as purposes, working for areas central to commute who Citizens use cars for longer-distance weekend meant trips, not is along experiment an withSuch participate. to mobility invited be experts, could designers, ethnograand - phers proces, these alongside used be instead but processes, official Consultation replace to or perhaps work some of the methods we describe - adop has into Cambridge theof City consultation by processes. 2016) (Kaufman, Roadmap City Inclusive the Recently, ted an process exemplary creative, to interactive engage citizens in collaborating on urban planning projects. this Ultimately, experiment becomes of future dreams and conflicts where can citizens meet and on thosean in power footing. equal Power of 8 (2009) Power Superflux: 18. 17, Fig. One immediate opportunity to conduct small around speculative Mexico City’s experiments Ecobike could scheme (CDMX, be 2010 currently used by ments specificof people. primarily young During our fieldwe numerous visit observed ways seg- in which people currently transport small numbers of good (walking and pushing small trolleys, walking with objects on their heads etc). Are there opportunities to speculate jugaad-like hacks such as modular addon or foldable attachments around the thatecobikes might be useful thesefor - specu groups? An and inclusive iterative lative design process could yield surprising results, and in turn make the designed sensitive. and context culture more system 118 to simulate voting onlegislations. citizens forinteractive means and sessions parliamentary from streamslive include already (parliamentlive.tv) practices Some doors. closed than rather transparency is intention the that sense the them give can streamed being is it that fact the watch, to people for possibility the with sible, agency.ownershipand of sense tweeted,be Debatespos- can streamed, where videos their retain contributors that ensure and open, more processes communication the make help can media and design of tools and know how involvement their aids finalin decision-makingthe processes. Simple is imperative that they be kept abreast of the translation of that activity into a policy, activity,it toward ownershipthe and agency of sense a achieve time volunteertheir tomovedemocracy choose governance in who tokenism.pastmodels citizens When new that ensure to is legible policies making of aspects important most the of One 5. TRANSPARENT FEEDBACK LOOPS 4. CONTEXT-SENSITIVE SENSE-MAKING ment station. (2016) Fig. 21, 22. Cambridge worked withInterboro Partners to designthismobile engage- design practices for iterative policymaking. impose specious order on a complex reality, but feel confident in adopting emergent filtering would encourage decision makers not to resort to comforting narrativesspecific that Furthermore, making. policy of realities ground-level messy the addressing for tool robust a become can This policies. specific of terms in discussions for ters as used be both can development sustainable for agreement political global major a reach to failure the or efficiency emission in breakthrough technological a game-changing instance, For filtering. generalised predetermined, than rather exercise of visioning futures series the after a emerge that filters design and frameworks to be would here experiment The making. decision for strategy policy makers help to techniques sense-making traditional alongside effectively work can methods visualising and filtering designed Thoughtfully experiments? and process futuring the in gathered data qualitative rich the process Groups Working do How and work towards a sensitive, ethical ethical sensitive, a towards work and noise the from signals weak pick . Even if people don’t people if Even time. real in respond translation, decision making and making decision translation, context-sensitive fil- context-sensitive 119 sensitively, sensitively, ethically and safe spaces for creative drea- a bigger stake in governance processes. governance in stake bigger a a voice and ming. In order to understand the direct value of these experiments, need would we to conduct ground level, small scale trials. If designed with respect for individual privacy, such spaces safes can support and encourage turn, in and ideas of ownership shared Any such experimental or out-of-the-textbook repertoire of tools will need immense political will, conviction and suspension of disbelief. To acknowledge the need for thewhere mean power acknowledging a world need would for such alternatives any and citizens. actors non-state the state, between distributed evenly is more CONCLUSIONS Through the experiments we have outlined we wanted to sketch out new opportunities for addressing some of the riftssystemic in policy making by giving all actors who have a stake in shaping our cities 120 121 ) transportation is one of its main problems. Finding ways to im- 2 prove how prove people withinmove the city requires imagination and cooperation from and society alike. decision makers The megalopolis lacks an updated map of the approximately 1,500 bus routes that within—andcirculate limits; beyond—its well it is calculated thatmillion around 14 trips are made everyday. Keeping up-to-date, quality information about this system represents a task that tackle.seems to processes almost Conventional impossible for Mexico City is home to an incredible diversity of people and cultures, but it is hinde- is it but cultures, and people of diversity incredible an to home is City Mexico red by infrastructural deficiencies. In a city of such big scale (the metropolitan area measures 4,887 m Laboratorio para Laboratorio la Ciudad’s Mapatón project was mentioned during frequently the collaborative workshops in Mexico City, as referenced is it team similarly, members legibility; of practice the from of examples both many it in London saw Mexico and experi- this of account detailed a provide we Here, publication. this in essays many in how of model a as out stands it how and results, origins, its innovation: civic in ment governmental processes can be made more legible to citizens by involving them in that problems affectthe their lives. of complex resolution everyday A CASE FROM MEXICO CITY: CITY: FROM MEXICO A CASE LA PARA LABORATORIO CDMX MAPATÓN CIUDAD’S LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO TÉLLEZ, RODRIGO BY 122 have implied some kind of ownership, and therefore restricted public access, to the the to access, public restricted therefore and ownership, of kind some impliedhave methods, and at a fraction of traditional the cost. through Additionally, obtain resorting toto year these methods a would than more taken have could that information gathered authorities local twoof months period a in that groundbreaking truly is It local the government infinding ways to improve with their city. life in participate to interest authentic an had citizens that demonstrates this All mapping. activelydays)685,188 475 to (translatingof minutestotal a spent Users toamounts Earth. 1.2 circumferencedistancethat a the mapped, of the times red to use the app and 736 teams were formed. A total of 51,308 kms (31,881 mi) were registe- people 3,996 measure. any by success a was Mapatón the of experiment The were considered usefulandwere entered into finaldatabase. the complete the totalA 2,765 of database. routes1,763prospect were those, of mapped, up clean routestoand validate data collected the volunteers wentof through group a which after game, the in participate to which in period two-week a had Citizens cash prizesorelectronic devices. earned scores highest the with participants the incentive, an family.As and friends with teams form or individually participate could Mappers bus. the inside user the monitored and recorded via an app for GPS gathered data Androidfrom devices that travelled, was they which routes from the according to points scored transportation) Users finish. to start of form widely-used most city’s the vans, and minibuses ses, (bu- transport public simple:licenced routeswas gameof tomap the of premise The was essentialto to enableboth work together to solve acommonproblem. government and society civil between trust mutual building of low,process rilously the nment in exercise.city-wide the At a time where trust in governmental institutions is pe- gover the tocollaboratepossible with as inhabitants City manyMexico as persuade and was vital to develop a communication strategy could attentioncall that the public of the it Also, application. the volunteersdesign toof testsinvolvinghundreds pilot of series a and year’stime tooka roughly it easy; not was project Mapatón the developmentof The routes civiccollaboration, gamification through and technology. bus city’s the map to experiment crowdsourcing a CDMX: Mapatón was result The action. of courses possible explore to offices government other and NGOs included torio para la Ciudad brought together and managed a group of 12 organizations that to alternative an find Labora issue, ineffective.moreeffort the - an task solution In to arduous already an makes that tape red of trail a and dollars of thousands of dreds hun- for contracts implies this service, this provide to government the by hired are generationthe of mobility data are time-consuming and expensive. Consulting firms - 123 - mation that applicationsfocusedcould onsignificantly improve mobility andother digital products. Future iterations of Mapatón are as yet undeveloped, but the prospects are exciting. groupThe work is thinking the make of to ways otherapp to available cities around the world that face similar transportation problems, in order to they example can provide use organize to releasing their version own of thethem game. However, an with tamper to the code source of the anyone app allow is not an option, as it would the algorithm points. that rewards actua- could one policy; public particular a to path a set not did itself in Mapatón The complicated very of series a of result the is exercise an such for need the that argue lly that place decades ago. otherBut it did prove put into policies factors) (among many attitu- an and their environment transform to tools withtheright citizens providing de of full disclosure and transparency from the government sets the scene for new, of citizen engagement. forms different and certainly very positive The Mapatón CDMX work group consists of Laboratorio para la Ciudad, Centros de Transferencia Modal (Cetram), the Secretaría de Movilidad (Semovi), PIDES - Innova ción Social, Krieger Electronics, the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP México), Planeación & Desarrollo SC, M+urbano, Transconsult, Ally and Urban Launch Pad. The project was supported by the Hewlett Foundation and British Embassy in Mexico. the The information gathered by the game’s participants is of value to a variety of users. City tential planners, academics and the see the local po- government database as an important tool to make better informed decisions visua- and multi-layered create lizations and maps. For entrepreneurs, it provides free, unrestricted access to infor information from whoever covered the cost of gathering the data, while the database the while data, the gathering of cost the covered whoever from information through Gene - in and API an anyone to the from available is results Mapatón created format. Specification Feed Transit ral after one theday Just database - Social was published, (an PIDES organiza Innovación tion that was a member of the Mapatón work group), in collaboration with Google, withup came who innovative teams to hackathon prizes a cash that awarded hosted digital solutions using the Mapatón database. And we at para Laboratorio la Ciudad continue to run into ways people are using the database for different purposes. For José urbanist Manuel Landin map used the it withto example, frequency which bus- city the that information of synthesis a representing route, certain a through pass ses the Mapatón. before access to had had never 124 125

SPENDING AND ACCOUNTABILITY GOVERNMENT those deci- how spends its budgets, the concerns government how This topic the can processes citizens and how to or represented communicated sions are transparent. become more THE CITY VISIONS OF the concept of theThis encompasses through city as a whole seen of its the eyes citizens. MAKE DECISIONS? DO PEOPLE HOW that the explores the popula- and behaviors how influence reasons This topic and experiments with decisions, in those changes creating tion makes patterns of choices. USER AM I? KIND OF WHAT of citizens, their the habits and understand seeksThis area daily behaviour to the function of the better can that city. be used to information how TRANSPORT DISCUSSION ABOUT COLLECTIVE and share communicate citizens can effectively thought about how we Here their the of transport experiences with usage promote each other to in order personal automobiles. public transportation over Playful, fast-paced Playful, and ideation intense sessions are an withintool important urban laboratories, allowing for concentrated discussion and speculative thought that ideally (bothinsights gain andlogical to way a as well as provocation, conceptual a as functions group Dynamic goals. established towards forward way the point help that spontaneous) exercises to propose and conceptualize possible solutions that are imaginative and engaging lets participants start anchoring previous theoretical discussions into practical realities, without losing the freedom that comes from imaginative and highly intuitive thinking, of ideas and paradigms. edges exploring the outer As part of the London-Mexico collaboration, the binational, multidisciplinary team - inves the by informed “probes” “hacks”and proposing sessions, these of several held tigation of sparking Legible discussion Policy, among the team members about - con but ideas, finalized propose to meant not was session idea This implementation. cept rather serve as a space of joint reflection and bridge-building among disciplines, in addition to being part of the methodology initial to register thoughts so that teams be further and scaled in projects to developed identify common interests could later in the future. First the team chose five problematics facedby modern cities on whichtofocus, lis- as follows: ted • • • • • With these these topics established, Anab Jain of Superflux led the- exercise, separa ting the participantssmall groups with into charges hacks inventing and probes for each city problem: ideas that proposed new ways to fix them. The suggestions from each group from and highly highly ranged utopian, practical to after discussing the hack on the and theprobe most groupand utility of each voted suggested feasibility promising or implementable options, generating a list of potential projects explore in future collaborations. Below is a list of some of came out of this exercise. the most promising ideas that HACKS AND PROBES AND HACKS 126 127 THE DESIGN OF SMALL CHANGES OR THE ADDITION OF A PLUG-IN TO TO A PLUG-IN THE ADDITION OF OR CHANGES SMALL OF THE DESIGN PROBES Bugging the Government Place stations anonymous survey within officesgovernment government much how measure to buildings service civil and responsibilities. and expenditures about knows actually staff For example, put up a poster with a photo of a nearby park and ask the question, “How much does it cost per month to maintain this park?”, or inquire if people know how many mobile law enforcement units are on the street. Rotate the questions asked to cover different branches of city - govern ment and responsibilities. Inputs and outputs Use parking meters to display information about ways money understand to users Allow used. is fees parking from collected clearly where the resources end up. Make physical elements with the communicate of infrastructure public. GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND ACCOUNTABILITY GOVERNMENT HACK DEFINITIONS HACK AN OR ADDING WAY IN A DIFFERENT WORK TO IT CAUSING SYSTEM, AN EXISTING THE SYSTEM. TO OR ENGAGEMENT PARTICIPATION OF EXTRA LAYER CAPABLE SPACE, IN A SOCIAL MICRO-EXPERIMENTS OF THE INSERTION PROBES DATA QUALITATIVE GATHERING AND HYPOTHESIS OR PARTIAL SPECIFIC TESTING OF HAPPEN IF…”) WOULD (“WHAT RIPPLE EFFECTS ITS OF THROUGH OBSERVATION 128 129

visions for mobility. Its location changes every market. an itinerant like day week of the Vote with your Feet Host a massive event in a public plaza where the public can express their preferences about issues affecting the city by representations. graphic life-size large-scale, participatingin People can show their support for different policy decisions and solutions in by standing bar charts or other formations that track different proposals. Take aerial photos to observe the support. most receive what proposals PROBES Pop-Up Survey Shop A mobile pop-up stand or kiosk where to the ask public questions, can request go solutions or propose alternative VISIONS OF THE CITY VISIONS OF HACKS Mini-Model In the office of each cityof delegation, the area that makecitizens can a use to scale model mark issues, problems, and events other information be to shared withusers fellow and local government. 130 131 . PROBES Amazing Race Make a game for the public in city. which the participants of gather part at different a to travel to asked are and point one track to have users all the but prize, a wins arrive to first The and movements their registers that app an using routes their use of transportation, allowing organizers to examine how routes which and around getting about choices make people theare efficient. most HOW DO PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS? DO PEOPLE HOW HACKS Bike-cessories bike-sharing Have programs offer accessories that adapt the way you can use a bike, so that a wider range of users participate. can Offer car seats for children, trailers baskets to or transport small heavy objects, whose and use other can be accessories tracked to identify bikes. what borrow kinds of users Free Transit Host free transportation days when users don’t have to pay to encourage more people to adopt public transportation. Alternatively, offer random incentives transportation like having for free ticket winners using or a that lottery users metro can win public 132 133 PROBES Work on Your Way each it access to but transportation, public on WiFi free Offer user must information anonymous register about his or her choose users of types what understand to order in profession different modes of transport. WHAT KIND OF USER AM I? USER AM I? KIND OF WHAT HACK App Good Citizenship Tracking good their post can citizens whichwith app free a Distribute civic deeds, from carpooling or choosing to bike instead of drive to voting or attending neighborhood meetings. Allow see what usersgood deeds to are happening in their vicinity and in other parts of the city. 134 135 City Travel Hacks an Create app data thatand incident gathers user-generated reports recommendations make best use of to to public how the around city. get transportation to Water Cooler Transportation Maps Water Cooler Transportation Place maps and dry near boards office erase coolers so water get use to can the share to they prefer routes that employees due delays potential about colleagues their advise or work to obstructions.to Help people identify with whom they could with. theircarpool or share commutes PROBES COLLECTIVE DISCUSSION ABOUT TRANSPORTATION DISCUSSION ABOUT COLLECTIVE HACKS 136 137 IVÁN ABREU, CENTRO DE DISEÑO, CINE Y TELEVISIÓN Y CINE CENTRO DE DISEÑO, ABREU, BY IVÁN Present and future problems related to mobility in Mexico City, as well as the legibility of public policy that sets out solutions to those problems, were for the three focus days of of intensive work for a small, multidisciplinary and binational (UK/ Mexico) group of which I formed a part. withFaced the urgent issues of present-day thanlong-term) (rather theimmediate toward tended projections our centers, urban dysfunctions. on contemporary mainly concentrated and we future, The groups’ work confirmedmy belief in several principles.First, disruption is politics, and ideas that irrupt into the established map of beliefs activate individuals, - techno and design art, of contexts in procedure desirable a is This them. politicizing the despite fact that less but in commonly it public features its policy, capacity logy, to create exceptions reactivates interest in a topic, and its potential to affect the current state of things makes everyone want to know how much the implementation Second, it affirmed existence. theirto me to day-to-day of a idea disruptive will favor that attention has political value. Without it, it is not possible to start a process of theon depend within of thatwill change dynamics communitarian or social largely law. the of exercise the by behaviors their of conditioning the on less and individuals, artists, group—designers, work of the members of the theprofiles thanks to Perhaps, on agreed all creativity—we to linked academics and researchers, curators, architects, a disruptive approach to the problem of as mobility, well as the indispensable com- of munication theand awareness-raising problem. Ideas includedfloated the design of new uses for modes of transport to make long commuting times useful; payment fee their mobility of type which chooses user the which in transport public in systems will go to support; mechanisms that make the uses of resources transparent; - real-ti me data on the- embedded in objects; in economic road exchan network value given civic some just conduct. for of ge These the were approaches, some many of them so concrete, more others, and imagination, writer’s a from come to seemed they radical element important an was Creativity doable. them making to view a with up thought them think effectively. up solutions, and communicate to in the equation, This brings us to the legibility of a public policy—its its clarity, ability to engage the public, that aspect of communication that complements the systemic of conception a solution, added to variables that are architectural, related to design, financial, more. and many legal, Legibility is a mediation for the true objective, which is to does mobilize or activate however, the Comprehensible, policy. public a promotes that individuals of conduct THE VALUE OF DISRUPTION: DISRUPTION: OF VALUE THE ON A REFLECTION COLLABORATION EXERCISES AND THOUGHT 138 vidual relations. indi- from individual the of construction however, the forboth, allow macro-social; one and micro-political one approaches, different twoare These concepts. basic and community the with start second the innovativedisruptions; of value the wellas as environment, her with relation affective and ergonomics her individual, the with start first The institutions. governmental other, the on and etc., researchers, trend computing, affective architecture, art, design, like fields side, one the - metho on distinct dologies: from problems social address that work of fields between the synergy by possible made were above on touched exercises thought the conclusion, In le communityprocesses. responsibility of the individual who in the the end has the promotecapacity to advance and larger-sca- bulwark to trying micro-mobility, to related Ideas approach. this addressed ideas design—many of space habitable the and spaces, private ly,friends, public institutions and policies takes place principally at a micro-political level: with - fami individuals of complicity the that assumes also It indifference. from precisely is indifference less productive involvement, than problem of stems the part and that To politicize in contextthis does not necessarily imply disagreement. It assumes that publics. politicized to policies public from moved be to equation the of elements the allow iterativeand open way,an in reason, will forthis overand, policy time public shape sense of a conversation between institution and community—a conversation that the will in legibility of understanding an towards orientated were ideas many sessions, the will on of the individual and count make them taketo consequent able action. This is why, being towards step during the first the only is this actionable; mean not 139 140 141 APPLYING LEGIBILITY LEGIBILITY APPLYING COMPLEX THE CITY’S WITHIN IN MOBILITY SYSTEMS: MEXICO CITY 142 143 - - Perhaps more symbolically, a new wave a new wave more symbolically, Perhaps .2 MACHINA SPECULATRIX MACHINA , Alex Ryan, a Canadian practitioner in charge of Alberta CoLab, “the “the AlbertaCoLab, of charge in practitioner Canadian a Ryan, Alex 1 . Available at: https://medium.com/ideo-stories/the-next- at: Available Thing in Design. Big The Next (2016). Tim. Brown, - https://medium.com/the-overlap/what-is-sys from: Available Design? is Systemic What (2016). Alex. Ryan, der to tackle the world’s most complex problems we transcend the require standard sensibilities responses of that politicians and technologists; on the other hand, designers themselves seem to be equipped with a newfound confidenceto beha tackle of more ambitious challenges design after the successful strides into viors, experiences, services and organizations. Be thethat invitation as participate to in it thismay, bi-national collaboration came as a timely opportunity to assume the systemic-designerly mindset. After all, urban the of problems of type thebe example paradigmatic may interventions and policies that systemic design is claiming for itself: large-scale, complex, unbounded, - contes ted, socio-technical and ecological at once. Roberto Ascencio, from Laboratorio para la Ciudad, did an in work excellent his introduction to the workshop, presenting us with these challenges as they appear in in mobility programs implemented recently Mexico tensions City: The ECOBICI,Circula, ecoParq, No etc. theHoy new traffic law, between short and long term objectives, micro and macro scales, interior and - exte rior perspectives, may prove to be tractable only by means of mindset. the aforementioned - intersec the at re-emerging) precisely, more perhaps (or, emerging is design Systemic tion of and systemics design—both of which enjoy a history convoluted that exceeds by far the scope of this text. The former refers to a family of theories, frameworks of appreciation for the ideas and work of R. Buckminster anticipatory call seems a design for be Fuller, the to “comprehensive science,” sweeping including his art and design world once more. There may be a motivation twofold behind this trend: On one hand, individuals and organizations could be realizing that in or 1 big-thing-in-design-513522543a6f#.z2l1y173p 2 temic-design-f1cb07d3d837#.hfttz3lfy SYSTEMIC DESIGN AND AND DESIGN SYSTEMIC POLICY WRITABLE JORGE CAMACHO course new a launched just has attention—CENTRO selective of case a likely most is It in Systems Thinking for the Master of Arts in Design Studies program—but lately I have noticed all kinds of signals pointing to of project the mention to a (not very publication This general design. of field thereappraisal in perspective of the systemic as one more. as a whole) serves la Ciudad para Laboratorio firm innovation and design important the most IDEO—arguably ago, weeks few A in the world—announced their integration with Kyu Collective. the Presumably, pers- human-centered their bring to is considerations) financial (beyond intention pective “to tackle today’s toughest systems challenges… education, government, healthcare.” world’s world’s firststanding systemic designteam in is government,” knownto be writing what may become the first monographfocused on the theory and practice of the emerging design field of systemic 144 its contested nature. The struggles and oppositions between government and citizens, pect of problem the of mobility in Mexico City, from a systemic design perspective, is And yet, despite all impressivethese and even thefigures,alarming most relevant as- water andnoisepollution,to most mentiononly salientproblems. the air, of terms in edge critical the on constantly is city the perspective, ecological an ned to more than nine private companies, among other infrastructures. Finally, from concessio- buses of number same the by matchedsystem RTP owned publicly the of kilometersthousand of streets, 302 Metro trains, and more one buses than thousand ten than more on depends city the in mobility system,socio-technical thoroughly a community design.” and policy-making, systems, social situations, societal complex for design mation... transfor social for “design or 4.0 Design short namely development, its nothing in stage new represents a of challenges of set new this unlocked has profession sign of two dangerous ideaofinterdependence ideaofintentionality. ideas”:the andthe 25, 2016. Available from: https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/big-data-mexico-city-mapathon-gamifies-crowdsourcing 9 df.gob.mx/wb/stv/estadisticas 8 from: http://humantific.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/NextD_Design_4.0.pdf (2009). Design 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0: The riseof visualsensemaking. New York, NextDesign Leadership Institute. Available edu/5063638/Systemic_Design_Principles_for_Complex_Social_Systems See also: Jones, P.H., &vanPatter, G.K. Systems, inMetcalf, GaryS. (2014). SocialSystems and Design . Springer Japan. Available from: http://www.academia. Design 3.0: organizational transformation. See Jones, Peter H. (2014). Systemic DesignPrinciples for Complex Social 7 dn.mss/designx_a_future_pa.html 6 view/787 Education. Vol.7, Nr.4, 2014, Art. 4, 1-14. Available from: https://journals.hioa.no/index.php/formakademisk/article/ 5 4 3 overobjectives.”guity ded for situations characterised by complexity, uniqueness, conflict,value and ambi- is non-trivial. “Systemic design as we define it here,” Ryan writes elsewhere, “is inten- systemicframeworka which in challenges with taskedprecisely, practices design to more but, thinking systemsincorporates that design tosimply not applied being ly - current is design” “systemic label the yet,endeavour.systemic And a considered be Given the comprehensive ambitions of systemics, all design, strictly speaking, should tions into preferred ones.” ses of action (formalized in methods and practices) “aimed at changing existing situa- Design, on the other hand, following Herbert Simon’s definition, refers tothose cour for understanding the structures and dynamics of a wide variety of concrete systems. systems way all the down,abstract certain conviction that and the models are useful of system a is universe the that idea the things, interacting of composed whole a as systemof notion followinga principles: the of some least at relatedbypractices and whole metropolitan area) and growing at 1.7% annually.1.7% at growing and area) metropolitan whole the consider we if 18.3 (or inhabitants million 8.6 with world the in glomerations ag- largest the of one is City Mexico scale, large about talk To one. was ever there if challenge 4.0 Design or DesignX systemic, a is megalopolis Mexican the in Mobility nication, computation, and transportation.” computation,and nication, commu- of those especiallytechnologies, with intermingled institutions and people of numbers involvelarge often challenges These issues. and stakeholders of systems complexinvolvetoday humanity facing problems major “the that arguing DesignX which which the network of pesero buses employ to criss-cross the city and its vicinities. 1,500 routesthan informal more with todeal had byLaboratorio Ciudad zed la para states).organifor complexity,Mapatón - As surrounding recent the the that consider grow would which number exponentially (a if we werebasis to consider dailythe trips connecting the metropolitan area with a on city the of limits political the cross that trips million 4.2 the by exemplified be can problem the The of nature basis. unbounded daily a on those of trips—all million 1.1 undertakes system people taxi thousand the 750 and carries network RTP bus the passengers, million 4.2 around Mendelson, Zoe. InPursuit of BigData, Mexico CityMapathon GamifiesCrowdsourcing. Next City. February All figures, unless otherwise noted, are from Secretaría de Transportes y Vialidad. Source: http://www7. This stage ispredeced by Design1.0: artifacts andcommunications; Design2.0: products andservices; and The DesignCollaborative (2014), DesignX: AFuture Path for Design. Available from: http://www.jnd.org/ Ryan, Alex J. AFramework for Systemic Design. FORMakademisk -Research forJournal Designand Ryan, Ibid. Simon, Herbet A. (1969) TheSciencesof. theArtificial Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press., p. 130. 7

5 In a similar vein, Don Norman launched the kindred project kindred the launched Norman Don vein, similar a In 3 In this way, as Ryan argues, “systemic design is a mash-up 6 For some authors, the fact that the de- the that fact the authors, some For 8 The STC Metro transports transports Metro STC The 9 As 4 - - 145 10 This is the point at which an 11 12 Ibid. Checkland, Peter and John Poulter. (2010). Soft Systems Methodology, in M. Reynolds and S. Holwell (eds.) (eds.) Holwell and S. Reynolds in M. Methodology, Systems Soft (2010). John Poulter. and Peter Checkland, Verso. York: New London, . Paradox The Democratic (2000). Chantal. See Mouffe, irreducibly irreducibly political, in fact, agonistic perspective on urban policy - emerges—agonis inevitability the accepts and consensus for hope the downplays it that sense the in tic of conflict. 10 https://devpolicy. from: Available The Open University. Guide. A Practical to Managing Change: Approaches Systems crawford.anu.edu.au/public_policy_community/content/doc/2010_Checkland_Soft_systems_methodology.pdf 11 12 The topic of this project has been legible policy, which has roughly come to mean accessible with regards to its contents and transparent with regards to its goals and the In idea intentions. thistheof legibility has way, role played arguably of a contai - policy, legible of importance the stressing in if, as is It consensus. of hopes our for ner lamenting: we were “If only we could make people understand what’s best for them at arrived thatI’ve perspective agonistic the soft-systemic, from run!”Yet, thelong in policies, of development The all. after objective realistic a be not may that text, this in as an instance of design, in irremediably systemic may operate a horizon of conflict. (if equally the play may transparency and accessibility qua legibility case, the is this If conflic- of accommodation an for requirement minimal a of role important more) not From this perspective, the design of social systems is less a question of problems and of problems is less a question the thisFrom design of social systems perspective, solutions than it about is, issues correspondingly, and accommodations. “It is a - pro cess of findingversions of theto-be-changed situation which different people with conflictingworldviews could nevertheless live with.” and, perhaps between diverse most groups importantly, of citizens, around the - pro attempts defy Circula, No Hoy and ECOBICI ecoParq, as such above, mentioned grams in the the multiple variations of the frame even problem concept of NIMBYism. to strand that from greatly benefit would design systemic dimension, this illuminate To chaobvious, - somewhat if theon unique, that greatplaces emphasis genealogy its of complexity “The ‘softcalled systems’. Checkland Peter what thatcharacterises llenge he wrote, life,” in real situations of problematical stems from the fact that not only are they never static, they also contain interacting perceptions multiple of ‘reality’. This comes about because different people have different taken-as-given (and often unexamined) assumptions about the world … different worldviews. Tackling problematical situations has to accept this, and has to be surfaced and examined. to worldviews that allows at a level analysis pitch 146 part of the designprocess. ofthe part The conditions (who, what, when, why and where) in which policy is writable should be treated aslocalandtemporary definitive than solutions. accommodationsrather be should embedded, are they which interventionsin and regulations the and Policies, ble scenarios),willplay anessentialrole. future(involving the of imaginations prefera and probabletangible plausible, possible, - of reference. In this point, design futures, understood as the production of collective and wider, frames shared using conflicting worldviews reconcile to made Attemptsbe must worldviewsmine allthe exposedto situation. the exa- and surface foremost, to and first serve,may transparency procedural initial, Such will beginto transform anexisting system. process political a that fact the about outset, the from transparent, be should nments Transparency should be a property of the process and not only of the policy itself. Gover MY RECOMMENDATIONS: policy oughtto Thatis,readable bewritable? like andwritable acomputer file. which in conditions the considering also be we Shouldn’t up: pops idea interesting an ting worldviews. And accommodations givenare alwaysthese that local and temporary, - 147 148 149 - - ractions ractions between components generate novel information that is not present in initial nor boundary conditions. that This everythingimplies if know even we there is know to about a system, complex its predictability is still limited, as we do not know what infor mation will be generated until the moment it happens. Science and engineering have assumed that the world is predictable, and that we need simply to find the proper laws of nature in order to be able to foresee the future, but the study of hassystems complex shown that this assumption is misguided. If novel information is produced by - interac tions, then the only way to perceive the future is by actually going there. a us take differentprediction to This requires approach when dealing withsystems, complex limited such as those related to urban mobility. Instead of building predictive systems, we will be more efficient ifwe build adaptive systems that can adjustto the current situationas changes present themselves. While there are things we can predict—and predict we should, as it is advantageous to deal with predictable that situations there beforehand—the are fact will occur. things know situations we the unexpected we to cannot predict themselves means by we must adapt provide to our systems with capabilities the For For nearly the past two decades, I have worked in the field of complex systems as a - contro and designing for scenarios explore to simulations using engineer, computer lling complex systems that can adapt to changes and in systems their complex highly with environment deals it because in mobility urban a is focus robust My fashion. affects billions of people recent worldwide, use to and motivation moreover, with extra have Mexico I local a City as world, boasting the in thecommute” painful “most my city’s mobility. to improve scientific advances The source of the complexity of urban mobility comes from the vast number of interactions within the system: interactions between (and among) pedestrians, cars, buses, trains, vehicles and infrastructure. These components cannot be studied isolation, in as the future of each is partly but strongly determined by its interactions with other components and its environment, engineering and scientific which traditional makes However, system. it complex a of difficult components the to separate to com- approaches find novel to are and obliged so we methods on rely separability, levels two model must we individually, components study cannot we If systems. plex of abstraction at the same time: the component level and the system level. This lets us understand give rise components between how interactions properties,to system and also how system properties constrain and promote behaviors and states of the components. Computer simulations have been the ideal theway the tool to Similar for telescopes. or this, microscopes with compared to been thehave they that point se instruments allow us to explore the microworld and the macroworld, computer world. thesimulations let us explore complex As our understanding of complex systems has increased, we have realized that inte IMPROVING URBAN MOBILITY MOBILITY URBAN IMPROVING ITS UNDERSTANDING BY COMPLEXITY IIMAS-UNAM GERSHENSON, CARLOS BY 150 and the system).and the destination faster, their canreach they the components to benefit ofall(both the and constrain components, the even would donotgoasfast asthey ifthey like to, createcases they negative interactions leadto that global inefficiency. If we regulate slower-is-fasterthe to Ifcomponents benefit,inmany effect: maximize their try minimize friction,we Thisisalso evident with performance. willachieve efficient of another, we isfrictiongenerated. cansay there that Ifwe regulate interactions to nents ofasystem. behavior Ifthe ofonecomponent negatively mobility the affects One way to mobilityis by achieveregulating interactionsthe compo efficient of - REGULATE INTERACTIONS seconds. within if they are efficient able to more adapt to changesmuch in demand be as quickly will as these occur,systems in urban other words, our but infrastructure, planning for useful be can which densities, pastWe havemayabout more. statistics and crossing externalities, from reactionthe times of driversother to blocked lanes to pedestrians countless on depend positions mi- their as of be, will vehicles couple where future a the into nutes than more for predict reliably cannot we city, a in vehicles the all of velocities and positions the all havewe constantly.if Evenchange systems Urban ADAPTATION OVER PREDICTION complexexperience with systems andurbanmobility. and system functionality, I suggest the following five recommendations, based on my ordertoIn better develop implementand toadoption policies user public maximize perimentation. ex- scientific than rather whims of product unfortunately, are, the policies many as case, alwayshavenot the will is policy positive effects—which the that clear mustbe it that means This regulations. the adopt to inclined more be will public the have, to generate acceptance. But if citizens are made aware of the benefit said policies will difficult it making public, the by understood not simply are policies cases, other In continuouslyforward andavoid constant stop-and-go braking andaccelerating. moveto likely more are they lower,as is limit speed the if fastermove actually cles vehi- traffic dense of areas in “slower-is-faster”effect, the to due Moreover, ditions. con- immediate the to according limits speed dynamic set to be would approach ve - effecti more A sensors. the of vicinity the in only speed their changetotenddrivers same. the to sensors Cameras detect andother behaviors andpunish such do work only locally,drivers as other if especially good, are conditions when limit the break to inclined be will people conditions, weather all under drivetosafe is it that so set is limit speed the freeway a on if for example, theFor temptation policies. those ignore creates to individuals which situations, all in efficient not are policies Some they can dual benefitaslong get away it. with avoid these conflicts, but in many casesto people will continueprecisely to seekbehaviorstheir own indivi- these mediate to try codes and regulations, policies, Usually close). doors subway letting not flow, or traffic blocking and intersection crowded a tination faster, we can generate delays at systemthe level (e.g. advancing our car into des- our reach to trying example, in for benefits, individual seeking in Still, control. factorengers drivers).and over lastthe This perhaps is one havecitizens which most behaviorpass- human (of and “success”), of sign a owningprivateas vehiclea seen is (if contagion social enforced), be must they and regulation although situations, avoid(toundesired planning infrastructure), of (efficiency technology infrastructure), transport, spikes public (of demand capacity vehicles), time, passengers, (of quantitysame hours), rush the during at place same the at be to has everyone (i.e.,if tion distribu- schedule school), or workplace from far living example, (for requirements transportation mobility: urban affecting factorsseveral identify can we end, this To 151 USE SENSORS USE To make correct decisions, systems require information. Sensors are becoming che- making aper, it possible to deploy them massively to obtain relevant information— occur. they as demand, in changes to adapt to able be to system the necessaryfor that USE ALGORITHMS Information collected by sensors can sit nicely on the cloud, but to make use of the information we must use adaptive algorithms that are able to respond precisely to the changes in demand. In our we laboratory, have used self-organization to design adaptive algorithms: Instead of trying to solve a problem that we know will change that build components seek will we constantly beforehand, cannot know we in ways thesolutions to current present—so thesituation when by the interactions situation thechanges, algorithm adapts. USE AGENTS the real into us solutions, theseIf algorithms be taken solutions must can give example, there already are (for In some cases, agents in the of agents. form world to design in them, as regulating the case of trafficstill have we lights), but in others influence urban mo- the ability to have must Agents behaviors. or passenger driver otherwise the state, desired sensors and algorithms towards will be of bility systems little use. The benefits Iwould believe result fromfollowing theserecommendations, and the many potential solutions already identifiedto resolve current problems, make me inherent challenges the many Despite mobility. urban of the about future optimistic suffe- from generations future prevent to capability the have we think I systems, its to opportunity. of full system a as it experience rather and constraint a as mobility ring 152 153 - BY SERGIO R. CORIA, LABORATORIO PARA LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO CORIA, SERGIO R. BY OVERVIEW INTERNATIONAL Governments in a series of the most developed countries apply public policies and specific programsfor reducing the number of injuries and fatalities in traffic facts since the late 1990 decade. The Vision Zero initiative is reputed worldwide. Its pur OPEN DATA ON ROAD TRAFFIC ON ROAD OPEN DATA MEXICO CITY: IN INCIDENTS AND SITUATIONS CURRENT PERSPECTIVES pose is reducing the number of these fatalities to zero. This initiative originated in in Sweden and 1997 has been by acknowledged diverse international agencies, such as theHealththe has initiative Organization (WHO, been World 2004). Additionally, City, York New e.g. governments, subnational or national other by guideline a as used Boston and San Francisco, in the United States; Edmonton, Canada; as other in Europe. countries mainly Bristol, number of cities in Netherlands as well UK; a Several international experiences suggest that modifying trafficregulations by reducing the maximum speed permitted in urban areas is one of the reducing thekey number aspects of injuries to and fatalities in traffic facts. In a number of cities maximum 30 km/h) Netherlands, a 20 MPH (approx. Switzerland and UK, in Austria, the in United governments State areas. delimited in established been has limit speed this also established action, including Massachusetts, Florida, Wisconsinhave States Parkhurst and J. Hart, by studied been has efficacyothers. measures The and of these been has reduction limit speed the Mexico, In others. among (2013), Dover and (2011) applied in Monterrey of (State León), Nuevo and Guadalajara Zapopan of (State Jalis- of Sinaloa). co), and Los Mochis (State Reliable statistical data are necessary for designing and evaluating public policies and specific programs, and open data are ofeven higherReliable utility. open data poli- the of effects the evaluate to society and officials,researchers government allow cies and programs. Since the 2004, year the WHO has recommended gathering data basis. satisfactory and rational a on priorities prevention determine to facts traffic on OVERVIEW NATIONAL Mexico City (CDMX) has adopted the Vision Zero (Visión , Cero in Spanish) initiative. This adoption includes, among other actions, reduction theof maximum following: speed limits, and publication of open data on traffic facts. The CDMX Traffic Regula- tions (F.D. Govt., establish 2015) the existence of zones where the maximum permitted speed is 30 km/h (approx. MPH). Regarding open data on traffic facts in CDMX, 154 Source: Mr. Gerardo from data INEGI(ATUS Rodríguez statistics, with 1997 to 2014). Figure 1. Road incidents intraffic urban and suburban areas in CDMXgray (in color). Programsgral onMobilityandRoad Safety 49). (art. Inte- the of execution the systematically review to is purpose safety. The road traffic on other and mobility, on one systems: tracing and information two implement to Articles 47 and 48 of Mobility the Law (F.D. Govt., 2014) obligate City the Government actions. other among incidents, traffic of data analyzing and organizing gathering, governmentCDMX implemented refore, the the The- INEGI). by disseminated recently most data 2014 (the CDMX until 1997 year in the incidents since traffic road the of trend rising historical the presents 1 Figure MEXICO CITY isdescribedin(INEGI,2009). incidentdata for oftraffic gathering methodology INEGI’s The courts. civic and offices attorney district are: INEGI of sources data other CDMX, of case particular the In country. whole the of municipalities and tes Sta safety- roadthe and in security agencies public local are:sourceson data INEGI’s The tions byOrganization the of American States (OAS) for Statistics on Road Transportation. recommenda- international on based are ATUS in features data The statistics. ATUS the Accident PreventionHowever, (CONAPRA). obtains most of CONAPRA its input data from on Council Mexican the is incidents traffic of source data statistical cited highly Other focused onmore specific asone scopes,such geographic street inparticular. municipality (or useful to know and to analyzethe aggregation incidentspatterns at level of traffic of coordinates.ATUS is streets the although or Thus, the of names features,the as such (or municipality the is fact traffic road each about ATUS by provided is that feature geographic only However, the 1b. and 1a Appendices statisticspresentedATUSarein the toproduce INEGI byrecorded are this that features) of or attributes variables, the (i.e. 2016.itemsMay publication data in The document following months the in available become 2015 year statistics the that from expected is it and 2014to corresponding one the is disseminated ly on an annual basis since 1997 (approximately 18 consecutive years). The most recent- scope municipal and state national, a with 2014).produced have(INEGI, been These (ATUSstatistics),Zones Institute Suburban Mexican by Statisticsthe on Geographyand the main source that is fully available online is delegación), this does not suffice to design prevention actionsthat are of CDMX), with no more specific more no with CDMX), of delegación the Statistics on Road Traffic in Urban and Visión CeroVisión program, which includes which program, 155 - CURRENT AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND POTENTIAL CURRENT CDMX, the in traffic incidents road of thenumber reduce to applied are actions no If statistical trends in the period 1997-2014 suggest that 15,000 cases per year can be (whose will statistics be expected for 2015 informed by INEGI) and a similar number for the 291 In year incidents 2016. 2014, occurred in which there were one or more fatalities; this is 2% of incidents. 14,319 On this basis, approximately 300 incidents years. 2016 and with in each the fatalitiesbe expected can 2015 A desirable goal is that the information thatsystems are mentioned by the Mobility Law can produce open data of the road traffic incidents on a basis that is asrecent as possible to real time. Nevertheless, the updating periodicity of these data will depend, mainly, on the administrative and technological processes for recording and validation that will be established by the Public Security Department (SSP) and the Mobility Department (SEMOVI). As the TrafficRegulations in CDMX (F.D. Govt., havereduced 2014) the speed limits in a number of areas in thisa certainterritory, possibility of effects collateral on air data on this matter empirical using recent works research However, pollution exists. do not exist, yet. This has been confirmedto LabCDMX, via e-mail 2016), 17, (March Phy Atmospheric on the Group in researcher a is who Torres-Jardón, Ricardo Prof. by sical Chemistry at the Center for Atmosphere Science (CCA) at the - National Autono of Mexico (UNAM). mous University One of the of impacts the of implementation the mentioned information on system the federal government scope will be that INEGI can use concentrated trafficdata incidentsabout from CDMX inquantity andquality that will be currently greateravailable. This will allow thanINEGI achieving onsignificant its improvements the in cities other motivating of effect an achieve could it indirectly Also, statistics. ATUS the country other set up systems. similar information to SOURCES AND MAIN DATA ACTORS KEY Although diverse information sources exist on the matter of transit incidents in CDMX, SSP has determined that the Procuraduría General de Justicia (Attorney General’s Office, PGJ) is the official source to measure the efficacy of the CDMX officially is it because auditable. been chosen has source Traffic This Regulations. PGJ However, and other additional sources will be those officially usedfor - pro and Theducing indicators on analyses Mobilitystatistical road Law traffic safety. (Art. 48) states that the information for feeding the system on road traffic safety theby and provided “will correspondingbe entities, generated local government in addition to those private actors that produce key information on this matter, on a monthly basis.” In March, a work team has been established for the planning of the system on road traffic The safety. second information system (i.e.for mobility), will be addressedby the same team (or by other) in a Management (Urban subsequent Urbana stage. Gestión Three de Agencia theof and theSEMOVI main SSP, actors are: in team thework Urbana Inteligencia de Dirección the and LabCDMX includes latter The AGU). Agency, (Urban Division). Intelligence In order theachieve to goals of the team, LabCD- work and Indexes Information, Government of Development for Division the contacted MX Indicators in INEGI. This Division is in charge for producing the ATUS statistics on road traffic incidents. Due to this, it extensivegathering, has depuration methodologicaland dissemination of experiencethis on type of information. This Division started its participation in the team on March 29, which has contributed to optimi- zing resources and time in the planning and specification of theroad traffic safety system. information 156 AGU’s Urban Intelligence Division has a volumecertain of data on mobility and road Organization (WHO). World Health the and Development(OECD) and Co-operation Economic for nization Orga- the of comparablethose consistenttoand are indicators these that is aim The etc. Institute, Geography UNAM’s Observatory, Injury the from assistance with SSP safety.traffic road on indicators indexes These and defined SEMOVI being by are and indexes and indicators produce to order on in defined variables) be (i.e. to has attributes incidents road of traffic set minimum a that agree SEMOVI and SSP INEGI, information systemsto inthe data introduce ofSSPandSEMOVI. allthese allowwill this and conditions real on a used be will app mobile In subsequentstage,the term. short a in started be will form registration paper the of use the on tests road traffic officers with mobile devices for these purposes. Therefore, a series of pilot Currently,Appendixes2c). (see platformand 2b 2a, availableare funds tono provide for manual recording of data, the (i.e. a an software app) for mobile device and a web form a paper designed has SSP Therefore, officers. police traffic the by performed is task this Initially, incident. each from (microdata) specific the of registration the is CDMX of incidents traffic road on data the generateto task main the basis, this On actions. corrective or preventive apply to order in analyzed be to safety traffic road on and mobility on Governmentregisterto data City obligatesLawthe Mobility The KEY PROCESSES ANDFEATURES subsequent months. forplanned the is which data, statisticalto and formsthe perform analysespaper of from process registration the perform to funds obtained Observatory the Recently, only. paper on available is information this process; registration information its in delayHowever,significant presentedinto a RAVMEX. has query Observatory and the insertion for permissions access has Observatory Injury CDMX The incidents. traffic road on information of granularity finest largest number the theoffers and variables) (i.e. attributes that stores of the platform is RAVMEX So far, safety. traffic road for system the of supplying and design the facilitate can platforms and data digital (ITDP), PolicyDevelopment and Transportation Institutefor as the such organizations, non-government in also and etc., SinTráfico, AMIS), panies, ciación Mexicana de Instituciones de Seguros (Mexican Association of Insurance Com- Aso- the as such sources, private of number a in exist data digital other addition, In fromMexico, RAVMEX) CONAPRA. of Registry (VehicularAccident México Vehicularesde Accidentes de Registro The 4. 3. AGU’s web platform onCDMXroad incidents . onExcel2. Data worksheets from SSP. 1. ATUS statistics by INEGI. in CDMX incidents havethe beenidentified by work team: traffic road on data digital of sources government major Four system for safetyroad traffic can have a first functional prototype the end by of 2016. information the subjectively the work that team estimates government official, cific a spe- from confirmation no with and fashion non-official informal an On activities. planning its along account into taken is this and data open produce to need the of road incidentphenomenonatlocalandnationalscopes.The work ffic team is aware tra- investigatingthe extensiveexperience havean All UNAM). Mexico, Universityof titute, IGG) Universidadof the Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous Ins- (Geography Geografía de Instituto the from researchers of number a and vices), Lesiones Observatory) of (Injury the Servicios de Salud de la CDMX (CDMX Health Ser de Observatorio the CONAPRA), Prevention, Accident for Council (National cidentes Ac- de Prevención la para Nacional Consejo the are: team the in participants Other , etc. These etc. RepuBikla, - 157 - - incidents incidents in (including general traffic crashes, construction and maintenance of public and infrastructure, other types has of an - incidents). informa Urban Intelligence aspects of series a on data analyzes and manages stores, that cloud the on system tion of the City public services. They produce dashboards and maps with geo-referenced othersour from data incorporate to needs Intelligence Urban However, information. ces (e.g. Health Services) in order to complete the information on road trafficdents. inci- suc- thethe experiences, On otherinternational in of cities basis thatcountries have desig- for indicators used certain key applied the have cessfully Vision initiative Zero City ning and evaluating their correspondingYork programs. Experiences from New (NYC) are highly interesting to CDMX due to similarities between both cities regar ding the number of inhabitants and social in complexity, addition to the fact that in NYC are and NYC indexes results. The has indicators encouraging obtained highly mainly based on the quantities of pedestrians, cyclists and automobile drivers who in- basis, annual and monthly a on incidents road traffic in died or injured been have su- or streets corresponding the of names the and coordinates geographic the cluding withburban roads. These othersdata are complemented design of regarding: streets and suburban roads, speed limits, location of schools, senior services, city citizen government offices, centers, etc. taxi The NYC government offers open data on These Visiondata Zero start its (NYC, initiative in 2016). 2009. January, One of the most form paper a is NYC in incidents trafficroad on data recording for sources important thatby traffic is filled police an incident occurs (see Appendix 3). officers whenever COMMENTS FINAL On the basis of international experiences, it can be foreseen that the- thetra reduce road will of CDMX number of areas diverse in limits speed maximum reduction of this in pollution air the on reduction this of effects collateral Potential ffic incidents. territory have not been quantified on empirical data,can yet.calculations Whileapproximate only empirical exist, datanot do period co- enough large a to rresponding be computed by using models created by using historical time series data. Thus, no will limit speed maximum the reducing affirm that to available is evidence empirical models and analyses other and These pollution. air the in rising significant a produce along open, become traffic incidents road and mobility of data once produced be can with already open data of air in quality, order to measure the general effects of the Visión Cero initiative in CDMX. Finally, the activities of the City Government team that is on working the definition of forthe Information System and Tracing ofRoad trafficroad enriched of on opening thatadvancements the significant suggest Safety less than in a term year. one incident data can be expected 158 Motor Vehicles. and Administrative Records, INEGI. urban andsuburbanareas. Source: Mr. Lázaro Trujillo, of Foreign Department Trade Appendix 1a. EE-4-8 2015form (page 1of 2): Record form of road traffic accidentin 159 Appendix 1b. EE-4-8 2015 form (page 2 of 2): Record form of road traffic accident in accident traffic road of form Record 2): 2 of (page form 2015 EE-4-8 1b. Appendix Trade Department Foreign of Trujillo, Lázaro Mr. Source: areas. and suburban urban INEGI. Records, Administrative and 160 CDMX (page 1of 3). Appendix 2a. Form for reportingaroad traffic fact. Source: Public SecurityDept., Children’s car seat, helmet, use of seat belt seat of use helmet, seat, car Children’s Carelessness use Cell phone driving and Drinking excess limit Speed Driver error Tire problems problems Tire failure Mechanical Error Vehicle Other

II. Delegation: Code:______Cloudy:____Sunny:____Rainy:____Foggy:____Time:______a.m._____p conditions: Weather Postal ______Neighbourhood:______1. 2.

Date:____/____/______Day of the week: week: the of Day Date:____/____/______Other flipped Automobile out Skid Collision with motorcycle cyclist with Collision Collision with fixed object vehicleCollision with motor Caída de Pasajero pedestrian with Collision Vehicle Vehicle Other RTP Light Train Trolleybus Tráiler (doble remolque) Taxi Metrobus Bike Motorcycle Cargo Bus Autobús de Pasajeros Foráneo Urban Bus Passenger Cargo Microbus Microbus Passenger Automobile

I. DATE

The road where the incident occured incident the where The road Nearest Street Nearest

TIME AND TRAFFICTIME LOCATION OF

TYPE OF INCIDENT TYPE OF

TRAFFIC INCIDENTTRAFFIC FORM

INCIDENT

:______

Licence Plate

V. POSSIBLE INCIDENT CAUSE CAUSE INCIDENT V. POSSIBLE

IV. :______VEHICLE TYPE VEHICLE

Condition

Hail Cloudy Rainy Climate Conditions Other of signs Lack obstacle Road Potholes surface Road Conditions Road

Brand

T junction T Four Overpass Magpie circle Traffic 6 5 or junction Y

Reference Number Reference

Sub Brand Brand Sub

way -

way III.

TYPE OF INTERSECTION TYPE

Colo u

r :______

.m. Model

161

T.C

North

South to Sex

:______

South stics North to to North Age characteri

North TRAFFIC DIRECTION TRAFFIC South to Deaths

Reference Number West to EastWest to

Foggy Other Tolvaneda orth to to orth South N Injured East West to

of ROAD CLASSIFICATION East West to West to IMPLICATED PARTIES VI. VI. Lanes No.

VII. VII.

Name

West East to TRAFFIC

DIRECTION

Pedestrian StreetPedestrian Inner Loop Beltway Radial (?) Viaduct Axis Road Primary Avenue Street or Collector Avenue Street Local Alleyway Closed Private Corner road Dirt Sidewalk Lanes No.

Local Street Local Alleyway Closed Private Corner Road Dirt Sidewalk Pedestrian Street Inner Loop Beltway Radial Viaduct Axis Road Primary Avenue Collector Street or Avenue ) Appendix 2b. Form for reporting a road traffic fact. Source: Public Security Dept., Dept., Security Public Source: fact. traffic road a reporting for Form 2b. Appendix 3). 2 of (page CDMX

CODE

(

Road

ID Access Road 2. Via Artery Secondary Access Controlled Road where the incident occurred where the incident 1. Road próxima Principle Secondary Controlled Principle Artery

Automobile driver Automobile 2 1, Passenger 2 1, Pedestrian Cyclist

Headlight failure Other 162 CDMX (page 3of 3). Appendix 2c. Form for reportingaroad traffic fact. Source: Public SecurityDept., Other Motorcyclist Name COM Official Unity Official Traffic Zone Area Level Badge

Others Others remisión de M.P Civil Protection Firefighters Car Patrol Traffic Area Car Patrol Sectoral Ambulance

Identity

Description

: : BY PLETED :

: :

Vehicle

Diagnostic

1- High Priority of Attention of Priority

Indicate final position of the vehicles. the of final position Indicate

X. License Plate License Medium 2 Indicate position of the signs. signs. the of position Indicate DESCRIPTIVESKETCH - IX. EMERGENCY UNITS EMERGENCY

Low 3

VIII.

MEDICAL CARE MEDICAL

Identity

Person in Charge in Person Reference Number Reference

Yes required Transfer Transfer

:______

Medical Unit Medical

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26 29 30 163 24 25 27 28 23 Sex

Ins. Code Apt. Number Apt. Number Public Property Damaged State of License Date of Death If Deceased, Enter Zip Code Zip Code Over $2,500 OTHER PEDESTRIAN Describe damage to vehicle 2 State State Month Day Year Date of Birth Number of People in Vehicle direction) BICYCLIST Vehicle Year & Make Vehicle Type Describe Injuries 8. 2. 5.

Right Turn Sideswipe (opposite Sideswipe (same direction) Sex From To $1,501-$2,500 Permanent Landmark______VIN Policy Number and State Policy Period If “Yes”, Name of Police Agency or Precinct & Accident Number If “Yes”, Name of Police Agency or ) ) State of Reg. 4. 7. Head On Right Angle 1. Rear End No PEDESTRIAN ➧ Yes 3. 0. Left Turn Left Turn Right Turn 6. ABC Did police investigate accident at scene? (Route Number or Street Name) (Route Number or Street Name) 16. Injury $1,001-$1,500 Month Day Year ilepost, Nearest intersecting Route Number or Street Name) HERE (M 13. VEHICLE 2 Sex Address (Include Number & Street City or Town Name–exactly as printed on registration Plate Number Estimated Cost of Property Damage - Vehicle 2 Driver License ID Number City or Town Date of Birth Name–exactly as printed on license (Last, First, M.I.) Name–exactly as printed on license Address (Include Number & Street Signature of Driver (or Representative*) of Vehicle 1 Number Killed 12. Age www.dmv.ny.gov

Sex An accident report is not considered complete and filed unless it is signed, and if not signed may result in the suspension of your driver’s license. Ins. Code DRIVER OF VEHICLE 1 - LICENSE SUSPENDED FOR FAILURE TO REPORT - DRIVER OF VEHICLE 1 of Permit Holder Name and Address Apt. Number Apt. Number Public Property Damaged Injury Injury Death State of License Number Injured Equip.Used 10. Safety Zip Code RUSH Over $2,500 Zip Code New York State Department of Motor Vehicles Department of Motor New York State Town FOLD Number of Number of Vehicles in/on Vehicle State State 9 . 9 Position Month Day Year REPORT OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT OF MOTOR REPORT S S W of W Date of Birth Circle one of the 9 diagrams (numbered 0-8) if it Village AM PM Number of People in Vehicle N E E Occupied BEFORE COMPLETING THIS FORM, READ THE INSTRUCTIONS IN SECTION A ON PAGE 2 FORM, READ THE INSTRUCTIONS IN SECTION A BEFORE COMPLETING THIS Vehicle Year & Make Vehicle Type 8. Which Veh. City

Sex $1,501-$2,500 Appendix 3. Form for reporting a motor vehicle accident. Source: NY State Dept. of of Dept. State NY Source: accident. vehicle a motor reporting for Form 3. Appendix Number the vehicles. Your vehicle is # 1 ACCIDENT DIAGRAM: #9. describes the accident, or draw your own diagram below in space 9. DRIVER OF VEHICLE 1 ) ) State of Reg. Page ______of ______Page ______of ______

Miles Day of Week Time Feet Print Name of Driver (or Representative*) of Vehicle 1 $1,001-$1,500 MV-104 (5/11) PAGE 1 of 2 MV-104 (5/11) Names of All Persons Involved Month Day Year happen in New York State happen in New Use only for accidents that Use only for accidents

Describe damage to vehicle 1 Estimated Cost of Property Damage - Vehicle 1 ACCIDENT DATE DO NOT FORGET

Month Day Year

or 2) ______at intersecting street______1)

Accident Date INVOLVED

If Self-Insured, give Certificate No. Place Where Accident Occurred in New York State: of ______. County ______Road on which accident occurred ______

Driver License ID Number Name of Insurance Company That Issued Policy For Vehicle 1 Name and Address of Policy Holder If Vehicle was Operated Under Permit (ICC, USDOT or NYSDOT), give No. Identify Damaged Property Other Than Vehicle(s) How did the accident happen? Address (Include Number & Street City or Town Plate Number City or Town Date of Birth Driver Name–exactly as printed on license (Last, First, M.I.) Driver Name–exactly as printed on Address (Include Number & Street Name–exactly as printed on registration

INSURANCE ACCIDENT LOCATION ACCIDENT VEHICLE DAMAGE VEHICLE REGISTRANT DRIVER A representative may sign for the driver if the driver is unable to sign ALL Date * because of injury or death. If you are signing as the driver’s representative, check the box that describes why the driver cannot sign. ❹ ❸ ❷ ❶ 164 ❺ ❹ ❸ ❷ ❶ left corner. Mark additional sheets #2, #3, etc. Date and Date etc. #3, #2, sheets additional Mark corner. left upper the in numbered be must report the of page Each one. page to reports additional Attach attached report. attached OR SHEISUNABLETOSIGNBECAUSEHE/SHEINJUREDDECEASED. * MV-104 (5/11)PAGE2of If a question does not apply, enter a dash (“-”). If you do not know an answer, enter an “X”. accident. the of circumstances the describes best that B Section from item the of number the entering by 1 page on margin right the in 23-30 and 1-7 numbered boxes the in fill Then report is filed. Check the “RUSH” box at the top of page 1 if your license is suspended for suspended is license your if 1 page of top failure toreportthisaccidentontime. the at box a “RUSH” until the suspended Check be filed. may is registration report and/or so license do Your to misdemeanor. Failure a person. is one days any 10 of within property the to $1,000 over damage or injury personal accident any days 10 within report must You INSTRUCTIONS -PLEASEPRINTORTYPEALLINFORMATIONUSEBLACKINK page 2pointingtotheboxesonrightedgeof1. Don’t foldinternet * each vehicleinvolvedintheaccident. occurred. Check the box if there is an intersecting street. If available, identify a identify available, If street. intersecting an is there if box the Check occurred. railroad, mountainorcelltower. VEHICLE INVOLVEMENT- ACCIDENT L ACCIDENT DAMAGE VEHICLE REGISTRANT DRIVER - to anyonevehicleorproperty landmark ALL I ALL report, provide the required information for everyone else involved in the accident. Enter the followingcodesinappropriatecolumns: accident. the in involved else everyone for information that required of the section four provide INVOLVED report, than ALL more the If In accident. report. the another of, complete result involved, a are as people or in, killed was anyone if death of date POSITION IN/ONVEHICLE 1. Driver2-7.Passengers8.Riding/HangingonOutside diagram whichcorrespondstoeachperson’sposition. .Helmet(MotorcycleOnly) 6. ChildRestraintOnly 5. LapBelt 4. ShoulderRestraint 3. LapBelt 2. None 1. 10) SAFETY EQUIPMENTUSED(Column .Vhce12 Vehicle2 2. Vehicle1 1. (Column 8) - - 8) WHICH VEHICLEOCCUPIED(Column INJURY Momentaryunconsciousness,limping,nausea, hysteria,complaintofpain(novisible C - Lumponhead,abrasions,minorlacerations. B - lacerations,brokenordistorted limbs,skullfracture,crushedchest,internal A -Severe INSURANCE First —foldalongthisshaded,dottedline. nomto nteVHCE2section. information intheVEHICLE2 are availableatanyMotorVehiclesofficeorfromtheDMVwebsite:www.dmv.ny.gov space markedVEHICLE2forthefourthvehicle,andmarkit#4soon.Additionalforms information vehicle PlateNumberandVehicleTypeintheVEHICLE2block. more thantwovehicles an unoccupied vehicle a vehicleotherthanmotor a pedestrian,bicyclistorotherpedestrian two-cars vehicle informationinthespaceprovidedforVEHICLE2. all-terrain vehicle,trailbike,orothernon-motorvehicle),enterthedriver,registrantand for Vehicle2,andcheckthePEDESTRIAN,BICYCLISTorOTHERPEDESTRIANbox. as in-lineskates,skateboard,sled,etc.),entertheinformationin“Driver”spacesprovided injury), whiplash(complaintofneckandheadpain). scene withoutassistance. injuries, unconsciouswhentakenfromtheaccidentscene,unabletoleave NVOLVED (Columns 16A-C) Enter theinformationforeachdriverEXACTLYasitappearsonhis/herlicense. nearby, such as a business, school, shopping mall, parking lot, water tower, water lot, parking mall, shopping school, business, a as such nearby, Restraint , enteryourinformationinthe THE REPORT MUST REPORT THE - OCATION Send - Enter damagetoprivateproperty,ifany,insurancepolicyinformationandVIN. for thethirdvehicleinspacemarkedVEHICLE1andmarkit#3.Use Enter registrant information EXACTLY as it as EXACTLY information registrant Enter - form. Instead,placepage2over1,withthearrowson List the names of all persons involved in the accident, and provide the provide and accident, the in involved persons all of names the List original - Indicate if the if Indicate - - Checkallcolumn(s)thatapplyandDESCRIBEINJURIES: , enterallavailableinformation.Besuretothecorrect If youwereinanaccidentinvolving: Enter the county, locality and street(s) where the accident the where street(s) and locality county, the Enter , filloutadditionalaccidentreports.Onthesereports,placethe .Other O. AirBagDeployed/LapBelt/ A. .AirBagDeployed/ChildRestraint B. to: (Column 9) 9) (Column .AirBagDeployed/ShoulderRestraint 9. .AirBagDeployed/LapBelt 8. AirBagDeployed 7. caused bytheaccident,anddescribevehicledamage. SECTION A ALBANY NY12220-0925 PO BOX2925 6 EMPIRESTATEPLAZA CRASH RECORDSCENTER BE SIGNED BY THE DRIVER OF VEHICLE 1, UNLESS HE UNLESS 1, VEHICLE OF DRIVER THE BY SIGNED BE B. Bicyclist You mustfillinallinformationrequestedonthereport. accident exceeds the $1,000 threshold for property damage property for threshold $1,000 the exceeds accident (such asasnowmobile,mini-bike,aircycle, - Enter thenumberfromthis VEHICLE occurring in New York State York New in occurring (a personusinganon-motorizedconveyancesuch Enter theappropriatenumberorletter. * sectionandtheotherdriver’s 1 .Pdsra O. Pedestrian P.

sign Restraint appears on the registration of registration the on appears on the bottom line of each of line bottom the on 8 7 .StoppersOnly F. Only E.Pads D.Helmet/Other Only C.Helmet In-Line Skater/Bicyclist 6 5 4 causing a fatality, a causing 8 8 Other Pedestrian 1 2 3 permanent . 8 0 Parked 10. 4 NotinRoadway 14. OtherActionsinRoadway 13. PlayinginRoadway 12. WorkinginRoadway 11. PEDESTRIAN/BICYCLIST/OTHER PEDESTRIANACTION PEDESTRIAN/BICYCLIST/OTHER PEDESTRIANLOCATION 2 Fire/Explosion 32. Overturned 31. 0 Culvert/HeadWall 20. BridgeStructure 19. Fence 18. Curbing 17. Building/Wall 16. Tree 15. SignPost 14. CrashCushion 13. GuideRail-NotAtEnd 12. LightSupport/UtilityPole 11. ROADWAY CHARACTER LIGHT CONDITIONS TYPE OFACCIDENT LOCATION OFFIRSTEVENT PRE-ACCIDENT VEHICLEACTION DIRECTION OFTRAVEL WEATHER TRAFFIC CONTROL ROADWAY SURFACECONDITION .RRCrossingFlashingLight 9. RRCrossingSign 8. NoPassingZone 7. Officer/Guard 6. YieldSign 5. FlashingLight 4. StopSign 3. TrafficSignal 2. None 1. .Dw .Dark-RoadLighted StraightatHillcrest 4. 3. StraightandGrade 2. Dusk5.Dark-RoadUnlighted StraightandLevel 3. 1. Dawn 2. Daylight 1. .EnteringParkedPosition 9. StoppedinTraffic 8. SlowingorStopping 7. StartinginTraffic 6. StartingfromParking 5. MakingUTurn 4. MakingLeftTurn 3. MakingRightTurn 2. GoingStraightAhead 1. .GettingOn/OffVehicleOtherThanSchoolBus 9. Goingto/FromStoppedSchoolBus 8. EmergingfrominFrontof/BehindParkedVehicle 7. Riding/Walking/SkatingAlongHighwayAgainstTraffic 6. Riding/Walking/SkatingAlongHighwayWithTraffic 5. Crossing,NoSignalorCrosswalk 4. Crossing,NoSignal,MarkedCrosswalk 3. Crossing,AgainstSignal 2. Crossing,WithSignal 1. .Pedestrian/Bicyclist/OtherPedestrianNotatIntersection 2. Pedestrian/Bicyclist/OtherPedestrianatIntersection 1. .RailroadTrain 5. Animal 4. Bicyclist 3. Pedestrian 2. OtherMotorVehicle 1. .Wet 2. Dry 1. .Clear 1. W

SW NW BOXES 1-7and23-30ONPAGE1 .O oda .OffRoadway 2. OnRoadway 1. 7 6 8 SECTION B N S 5 1 COLLISION WITHFIXEDOBJECT .Snow/Ice 4. Muddy 3. USE TOCOMPLETE 4 2 3 .Snow 4. Rain 3. Cloudy 2.

SE NE E COLLISION WITH NO COLLISION .Southeast 4. East 3. Northeast 2. North 1. 0 Other 20. PolicePursuit 18. MakingLeftTurnonRed 17. MakingRightTurnonRed 16. 15. Backing 14. Merging Passing 13. ChangingLanes 12. AvoidingObjectinRoadway 11. 0 OtherFixedObject 30. Barrier 27. Median-End 26. GuideRail-End 25. Firehydrant 24. EarthEmbankment/ 23. SnowEmbankment 22. Median-NotAtEnd 21. .Flooded 6. Slush 5. 34. 0 Other 40. Submersion 33. 0 OtherObject(NotFixed) 10. 0. Other 6. Fog/Smog/Smoke 5. Sleet/Hail/FreezingRain .OtherPedestrian 8. Deer 7. 6. In-LineSkater 0 Other 20. SchoolZone 16. 15. Police/FireEmergency UtilityWorkArea 14. MaintenanceWorkArea 13. ConstructionWorkArea 12. StoppedSchoolBus-Red 11. RRCrossingGates 10. Ran OffRoadwayOnly Rock Cut/Ditch .CurveandGrade 5. CurveandLevel 4. .CurveatHillcrest 6. Lights Flashing .Northwest 8. West 7. Southwest 6. South 5. .Other 0. answers aremarked Second Event Be sureyour INSIDE BOXES Veh. Event Veh. Veh. Veh. THE Veh. Veh. First 1 2 2 2 1 1. PAGE ON 26 25 24 23 30 27 28 29 1 1 2 6 7 5 4 3 165 166 167

if you can’t see it, you can’t fix it. can’t see it, you if you If you can’t map it, you can’t see it. can’t map it, you If you Openstreetmaps, 2015 Forum Latin America Geospatial Data stands as a powerful tool to address the challenges faced by cities today: the It key ingredient for for reading evidence-based and policy, is understanding various phenomena and scenarios as well as for finding solutionstions. Data andis an asset propellingfor cities, their innova- communities, citizens, entrepreneurs and - po licy makers, and maps in their turn make data more usable, friendly and attractive. withand data reading and visualizing dimension, spatial a instruments for are They phenomenon a how into insights provide They where. happens what of story a telling takes place and how it is theover displayed city and its territories. Maps allow us to see how assets, resources, needs, risk and hazards vary in the city how space they and are show unevenly displayed in the territory. Furthermore, they let us connect variables and in space. Maps help us synergies between of the city and observe layers design solutions and policies based on these understandings, facilitating our - targe ting the right population, areas and challenges. Simply put, they allow us to better the city and its layers. and navigate understand read, narrate, Cities around the world generate copious amounts of data that is often not easy to read. Furthermore, cities often lack tools to display this data geographically and in a more inhibiting decipherable and theinviting manner, of usage this data and - pre than more of megacity a City, Mexico benefits. its capturing from themselves venting address this In million to order people, issue is theno exception. twenty Laboratorio para la Ciudad has created more than 30 maps of gitalization, the poverty, settlement city typology, cars on registered, various participatory themes budgeting, (di- creativity in the cultural city, infrastructure, children and young population, crime for as well as block, and AGEB (municipal, scales different at and rates) homicide and Metropolitan City Mexico the or City, Mexico of whole the for and proper City Mexico Area, MCMA). On the topic of health, the Laboratorio para la Ciudad has also made digital maps of including disability, motor disability and visual impairment as well and institutions private or public in treatment medical to entitled people of maps as ISSSTE, (IMSS, Popular). Seguro institutions by The maps created serve as a guide in the design, planning and implementation projects at of the para la Laboratorio Ciudad. They are also shared and to disseminated create awareness on various topics. For instance, during car-free day in a 2015, map in of Mexico was carscreated City and registered its Metropolitan Area. Calculations were made to show the growth rate for each borough and These municipality. - figu res were mapped to show where the growth rates were higher to help increase un- of throughshared thisderstanding the phenomenon. These maps were social media MAPPING INITIATIVES AND AND INITIATIVES MAPPING ANALYSIS SPATIAL LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO PÉREZ-SERRANO, ISAAC BY 168 2010-Census Data. Owncalculations of therelative numbers. To access thedigitalmap, please click here Map created by theUrbanGeography at theLaboratorio Department para laCiudad. Data from INEGI Absolute andrelative aspercentage of thetotal population Disability: inMexicoVisual Impairment CityMetropolitan Area Cars Registered. Owncalculations of thegrowth rate for theperiod. Map created by theUrbanGeography at theLaboratorio Department para laCiudad. Data from INEGI http://bit.ly/1GG03Eg Growth Rate by Borough andMunicipality1997-2014 Cars Registered: Mexico CityMetropolitan Area EXAMPLES OF MAPSCREATED AT THE LABORATORIO PARA LACIUDAD andpolicymakersneurs to make abetter MexicoCity. entrepre- citizens, of work shared the of part essential an are maps where city a see Weunderstandings. and notions spatial these upon act people where city a envision importantly,wemost But phenomenon. and issues between synergies and nections policy. We imagine use a of city maps, the where,people arethrough able to see con- prompting innovations and designing solutions, urban planning and evidence-based stand as a powerful, friendly and attractive tool forthey Todayunderstanding world.and reading cities, the navigate and understand us helped have maps centuries For subject. visualizationonthis data of forms similar other create and city the in cars of number total the by used space the calculate to us allowed also analysis This Area. Metropolitan City Mexico the in 2014and 1994between year each forregistered cars check to user allowedthe map different A period. this in rate growth the as well 2014,as to up 1980 from City co developed allowing users to number check the of cars registered by borough in Mexi- were maps Various Twitter. especially Ciudad, la para Laboratorio the of platforms 169 Map created by the Urban Geography Department at the Laboratorio para la Ciudad. Data from INEGI INEGI from Data la Ciudad. para Department the Laboratorio at the Urban Geography by Map created here click please the digital map, access To numbers. relative the of Own calculations 2010-Census Data. Map created by the Urban Geography Department at the Laboratorio para la Ciudad. Data from INEGI INEGI from Data la Ciudad. para Department Laboratorio the at the Urban Geography by Map created here click please the digital map, access To numbers. the relative of Own calculations 2010-Census Data. Impairment of with Some Form People Disability: or the borough of population total the of as percentage and relative Absolute municipality Disability: Motor Disability in MCMA Disability Motor Disability: or borough the of population the total of percentage as and relative Absolute municipality 170 frastructure inMexico City. The data was classifiedandfiltered in order to create themap. 2014 DENUE(Economic UnitsNational Directory). Heat mapshowing theconcentration of cultural in- Map created by theUrbanGeography at theLaboratorio Department para laCiudad. Data from INEGI (basic geo-statistical zone) scale. City andthemaponright poverty inMexico CityMetropolitan Area. The mapshows thisat theAGEB CONAPO 2010-Poverty Data (Grado deMarginación 2010). The mapontheleft shows povertyinMexico Map created by theUrbanGeography at theLaboratorio Department para laCiudad. Data from INEGI Poverty Map(Marginalization): Mexico CityandMCMA 171 172 173 Political Political science studies politics as a place of encounter, rivalry and struggle. Whe- be and arise to politics opportunityof for space a theycreate interact, humans never used in countless different ways. Whether the example is an autocrat pursuing his demands, constituents’ his answering leader elected democratically a or whim latest politics always deals with the exercise of creating thepower, mechanisms that will determine the processes of decision making. Through these mechanisms, those in can start policies with very inpower mind, andspecific it objectives is theirrelation theto people thatthey determine the govern will mostly type of policies they actua- produce. lly If we look at democracies, elected leaders are not meant to remain in power for an withnon-democratic some the terms compared not least at time, of period extended leaders can serve. For instance, the longest term of a democratically elected Prime Minister in Britain has never even come close to the time the current queen has go- withpositions thescope same two describe not does thiswhile example And verned. of action, it does us give of a thehow glimpse perception of time these between two types of leaders can be very different. This opens democratic leaders up are concerned with they shorter would terms, botherwhy about a very pertinent question: If policies that their could transcend time in power? In order for a democratically elected leader to invest time and money into a policy that will only show its benefits in the longcertainty thatrun, these it is benefitsnecessary will for eventually arrive. to have Parents voters children their benefit would unquestionably will that policies pursuing support are who politicians today’s in a decades’ few time. The problem with this chain of thought is that policies with short-term impact are much easier for politicians to capitalize on, since there is no remain will thatthese results guarantee to nor results immediate see to wait to need in the this long can run. lead Unfortunately, to what has been called “good politics, bad policy”—good politics are those maneuvers that will benefit the incumbent in polls, whereas bad policies are those in costs thatthelarger will long have run than intended they what from effect opposite the produce even (or benefits promised their achieve). to is individuals by desired is what that fact the from benefits often politics of kind This not necessarily desired by society as a whole. Governments frequently find themselves juggling individual and collective interests, which many times can oppose each The aggregation other. of those individual can - preferences pre also collective create ferences that are completely irrational. For example, let us imagine a city that has to choose how to a distribute street into car lanes, bike lanes and sidewalks. Among city inhabitants, teenagers and young adults might be expected to prefer bike lanes THE DEMOCRATIC DILEMMA: THE DEMOCRATIC FOR THE INCENTIVES POLICIES LONG-TERM LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO ASCENCIO, BY ROBERTO 174 ways to create more road space. finding keep to was government city the by pursued answer the decades following the during regrettably and streets, its on capacity reached again once had city the people pedestrians; foundincentives forto thereforeand levelsmorepollution buy cars rose.Evidently,also threats new brought also limits speed of increase the lost; axesfew onlyevidenta became yearsthese later. between wereneighborhoods Links of however,consequencesapproval,noxious of the terms in policy successful very a vers to cross the city in very short time while avoiding small winding streets. This was Ejes)gavethe cardrivers animmediate increase ofspaceand madeitpossiblefor dri- as (known thoroughfares the time, months’ few a in Nevertheless, everywhere. dust increasedffic while buildings were torn down to make way for construction, sending Their construction was very painful for city inhabitants, and during this time the tra- trees to become one-way seven-lane streets crossing city the from one end to another. tem of major thoroughfares was announced. Many boulevards lostsys - their a medians and of construction the cars, for space available the increase to order In roads. its Weon capacity full 1970s,reaching was city the in the City when Mexico in saw this immediate. likely most be will officials elected benefits to away,political right visible the be but since the negative consequences of introducing too many cars to the roads might not attractive, very be can policies ownThese not cars. do that people directlyaffect and clearly not might they and drivers or free car for benefits immediate freeways offer urban might parking, faster like cars, of driving the benefit that Policies simple.but anything is cars to approach political A wealth. economic of symbol a are and comfortable and flexiblea way offer to moveand around, buttheyrole generateeconomic pollution and important traffic an play they still; remain to also and city the past that has century—one proved very problematic. They need space to move around Automobiles forrun. the havecities long ubiquitous and a within been element run short the presented by conflict the excellentexampleof an is mobility sense, this In expectedpromoting, regardless timewhenthe results willbevisible. ofthe tion, they need to turn to advantagetheir during mandatetheir policies the they are posi- elected popularly different a for politicians reliable as themselves positioning or reelection seek they quandary.Whether this face level,mayors often urban an At timeframes. both challenge isto benefitsofpolicieswith the alignthe latter, the than rather former the about most care politicians Since run. long the in society by desired not clearly outcome an pollution, and congestion generatetraffic will overall effect the though even incumbents, applaud will people and popularity of boost a receive will advocatethis who car, politicians a purchase to order in tools straightforward a to policy. For instance,lead if government ensures every citizen that getsalways access to financing not will interests of aggregation the preferences aligned, individual are all when Even run. long the in backfire could that policies Society as a whole can not only maintain contradictory preferences but also demand it. pursuing car drivers prefer, and even if they might use their votes to punish the incumbent for what be not might implementationit policy the of moment the at evenlife,though future. Giving priority to a sustainable arrangement will improve the city’s quality of lives outcomes howdifferent street their the in reorganizingof affect might the this from voters’ immediate preferences, into equation,the communicating to public the aside elements, other bring to be would dilemma this to approach One opinions. of lanes prefered over car lanes, and car lanes prefered over sidewalks in an endless loop making, there is no clear answer. we evaluate sidewalks prefered overdecision bike in lanes, bike account into taken elements only the are these If proceed? government democratic a howshould size, same the less or more is groups these of each assume we If lanes. bike about all at care not and sidewalks, over lanes car want might age middle in Finally,adults lanes. car over those and lanes bikeover sidewalks for ask might citizens senior while last, sidewalks and place, second in lanes car all, above 175 Increasing Increasing road space is not a long-term solution. Around the world, urbanists and city planners have come to the conclusion that there is no way around traffic. The only way to address or theresolve issue of traffic it isto make driving less attractive and make alternative ways of transport more efficient. But the problem with- imple that is future the in transport sustainable offer will that solution mobility a menting car-oriented policies are not only desirable to the car-owning population, but by also the population who wishes to own a car, making pro-car policies very attractive thefor politicians. creation Historically, of more and wider streets has trafficsolved problems in the short run, but the solution backfires after by time intensifying only the issue. who incumbents by implemented policies long-term demand society have to order In we know care most about the short term, the goal must be for governments to effi- ciently communicate in the present time a policy’s future benefits.To achieve this, long-term policies must become legible, meaning that their goals must be easily un- citizens. by If thisderstood let taskus remember seems thatrather easy, it is seldom applied. When are voters of aware the future benefits ofeven if a policy, the present costs are high, they are more likely to reward policy elementarya in become has education investing incumbents how consider us let example, for their decisions; for cherished by voters even today, when the future benefits will take some timeto be Legibility felt. in policy not theboosts only of policies, better it also implementation becomes a tool for informed citizens to go against popular but policies noxious and thedemand solutions for future. determine that the incentives therespecific are context withinsum, In democratic a creation of policy, and multiple preferences of society are an important harmful produce a popular policy to the for despite potential factor their implementation, for effects in the future. Since politicians often pursue policies that grant them immediate political capital, regardless of their future consequences, the legibility of policies becomes a key factor for any democratic regime. In order for governments to be able to answer to society’s demands without pursuing policies that could hinder future generations, their policies must become easily legible. Legibility is a political align good politics and to that its potential often should be more tool applied due to good policy. 176 177 - A BLINKING PIXEL A BLINKING PROTOCOLOS DE UNIDAD KOBAYASHI, PABLO BY When I received the invitation to participate in the workshop “Legible Policy: Mobility surfacethroughoutthe to thatcontinued question initial an had I theMegalopolis,” and collaboration: What can I bring to the table? I emphatically stated at our first session: I was trained as an architect. But I’m conscious of the many ways that title is deniable—I theconsidering more, What’s thatof similarities architect. an myself consider longer no archi- of version secular a exercise I that consider I practices, religious dogmatic to career it. to relationship own my follow definition of it, and I own my I have tecture: As such, when faced with a design problem, I confront it as a not designer, as an ar chitect or chitect a sociologist or an anthropologist,less as even a politician. I tackle with it and practically. both intellectually adopted, withI have the design tools a I in special have theinterest notion of This emergence. concept is present in many theendorse I thepersonal. of therealm in also and practice professional my of layers value of accidents, the use of ignorance as a design strategy and the importance of discovery. constant openness to be con- to potential tremendous and their properties inherent have systems Material trollable, even programmable. I have keenly embraced technological advancements of process find that the I and strategies, design define even and inform thatenhance, otherness in processes digital a reinforces generative constant search for objectivity. This relation has evolved into a structure can but tools digital of of use the from derives that a architecture and design to approach digital design thinking, a systemic them. from prescind I am skeptical of democracy, especially in design processes, weary of the capital le- tters too often found in the words Architecture, City, Government, Nature, Space, Public People, Community, Participative Design and Sustainability. The naivety an local outsider’s exoticised dynamics view towards oftencan have renders its conceptual construction useless for practical intervention purposes, but I value the fresh the someone seeing themapproach same dynamics only to afar can provide. from and space public with deal to resistance, own my despite me, led have Circumstances all the of implications or intervening, rather interfering, in it by designing and - pro ducing precast urban concrete furniture. This forced me spectator’s role my to leave I normally avoided. topics position towards an active and take It is precisely this sceptic, critical, materialistic, blunt and nearly thecynical table. to brought that I have position Soon after our workshop, it became clear to me that legible policy is not about the so enunciation of much the policy itself, but rather the communication of the origins of the policy and the awareness of the positive consequences of its - implemen tation on the greater good. Policies imply a requires adoption top-down generalised Their imposition. mistrust. provoking thusThey exercise, governmental also imply 178 greater number ofindividuals’needs. some to an extent, but ratiothe of inclusion vs. exclusion will be inverted, covering a exclude still will This tall. 1.85m and 1.30mbetween old, 100years and 13between can be more effective for a larger population. I can design a system focused on people I then consequences, behavioural have which characteristics physical mere factors, Instead, if I simplify understanding the manyof these individuals to examine shared is mainly individual. focused onthe empathy and excludes, Individuality system.my of users million fourteen potential other the of circumstances and needs individual the exclude also will I preferences. and experiences specific very needs her by constrained be will Mary’s I and detail, to single every attend in will I buildings, unfinished in used material a as concrete day, every commutesfortwo sees hours Iztapalapa, livesand in who weighing 62kg, tall, 1.56m 20s, late her in mother single a Mary, for system seating public de- a velopto try I If focus? I should whom On argument. this with confronted constantly was I system, furniture public modular our of first the of phase design the During sign for everyone. de- can I one, no for designing by contradiction, auspicious but deep a However,in everyone, itbecomesnoone. is People the When he/she? is Who they? are Who People. the toof notion abstractempathic the be can I can less Even individual. each up information make of that layersexperiences complex and the all with individual, every to empathic be I can nor realities, their of assumptions but nothing know I whom of individuals thetic Frankly,target. naive this both and ineffective. I find I cannot experience empathy design for hypo- their users the to empathic be should designers that imperative the responds to truly createsand needs people’s that connection— emotional something this collaboration was no exception) that empathy must be (and a major times factor manyin creating heard have I space, public of dynamics the tackling designer a As resistance createdthe by mere imposition. transcends that one gain, personal of purpose, of sense a policy the of plementation a personal connection, a fact that triggers an emotional response which gives the im- 179 But I can take this notion even farther by adopting a completely different framework. framework. different completely a adopting fartherby even notion this take can I But If I choose theeliminate to individual from the theeliminate process, even idea of a and I instead focus user on completely, the geometric consequences of an action—in of set a thendesign can I result. neutral more much a obtain will seating—I thiscase, horizontal solid surfaces elevated 45cm from the ground which, if placed at the co- fulfill probably will dynamics, correct the to conform they if time, right the at rrectly seating. providing its initial purpose: not will that ones formula, the to variations more bringing on work can I there From by individuals grouping on focus example, for can, I task. essential thewith interfere will configuration Such configuration. packing parallel a in surfacesthese arranging which eachfacingother, another, one thatto probable close sit more people it make guarantee not will (It other. each to themtalking of the probability increase also will it.) I can on work the field of possibilities this particular will intervention open, ins- specificities. predefined set of of a narrow tead product. appropriable open, adaptable and therefore a more This approach leads to I think this same reasoning can bring problem more us open a to solutions major to that is at root a basic communication issue: do How make a we broad spectrum of a chance overall the decrease will limit speed lower a that understand population city’s explain to only not use we do means What trafficfatal incident? a participatingin of consequences positive the also but limit, speed the reduce to decision a of origins the of its adoption at a personal level? Just as individuality often excludes, anonymity can include. I will with expand a specificon design proposal:If youthis see avertical LED display that arranges a ma- traffic incident a by caused death a represents pixel each where pixels, 20x200 of trix it, by shocked but will feel the close not a will to feel passerby in likely factsthe city, if displayed. However, that display becomes a site-specific beacon integrated with a traffic post, and the pixels are madeto represent the deaths that have occurred on the very spot connected to a real-time feed, then you greatly reduce the possibility of understand detachment.thatmust spatial or Passersby temporary they are where these deaths happened. The anonymity of the information becomes inclusive, and the immediacy of the means of representation provoke a direct, nection. unavoidable The con- integration with a known code of communication gives frugality. even it familiarity, a sense of The end message is clear: Someone died there. It could be someone you know—or it could even be could you. You be the or offender, you could be the victim. One small blinking dot could be son, your friend, your spouse your or yourself. Everyone, or in urge personal a beyond goes accelerate to decision your Then you. is one, no thiscase to defy authority or the quotidian circumstance of being in a hurry; you must face after speeding, that dot might be you. blinking of whether, the question 180 181 - - A POINT OF COMPARISON: COMPARISON: OF A POINT IN LONDON MOBILITY CATAPULT CITIES FUTURE VIKHORNOVA, GALIK AND ANASTASIA GYORGYI BY world a make character, of full and distinct boroughs, 32 Its cities. of city a is London city of huge diversity around the central City of London. London is theconnected to thanof rest the airportsto continentalby five Europe and globe no directly by fewer the Channel tunnel. The city is more than a national capital—it is also centre of international connection and global mobility with a massive influence on economics, society. and a globalising trade Like many global cities, London has been experiencing rapid growth over decades. the Currently last the population of London is around 8.6 increase might whichmillion. million, 10 at peak It will population London’s the2030s thatby is projected Task (Road day each trips million 5 additional an by trips daily million 26 current the Report, TfL, 2015). International experience points to a more effective strategy of shifting habits travel from cars to public transport by introducing high service frequencies, central coor dination of timetables, trafficpriority for trams and buses and a conspicuousstaff (Public Transportpresence Users Association, 2013). London has an and extensive developed transport network which includes both pri- short for cars use to choose still London in people many Too services. public and vate journeys when more sustainable modes—public transport, would be practical. In cycling order to achieve a continuing and greater and shift more towards walking— sustainable modes, the of Mayor London and Greater London Authority understand the importance of providing Londoners with the necessary infrastructure, - informa the car. to choose alternatives tion and support to Recently there has been a substantial net shift from away private transport towards variety wide a includes system transport public London’s London. in transport public ca- a as well as bus, river even and busses trains, underground,overground modes: of infrastructure transport public The river. the across passengers takes that link car ble builds on card, that a Oyster common passengers electronic allows system, ticketing shifteasily different to types of between transportation. London underground far by diffe270 - connecting withnetwork transport, its public of mode popular theis most 1.305 billion (TfL, 2015). of with flow stations rent an annual passengers More than 90% of Londoners live within 400 metres of a bus stop. London’s bus network is extensive and highly technological, e.g. cashless payment, information speed-limiting (TfL, technology and travel e-paper provide to are bus being stops tested 2015). There are number of routes that operate even at night, and most of ease the theto experience arrival-informationof the display a live user’s jour have stops bus London’s bus brigade ney. is also environmentally sound and will thesoon have - big in Europe. hybrid busses (combination of diesel and electric motor) fleet of gest 182 ht nbe ut-oaiy loig odnr t sit oad mr sustainable and active modesofmobility. more towards shift to Londoners allowing multi-modality enable that policies transport into looking strategy,is coherent Catapult developa Cities Future mobility-related of issues including workingrange practices, urban logistics, wider schooling and leisure. In order a to to focus its broadening is Catapult Cities Future 2014). rrently design for, the opportunities to drive a little less will be missed (Flexi-Mobility, cu- than we flexibility incorporatesactuallygreater individuals of experiences the If behaviours. people’s in change” and variability,flexibility of issues important some “masks habit commuting and stability on focus the that indicates research Current (The Mayor’s AirQualityStrategy, 2010). late traps and diesel-electric hybrid buses are being introduced as quickly as possible - particu with fitted have been buses Older emissions. bus and traffic smoothing and cars) electric and hybrid (especially clubs car supporting and funding transport, of travelsmartermodes (LEZ), to Zone greener initiativesEmission to encourageshift a LowLondon the and congestion vehiclecharging infrastructure, electric of lopment reduce air pollution from London’s transport system. These actions include devethe to- action taking to committed already has (GLA), Authority London Greater the gh Great strides have also been taken in London to improve air quality. The Mayor, - throu 2016). Advancement, Health for (Centre activephysically be to choose to individuals some environment where exercise is not only possible, an but pleasant, createsultimately intervention motivating the habits, healthy develop to individual the pressuring of Instead walking. and biking transit, mass improvementof incorporatedpromote to have days car-free officials where City) Mexico (including world the around cities sed physical activity. The idea of a ‘car free day’ is based on success the of many other pact including improved safety and air quality, decreased noise pollution and increa - im- beneficial a have wee - can interventions on temporary these closures how demonstrate to road kends occasional with experimenting is TfL project, separate a As manage transport. to how about differently think to authorities and people encouraged example,Olympics, for London 2012 The happening. is different something that where accept change people of moments are there city, a of development continued the During to encourage walking (Road Task TfL,2015). Report, the Cycle Superhighways and the construction of better public realms for pedestrians for all kinds of users. The Plan includes 17 majorhealthy schemes, and including safethe expansion enjoyable,of accessible, more roads making by conditions travelling in Greater London, introduced a ‘Road aims toPlan’ that Modernisation improve the Transport for London (TfL), the government body responsible for the transport system bring anextra to key 65millionjourneys stations. someofthe underground mobility flows central London. Some estimates within showthat Crossrail may users on impact high a have will 2018and in completion for due is Crossrail city. the of hi- a gh-capacity is railway systemIt that will connect the outside congestion.of London to roadthe very centre ease to and city the of growth future the accommodate to begun has project ‘Crossrail’ the 2050, Plan Infrastructure London the of part As 183 184 185 EPILOGUE 186 187 188 189 BY LABORATORIO PARA LA CIUDAD PARA LABORATORIO BY BY SUPERFLUX BY Complex Systems and Interventions and Interventions Systems Complex The built environment and the social spheres are in continuous and symbiotic flux. and multi-factorial are health, as such issues, Important systems. of systems are Cities must be analysed and as treated such. Siloed and linear thinking is not enough—the how investigates that science to approach new a represents systems complex of study parts relationships between rise thegive to of behaviors and collective a how system with relationships and forms its environment. interacts the system Hence, need governments to thinkingsystems incorporate as a tool when designing as as well thinking public points”. ex- policy, of Donella (1999) of Meadows “leverage plains that these are places within a complex system—a corporation, an a economy, As Dan Lockton points out, (p. 53) new methodologies are proving more effective at exploring the links between design, understanding and human action, particularly with respect to what’s become known as “behaviour change” for social and - environ mental benefit, searching for solutions from a myriad of technicalsocial science disciplines. As the UK has Team public Nudge proven, policy that asalso as and well designs for sustainable behaviour and cultural shifts needs to explore a since good design and po- myriad techniques, storytelling to datapossibilities: from analysis of tent policy solutions both have the objective to influence individual actionsfor the benefit of both individual and society. Civic Tech there is Worldwide, a in growing technology interest used social for good; a particu- engagement furthercitizens’ looksto tech civic as known thisexploration of vein lar and thus theirbetter of quality by life creating more efficient communication channels with government and/or increasing public value in some way. At para la Ciudad, Laboratorio we believe two hacks (see p. are 125) needed to propel this - conversa tion to the next level. First, the realization that tech is only the beginning of a solution, and that deep work must be done to rearticulate bureaucratic structures and deep In other words, thanks of said technology. theways, society in new to existence social structuring and institutional design must be part of the equation if civic tech effect social realities. and rearticulate a lasting have is to efficiency;and practicality usability, on focused has tech civic muchof all, of Second to engage and interact with new notions of civitas, cities must take into account a and metaphoric community, fascination, otherwhole legibility, suchvaluesas of set an important can and have The frames) humanities symbolic (its capacities tools etc. place in this conversation. TOOLS FOR LEGIBLE POLICY LEGIBLE FOR TOOLS Design Behaviour 190 understandably wary ofstatesunderstandably ofexceptions wary ingovernment. societies leaves scaffolding administrative and legal hyper-contained) (and tructed on Terror”.“War The historic the consequences of of government acting part outside of carefullyform cons- that measures as StatesUnited the in liberties civil suspend to recently most means, questionableto occasions many on used been has measure to able emergency. of state be a in This good public the should benefits it lawif of rule and beyondthe act can state of heads that proclaims it Schmitt, Carl legal of the theory in concept as Born craft. states for tool polemic a are exception of States Experimental Zones (Revisiting minimalstates of exception) street ortheatre. inthe either performance, is tactic dissemination procedures political opaque about visibility and awareness raising of way effective and successful highly Another adopters. early become and toolslow-cost such try tokeen wouldbe non-governmentalorganisations numerous initiatives,and citizen-led We councils, townpubs. libraries,local and imagine halls cafes, noticeboards, public on placed and findings key with in filled be could which dissemination toolkit could include templates for flyers, posters, stickers and notices tactical a instance, For format. accessible and familiar a is it as campaigningpo- litical of tools traditional the redesign to is this achieve to possibility One accessible. widely are work ethnography political the from insights the that ensure to Critical Dissemination Tactics policy making. ground-levelof messy realities robust toola forbecome the addressing can This cies. be used as context-sensitive—can both filters for discussions in of specific poli- terms developmentsustainable for agreement political global major a reach to failure the For instance—a game-changing technological or in breakthrough emission efficiency futures visioning exercise the after predetermined, generalised than rather filtering. emerge that filters and frameworks of The series a making. design to be decision would here forexperiment strategy ethical sensitive, a towards work and noise the de traditional sense-making techniques to help policy makers pick weak signals from Thoughtfully designed filtering and visualising methods can work effectively alongsi- Context-Sensitive Sense-making les, itsculture—arises. - ru power structure, goals, system—its the which of out paradigm or mindset 1.The system.2. Thegoalsofthe 3. Thedistribution ofpower system. over ofthe rules the system ofthe (incentives,4. Therules punishments,constraints). 5. Information flows. 6. Material flows andnodesofmaterial intersection. 7. Drivingpositive feedback loops. 8. Regulating negative feedback loops. 9. Constants, parameters, (subsidies,taxes, numbers standards). (in increasing order of effectiveness) by DonellaMeadows Places to intervene inasystem effective intervention inmany design, which ways isalsoapractice oflegibility. vely new tools of system dynamics to global problems, and she also analysed the most relati - the applying of importance the professed Meadows system-wide. changes big produce can aspect one in body,shift city,living small ecosystem,a etc.—wherea an

191 New Urban Typologies: Civic Spaces, Open Spaces Civic Spaces, Typologies: Urban New Efforts the of participation importance are and governance. acknowledge Cities now underway to rethink the place of the digital sphere in terms of citizen engagement: open data, new apps, new portals. However, especially in cities digital important public gap, physical space could also as where serve a point of encounter there is an services for public buildings created citizens and beyond theirbetween government, and complaints. Although the notion of government solely as a provider of budgets reenvision must we accept this social reality, new if we pervasive, and services is still - pro skills, civic new spaces, civic original need We catalyser. as government role: our be- to city-makinghas engage, To will. political and energy social thatarticulate jects come fascinating—meaning we need political imagination, reframing potential, the prototyping of urban all creativity, approached with deeply collaborative and social mindsets to develop open source places that are programmable by the community and their needs. Image matters. Graphic design has become a great tool to turn data into information information into data turn to tool great a become has design Graphic matters. Image through visualizations and graphics. Yet at Laboratorio para la Ciudad we are just we at the believe beginning stages of understanding how to use images not only to convey the relationship between different data points in clearer ways, but also as a thinking, for tools creating and fashion nonlinear in subjects communicating of way Visual thinking and model is interventions. systems sense of complex helping make purpo- epistemic and cognitive diverse has and mathematicalpractice in widespread ses, but has not been sufficiently explored in therealm of social sciences and urban Could practices. be images at the of center the legibility discussion—with both peda- and exploration? discovery for tools gogical and innovative From Data Viz to Visual Epistemology Visual Epistemology Viz to Data From And yet, bureaucratic structures need from to relieved be thestrategically of weight their own rules and regulations if they are to question the status quo and envision other (hopefully better) ways forward: to innovate. Minimal and controlled states of exception—zones where the usual rules no longer apply—have to be designed in governments the shape into of Laboratories, innovation offices et al., with agility and - protec and therules; shaped to adherence blind of instead mind in experimentation ted with the proper mechanisms, findingways of going backto first principlesand should) (and can transparency radical example, for where, paradigms new proposing go hand in hand with fast-acting, experimental and emergent strategies, legal plus and the administrative capacity to continuously rearticulate its borders and add or agendas. actors new concepts borrowed from Paradoxically, self-proclaimed anarchist Hakim Bey can in- reminding Zone: Autonomous Temporary government-bound these of ethos the form structu- formal elude that spaces temporary creating of value socio-political the of us and relationships social of systems non-hierarchical of importance the control; of res the possibility of releasing one’s own mind from the controlling mechanisms that have been imposed on it; new territories recreated on the boundary line of - establi shed regions These 1991). (Bey, minimal spaces become a place to question the very nature of the structure larger that contains them, risk mitigating all. for They differ characteristics: the in the know following as we of exception states from of nations. instead territories micro Scale: These are ethos. ludic have and quick-flowing prototypes, experimental, are They Temporality: Legibility: They use new means to make more visible the chanisms inner of workings a and contained space me- instead of supplanting legibility with endlessly tautological rules. Plus they offer clarity on how each experiment’s medular question public value, notwithstanding its failure. its success or optimizes for 192 Political Ethnography together seekingto create publicvalue. coming all institutions, public and citizens disciplines, between lines dividing the ideallyblurring vision, common a around articulated communities new of form the between government and citizens—the traces that bridgeremain a are also as social as structures works in always that group Ciudad—a la para Laboratorio of case the In optics, tools, capacities,relationships. new of form the in system host the within left usually also are collaboration the of Traces possibilities. of repertoire multidisciplinary a to adding mission, or project but it is capable of still propagating the new knowledge and tools acquired with each objectivecities. Once the is it reached, disconnects and keep working autonomously, rarily adhere itself to a larger system, giving systemthe augmented or different capa- the plug-in expounded theory by Pablo Kobayashi, in which a small group can tempo - Coincidentally, Unidadboth de Protocolos and Laboratorio para la Ciudad work with Plug-ins ve capacities. knowledgecollaborativecity creati- and skills, createdand communities’ to increase be should policy public new governance, of paradigm new this In forward. way the instigating even bolder solutions. We paradigms that of creative assert governance is of capable results great alone let ideas, great expect and participation of doors open merelyto insufficient is It enough. ownnot its is on Likewise,participation citizens’ case. the not lives.is people’s This in regeneratemakedifference zens, and a city the citi- engageto enough is initiatives participatory deploying that assumed often is It newcontinuously ways possible. experimentwith ofmakingthis Government is an evolving Open cultural phenomenon, the lawthat also obliges understanding government toHence, elections. during representatives their for voting by only not policy,and public of design the of part be to citizens of right the laims proc- that Law” City “Open an approvedrecently City Mexico loops. feedback better creating governance, deliberative and participatory to democracy representative of New technology and methodologies can allow for governments to evolve from models Participatory Platforms andPrograms conceit. the to commit involved,and get opinions, developto space the people giving questions, if’ ‘as and if’ ‘what ask help prototypes, speculative often These possibilities. new imagine to encouraged are participants props, actual touching even and king totypes are used to provoke responses. Alongside observations and interviews, by loo- A successful experiential formethod work,ethnographic in which diegetics and pro- Object-driven DesignResearch of those decisions. Such activity would display a willingness for political actors to own inmakingtheir workbecome participants actors legible. political for willingness a display would activity Such decisions. those of implicationspotential and decision-making, behind intent and evidence the cesses, pro - making policy of understanding deeper a provide to order in institutions tical poli- and actorsstate of workings inner direct the study actors party third Unbiased

193

References - Poe Ontological Anarchy, Zone, Autonomous Temporary The T.A.Z.: (1991). H. Bey, https://archive.org/stream/al_Hakim_Bey_T.A.Z._ from: Retrieved . tic Terrorism The_Temporary_Autonomous_Zone_Ontological_Anarchy_Poetic_Terror/ Hakim_Bey__T.A.Z.__The_Temporary_Autonomous_Zone__Ontological_Anarchy__ Poetic_Terrorism_a4#page/n0/mode/2up Vt. Hartland, . in a System to Intervene Places Points: Leverage (1999). D. Meadows, - http://donellameadows.org/wp-con from: Retrieved Institute. The Sustainability tent/userfiles/Leverage_Points.pdf Ensure Ensure that new governance models in democracy move past tokenism. When citizens who choose to volunteer theirthat of translation thetime of abreast achieve kept a be they that sense imperative is of it agency activity, the and toward ownership aids in theirand thehow know involvement activity finala into decision-ma- policy, deci- translation, the make help can media and design of tools Simple processes. king contributors that ensure and open, more processes communication and making sion streamed, videos tweeted, be can Debates agency. and ownership of sense their retain people if Even time. real in respond to people withfor thepossible, possibility where - inten thethat sense thethem give can streamed being is it that fact the watch, don’t rather thantion is transparency closed doors. Transparent Feedback Loops Feedback Transparent Symbolic Infrastructures Symbolic Infrastructures A city is not of only composed its visible and aspects. physical It is also a fluctuating composite of intangibles: a sense of a identity, repertoire of historical or - contempo rary symbols, living metaphors and collective urban imaginaries, merging and clas- hing. Creativity and culture must be part of the design of cities’ “public-ness”, and political new need We priori. thea is great Culture se. art per of the in form only not thinkalso need a to city and and forms is about we urban shaped how languages, by its belief systems, how these intangible assets help or hinder the creation of public value and thesehow infrastructures hold abstract our articulatingworlds, potential end, the in are, Cities meaning. social and subjective both silently) or loudly (whether machines. and storytelling artefacts cultural Speculative Policymaking Speculative The practice of envisioning futures via speculative design can particularly be worth a considering powerful tool, in this context. Presented through visual aids, proposed policy becomes thea drawing board where relevant stakeholders and citizens much and photographs words, pictures, through suggestions own their annotate can more. It becomes a vehicle for creating an open and editable policy for the policies where participatory approach to governance, future, iterative an for the way paving visioning. through collaborative versioned can be publicly 194 no easyanswers. with times, at questions difficult ourselves ask to And sion. envi- deliberateand Toworld.frame, our of sense velymake arranging and end guessing--is a in toolthe for us to collecti- persuasion, discussion, counsel, about also is gibility--which le- end the in that account intotake also whys--wemust the and hows explanation--the honest and good a of realm the through pass must) (and can policy legible though even So ratenGerman “to advise,counsel,guess”. ratan, German DutchFrisianraða,reda,High raden,Old Old Norse Old (cognates: *redan Proto-Germanic from “advice”), red ræd, to (related order” in put reading; by learn forebode;explain; equip; arrange, guide; rule, deliberate; discuss, persuade; counsel, advise, “to (Anglian) redan Saxon),(West rædan English old the from “reading”: of etymology the re explo- and time, in back step extra an take to interesting is it us, before “writing” the of clarity the or transparency, at “to ends and begins legere,“legible” be to that think welest But Latin read”. from read”, be can “that legibilis, Latin: Late from 14c, late the from us to comes Legible word The — GABRIELLA GÓMEZ-MONT(p. 83) Glossary Legible Policy 195 — JOHN LYNCH (P. 45) (P. JOHN LYNCH —

What is a legible policy? In the context of policies often so many to unapparent utterly be to as inaccessible and opaque which by metric qualitative single a of think to like I citizens, to understand this. If a policy is actively discussed, before, has authority relevant the implementation, after and during le- policy towards momentum positive demonstrated least at gibility. But here, I would like to push that thinking further, for beyond legibility, and beyond a conversation, is true participation in the policymaking process, the adoption and implementation of policies, and the process of iterating policy the changing to needs of the time in response city. over 196 potential for action. the and intentions, of transparency accessibility, tant…are imporseem which componentspolicy legible of three …The and nothidingpolicychanges. proposes), US the in movement Good Common the as ple, exam- (forcontexts consistent across more complexand less also potentially readable, and open and visible things king cessible: using language is easilywhich understandable, ma- ac- law) (and policy making about partly policy…is Legible —DAN LOCKTON (P. 53) - 197 ) (P. 6 3 — GYORGYI GALIK — GYORGYI

Legibility should “mean more than just seeing and unders- upon acting actually but engaging, even than tanding—more things to make a difference…Real and power, and sustained agency. Even change: something visceral, such as rage, fear, passion, skepticism or fairness. Legibility in which citizens gain a real change in perception, a better - understan ding of possible impacts of their decisions, and of, first and - inte relations, economic theand political broader foremost, and governments.” polluters of companies, power and rests 198 dation ofconflicting worldviews. accommo- an for requirement minimal a of role important more) not (if equally the play may transparency and sibility acces- qua legibility case, the is this If conflict. of horizon a operatein irremediablymay systemic design, of instance an as policies, of development The all. after objective realistic a be not may that … perspective agonistic soft-systemic, the Yet, from run!” long the in them forbest what’s understand people make could we only “If lamenting: were we policy, legible of importance the stressing in if, as is It consensus. of hopes our for container a of role playedthe arguably has legibility of idea way, the this In intentions. and goals its to regards with transparent and contents its to regards with accessible mean to come roughly has which policy, Legible — JORGE CAMACHO (P.) 143 199 IS IT POSSIBLE TO TO POSSIBLE IS IT A CITY IMAGINE THAT CONSTITUTION BY IS UNDERSTOOD CITIZEN? EVERY 200 ONE? THE CURRENT FIRST AIDKIT FOR RATHER THANTHE THE FUTURECITY TOOLS/PLANS FOR AREPOLICIES THE 201 CAN WE SEE CITIZENS WE CAN THE BUILDERS OF AS RATHER THE FUTURE, THAN THE RECIPIENTS RULES TODAY’S OF AND REGULATIONS? 202 OBSCURE POLICY? OFLEGIBLE VS. EFFICIENCY COST WHAT IS THE 203 DO THE GOALS OF OF THE GOALS DO POLICIES TO RESPOND A AS VALUE WE WHAT ARE THESE SOCIETY? IN EXISTENT GOALS AND ITS POLICY EVERY COMMUNICATION? 204 AS PAWNS ORAGENTS? CONSIDER CITIZENS OURSELVES— —AND DOWE GOVERNMENT DOES OUR 205 DO WE SHARE AND DO WE SHARE VALUES? ON OUR AGREE 206 RULES OR VISIONS? RULES ISOURSACITY OF 207

210 211 REFERENCES 212 Machkovech, S. (2016). Evangelical university requires Fitbitownership, data Lockton, D., Harrison, D. &Stanton, N.A. (2013). Exploring designpatterns for Lockton, D., Greene, C., Casey, A., Raby, E., & Vickress, A. (eds.) (2014). Creative Lynch, K. (1960). TheImage of theCity . MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Kocaballi, A. B., Gemeinboeck, P., Saunders, R., Dong, A. &Loke, L. (2012). York. Jacobs, J.(1961). Hill, D. (2012). DarkMatterand Trojan Horses: AStrategic Design Vocabulary. Hargreaves, I. &Hartley, J. (eds.) (2016). Thecreative citizen unbound: How social archive/2013/07/ideas-bank/in-praise-of-messy-cities Haque, U. (2013). Messinesswillinevitably ariseinspite cities. of smart Wired, Glanville, R. (1995). ‘A (cybernetic) musing: Control 2’, Cybernetics &Human Gall, J.(1975). von Foerster, H. (2003). Understanding Understanding: Essays oncybernetics and Fantini vanDitmar, D. &Lockton, D. (2016). ‘Taking thecodefor awalk’. Interactions London. Easterling, K. (2014). Extrastatecraft: The power of infrastructure space. Verson: Dutson, C., Fantini vanDitmar, D. &Lockton, D. (2015)ThePerformance of Problems. Wiley: Chichester. Conklin, J.(2005). Broady, M. (1966). Social Theory inArchitectural Design, InGutman, R(ed.) (1972), Bowden, F., Lockton, D., Brass, C. &Gheerawo, R. (2015). Drawing Energy: Exploring REFERENCES DESIGNING AGENCY IN THE CITY DESIGNING AGENCY IN THE CITY, p. 53 sustainable behaviour.Design Journal 16(4), The 431-459. London: Royal College of Art Citizens’ Variety Pack: Inspiringdigital ideasfromcommunityprojects, Form andMovement DESFORM 2012, Wellington, New Zealand Embracing Relational Agency inDesignProcess. DesignandSemanticsof Strelka Press: Moscow. creative economy. Policy Press: Bristol. media and DIY culturecontributetodemocracy, communitiesandthe Retreived from July 2013from: http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/ Knowing 3(2), 43–46 especially how they fail.General Systemantics Press. cognition. New York: Springer. 23(1), 68-71. June 2015, Stockholm, Sweden Challenging anthropocentrism inthedesignof sustainable futures, 7-10 .Nonhuman Behaviour Workshop at Nordes 2015: DesignEcologies: People andBuildings. BasicBooks: New York. perceptions of theinvisible. Royal College of Art: London. General systemantics:General Anessayonhow systems work, and The Deathand Life of Great AmericanCities. RandomHouse: New Dialogue Mapping: BuildingSharedUnderstanding of Wicked

213

, in S. Walz and Walz in S. Governance Gamification, and Fitbit: Foucault’s Seeing Like A State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human to Improve Schemes Certain How A State: Seeing Like , 7(1), 1-24. 7(1), & Internet, Policy Its Future. for . Yale University Press: New Haven. New Press: University Yale Failed. Have Condition Durham, Press, University Duke the Future. of Histories (eds.), S. Harding, MA. Cambridge, Press: MIT World. The Gameful (eds.), Deterding S. the Prospects Us About Tell Can Taxman and the Towels, Bath Music, Street http://www.personalinformatics.org/ from: Retrieved behaviour change? edition. Unabridged Available Interactions. ACM Forums, 2016. January-February Issue: 68-71. interactions.acm.org at: Cambridge Production. Treadmill of in the Activism Citizen Struggles: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&l at: Available Press, University Speculated Actions’. Workshop at DRS 2016: Design, Research, Society: Research, Design, DRS 2016: at Workshop Actions’. Speculated UK. Brighton, June 2016, 27-30 Thinking, Future-Focused 2016 from: 16 March Retrieved Office. Transformation Digital Government 155-169. Sciences 4, Policy http:// 2016 from: Feb 1 Retrieved , Ars Technica freshmen. for syncing

& D. in Rosenberg, Game, The Global Futures: (2005). E. & Pollman, A. Tsing, 107-122. (2015). J.R. Whitson, Forests, Petrified What Reporting: Corruption Crowdsourced (2015). D. Zinnbauer, P.63 CITIES’, ‘SMART IN AND BEYOND CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT BOOKS AND PAPERS lead to personal Can empathy a multiplied self. of In favour (2013). M. Balestrini, docs/chi2013/balestrini.pdf Audiobooks: Blackstone CD, Audio . Wonder (2007) The Sense of R. Carson, page a Walk, Taking the Code for (2016). D. and Lockton, D. van Ditmar, Fantini Environmental Local (1996). A. and Weinberg, A., Schnaiberg, A., K. Gould, K., Gould, r=&id=VanuQsgyReEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Local+Environmental+S truggles:+Citizen+Activism+in+the+Treadmill&ots=O32bvhWbaw&si g=Hi_n180vCyAKuW2lCFPeUL5Aftg#v=onepage&q=Local%20Environ mental%20Struggles%3A%20Citizen%20Activism%20in%20the%20Tre admill&f=false doi:10.1177/1461444815604328 doi:10.1177/1461444815604328 Headline Books. . woman quotable The new (1993). E. Partnow, ‘Plans and (2016). T. & Kerridge, G. Galik, M.W., Steenson, D., Lockton, V., Ranner, Australian . government of model’ is a ‘mental GOV.AU (2016). L. Reichelt, https://www.dto.gov.au/blog/gov-au-is-a-mental-model-for-government/ Planning. Theory of Dilemmas in a General (1973). M.M. & Webber, H.W.J. Rittel, (1999). J.C. Scott, arstechnica.co.uk/gadgets/2016/02/evangelical-university-requires- fitbit-ownership-data-syncing-for-freshmen/ counts in the neoliberal What self: The quantified (2015). A. & Robinson, P. Moore, from: Retrieved Media & Society, New . workplace 214 United Nations Educational, ScientificandCultural Organization Educating for a Unger, R.M. (1998). Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, London. Vila, P. (2003). Ethnography, attheBorder p. 256, University OfMinnesota Press. frastructure-and-finance/smart-cities-city-intelligence-platform.html http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/in Siemens Corporation. (2008). Sustainable Buildings —Networked Technologies: views/that-smarts-against-the-smart-city/8667075.fullarticle Minton, A. (2014). That Smarts: City. Against theSmart TheArchitectural Review Steinberg, P.F. & VanDeveer, S.D., eds(2012). Comparative Environmental Politics: remijenko/ Martin, C. (2015)Wondrous engagement: Natalie Jeremijenko [onlinepublication], grade_democracy_for_the_internet_era?language=en Mancini, Pia. (2014). How to upgrade democracy for theInternet era? [video], TED from-quantified-self-to-quantified-city/ Context. Published: March 62016. Available at: http://localcontext.net/ Lynch, J. (2016). From QuantifiedSelf to QuantifiedCity[onlinepublication], Local the-internet-of-things/ Lockton, D. (2014). Aswe may understand: Aconstructionist approach to ‘behaviour Kuchinskaya, O. (2014). The Politics of Invisibility: PublicKnowledge about Isaacson, R.L. and Jensen, K.F., eds(1992). The Vulnerable Brain and Environmen 2Bh60Q Haque, U. (2012), SocialCitiesof Tomorrow Conference, Keynote Speech [video], the cities-and-bringing-people-together-1951 metric.com/horizons/technology-answer-what-was-question-art-smart- Haque, U. (2016) Technology istheanswer, butwhat was thequestion? Onart, Greenfield, A. (2013). AgainsttheSmartCity(Thecityisherefor you 1), touseBook Gould, Kenneth A. (1993). Pollution and perception: Socialvisibilityand local Available at: http://robertounger.com/english/pdfs/demore.pdf HomesandCities.Smart Picturesof theFuture[online.] Available at: [online.] Available at: http://www.architectural-review.com/rethink/re Theory, Practice, and Prospects, MIT Press. ArchitectureAU, Available at: http://architectureau.com/articles/natalie-je Global. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/pia_mancini_how_to_up may-un derstand-a-constructionist-approach-to-behaviour-change-and- Available at: http://architectures.danlockton.co.uk/2014/11/02/as-we- change’ andtheInternet of Things [onlinepublication.] Architectures. Radiation HealthEffects afterChernobyl. MIT Press. tal Risks, Volume 2: Toxins inFood, Plenum Press, New York. Netherlands. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTJWg March 292016, Horizons -Arts, CityMetric. Available at: http://www.city citiesandbringingpeople togethersmart [onlinepublication.] Published: Kindle Edition, Amazon MediaEU. 16, Issue2, pp. 157-178. environmental mobilization.Qualitative Sociology, Summer1993, Volume

215

Sustainable Future, A Transdisciplinary Vision for Concerted Action. Concerted for Vision Transdisciplinary A Future, Sustainable http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_a/po at: Available WEBSITES http://airqualityegg.com/ at: available Air Quality Egg, http://www.changify.org/ at: available Changify (neighborhood platform), http://www.citiviva.com/ at: available CITIVIVA, and is Gabrys Jennifer Dr by led (a project College Goldsmiths Sense, Citizen at: available Starting Council (ERC) Grant), Research a European through funded http://www.citizensense.net/about/ N Medellín Ruta Corporación in Colombia, by run platform), (global Life Cities for http://citiesfor.life/en/Index at: available http://commonplace.is/ at: available Commonplace, Sciences, Applied of University Amsterdam Design and the City Conference, - http://designandtheci at: available April 2016, 19-22 Amsterdam, Mile Knowledge ty.eu/theme/ https://neighborland.com/ at: available civic projects), for Neighborland (a toolkit - http://www.openi at: available innovation), for platform (A Web-based OpenIDEO deo.com/ http://www.participatorycity.org/#discovered at: available City, Participatory http://blog.safecast.org/ at: available Safecast, http://urbandataschool.org/ at: available School, Urban Data QUOTES – if it’s an issue sense of make to have you resources on whatever draw “I think you scientific or biochemical. historical, cultural, if it’s matter it doesn’t driven, question as a citizen, you sense for makes out what figure to is about how So the question Citizens: The Science of (2015) E. Lim, you.” compelling to are that the questions - http://as at: Available Papers. Assemble [online publication.] Jeremijenko Natalie semblepapers.com.au/2015/03/17/the-science-of-citizens-natalie-jeremijenko/ the 20th of in the middle “The art designing cities declined drastically century. of -- tools technological of an arsenal planner has today’s because a paradox That’s urbanists -- which buildings for materials to bridging and tunneling to lighting from to resources more have we imagine: begin to not could ago years a hundred even (2006) R. Sennett, creatively.” use very don’t we but resources use than in the past, https://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/ at: Available The Open City [online.] the-open-city/en-gb/ moving is always and everything in motion, is always everything “In the universe, then the case, that’s ‘If So I said, basic. That’s resistance. least of in the directions preferred follow they so that things modify the shapes of to be possible it should never I would this point that I made up my mind at resistance.’ least of directions modify try to to do was I would What difficult. too much man—that’s reform try to - Tom directions.“ in preferred man moving get as to a way in such the environment New Profiles, Fuller, with Buckminster Interview Area. In the Outlaw (1966). C. kins, http://www.newyorker.com/ at: Available 1966 [magazine.] January 8, Issue: Yorker, magazine/1966/01/08/in-the-outlaw-area

pups/mod01t05s01.html#the-need 216 Auyero, J.(2007). schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html Arnstein, S. R. (1969). ALadder of Citizen Participation. In: Journal of American THE CASE OF LONDON ANDBEYOND: SHIFTING THE BALANCE, P. 107 com/772173/fr-ee-proposes-cultural-corridor-chapultepec-in-mexico-city Cultural Corridor Chapultepec. Archdaily. Retreived from: http://www.archdaily. Rosenfield, K. (2008, Aug 19). FR-EEProposestoRestore Mexico CityAvenue with THE PUBLICSPACE, P.95 ENCOURAGING (AND INCITING)PARTICIPATION IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2015/12/14/politica/002n1pol suficientes, planesdemovilidad enelDF. La Jornada. Retrieved April19, 2016, from Servín, M., González, R., &Romero, G. (2015, Dec14). Albordedelcolapso vial:- In DESIGN’S ROLEINPOLICYMAKING, P. 89 Sennet, R. (2006), TheOpenCity, in Towards anUrbanAge. UrbanAge BerlinSum- The Pruitt Igoe Myth. 2011[documentary]. Directed by ChadFreidrichs, USA, Pro- com/cities/2014/dec/09/symbolic-simplicity-mexico-city-metro-sig- Mogilevich M., CampkinB., Ross R. (2014), Thesymbolic simplicityof Mexico City’s Jencks, C. (1984). TheLanguage of Post-Modern Architecture. New York: Rizzoli. Laboratorio para laCiudad, Mapatón, Mexico City: Laboratorio para laCiutad. Avai- Geels, F. W. (2005), Technological Transitions and System Innovations: ACo-evolu- Glancey, J., The London Underground Map. TheDesignthatShapedtheCity, inBBC Future CityCatapult, Whereaboutslondon, London: Future CityCatapult, http:// 2016]. Ferrarello, L., Kowloski, B., Tidey, J., (2015), Metalondoners, AcrossRCA [online]. THE ECOLOGY OF LEGIBLE URBAN SPACE, P. 73 Power (Cambridge StudiesinContentious Politics). [print]Cambridge: [Accessed March 10, 2016]. Institute Planners, Vol. 35, No. 4. [online]Available at: http://lithgow- docs/ua_summit_berlin_newspaper [accessedMarch 2016]. mit Newspaper, [ebook]. Available through: https://issuu.com/lsecities/ v=xKgZM8y3hso [accessedMarch 2016]. duced by Stencil. Unicorn Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch? ns-lance-wyman [accessedMarch 2016]. metro signs, in The Guardian Cities, Available at: http://www.theguardian. lable at: labcd.mx/mapaton-cdmx/ [accessed March 2016]. tionary and Socio-Technical Analysis, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. March 2016]. london-underground-map-the-design-that-shaped-a-city [accessed Culture. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150720-the- whereaboutslondon.org/#/about [accessedMarch 2016]. Available at: http://across.rca.ac.uk/?page_id=1287 [accessedMarch Routine Politics and Violence inArgentina: The Gray Zone of State

217

Towards a Community Led Plan for London: Ideas for discussion Ideas for London: Plan for a Community Led Towards Councils Join Forces for Legal Challenge Against Mayor’s Plan Mayor’s Against Challenge Legal for Forces Join Councils http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/councils-join- at: Available 2016]. 21, March [Accessed rents-rules-9188995.html the Government. for Institute [pdf] London: Analysis. and Evidence http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/ at: Available 2016]. 21, March [Accessed 2016]. 13, March [Accessed http://www.iap2.org/ 2016]. 23, March [Accessed yellowchair-stories https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/ at: Available Studies. Development of Institute 2016]. 21, March [Accessed dmfile/Db19.pdf 2016]. 14, March [Accessed justspace2010.wordpress.com/ Cambridge University Press, 1 ed. Press, University Cambridge 2016]. 21. March [Accessed work/i-wish-this-was/ Standard. Evening London: [online] Rules. Rents’ ‘Affordable to Relax https:// at: Available Space. Just [pdf] London: debate. and 2016]. 11, March [Accessed https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/ at: Available City. Next Philadelphia: 22, March [Accessed cambridge-inclusive-planning-new-city-master-plan experimentos/ [Accessed March 22, 2016] 22, March [Accessed experimentos/ [online] London: Londonelects.org Available at: https://londonelects.org. at: Available Londonelects.org [online] London: [Accessed uk/im-voter/what-mayor-london-and-london-assembly-do 2016] 11, March https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/ at: Available gov.uk. 2016]. 15, March [Accessed definition March [Accessed london-plan/london-plan-chapter-6/policy-69-cycling-0 2016]. 16, london-plan/london-plan-chapter-6/policy-613-parking-0 [Accessed [Accessed london-plan/london-plan-chapter-6/policy-613-parking-0 2016]. 16, March 2016]. 24, March forces-for-legal-challenge-against-mayors-plan-to-relax-affordable- World. Making in the Real Policy (2011). J. Rutter, S., Parker, M., Hallsworth, publications/Policy%20making%20in%20the%20real%20world.pdf at: [online] Available (2016). Participation. Public for Association International http://superflux.in/work/ at: [online] Available Chair Stories. Yellow (2005). A. Jain, [pdf] Brighton: . A Review Citizenship: Concepts of (2002). J. Gaventa, E., Jones, https:// at: Available Space. Just [online] London: (2012). Space. Just (2016). Space. Just http://candychang.com/ at: Available [online]. . This Was I Wish (2012). C. Chang, (2014). J. Freeman, justspacelondon.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/towardse280a6final.pdf [online] Map . City Road on an Inclusive Working is Cambridge (2016). R. Kaufman, 2016]. http://labcd.mx/category/ at: Available (2016) la Ciudad. para Laboratorio Assembly Do . the London and London of What the Mayor (2015). Elects. London [online] London: Housing. Affordable of Definition 3.10: Policy (2015). Plan. London london-plan/current-london-plan/london-plan-chapter-3/policy-310- at: Available gov.uk. [online] London: . Cycling 6.9: Policy (2015). Plan. London https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/london-plan/current- at: Available gov.uk. [online] London: Parking. 6.13: Policy (2015). Plan. London https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/london-plan/current- [Accessed http://www.mapatoncd.mx/ at: [online] Available (2016). MapatonCDMX. 218 Ortuño, G. (2015). ElSabueso: AMLO asegura queensugobierno nohubo Open Government. (2015). [online]London: gov.uk. Available at: http://www. news.vice.com/article/why-residents-of-mexico-city-are-organizing- Morse, J.(2015). files/images/files/0615_Minno_alterations_Parkin_Standards_Sustrans_ Sustrans. (2015). MinorAlterations tothe London Plan: ParkingStandards. [pdf] Superflux. (2015). Jon Ardern: HighlightsfromtheStudio: Port. Fiction [blog] Superflux. (2015). Mangalafor All. [online]Available at: http://www.superflux.in/ Superflux. (2014). Failed States . [online]Available at: http://www.superflux.in/blog/ Superflux. (2012).Cards. Synbio Tarrot [online]Available at: http://superflux.in/ Superflux. (2010). Lilorann. [online]Available at: http://www.superflux.in/work/ Superflux. (2009). Power of 8. [online]Available at: http://superflux.in/work/ Superflux. (2009). Gubbins Domestic . [online]Available at: http://www.superflux.in/ LondonSmart CommunityEngagement. (2015). [online]London: gov.uk. Available Scott, J.(1998). Redcat (2012). Wunderbaum: SongsattheEnd of theWorld. [online]Los Angeles Presupuesto Participativo. (2015). [online]Mexico City: IEDF. Available Policy Lab. (2016). OpenPolicy Making Toolkit. [online]London: gov.uk. Available Policy Lab. (2014). Welcome tothePolicy Lab. OpenPolicy Making. [blog] London: 2016]. http://www.animalpolitico.com/elsabueso/el-sabueso-amlo-asegura-que- manifestaciones ¿Será? [online]Mexico City: AnimalPolitico. Available at: opengovernment.org.uk/ [Accessed March 22, 2016]. themselves-against-parking-meters [Accessed March 15, 2016]. Parking Meters. [online]New York (NY): Vice News. Available at: https:// response.pdf [Accessed March 14, 2016]. London: Sustrans. Available at: http://www.sustrans.org.uk/sites/default/ [Accessed March 23, 2016]. Available at: http://superflux.in/blog/news-highlights-from-the-studio work/mangala-for-all [Accessed March 232016]. failed-states [Accessed March 23, 2016]. work/tarotcards [Accessed March 23, 2016]. lilorann [Accessed March 23, 2016] power-8 [Accessed March 23, 2016]. work/domestic-gubbins [Accessed March 23, 2016]. community-engagement [Accessed March 10, 2016]. at: https://www.london.gov.uk/decisions/add376-smart-london- Press. [Accessed March 21, 2016]. (LA): Redcat. Available at: http://www.redcat.org/event/wunderbaum-0 content&view=article&id=2954 [Accessed March 12, 2016]. at: http://www.iedf.org.mx/index.php/index.php?option=com_ March 21, 2016]. at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/open-policy-making-toolkit [Accessed to-the-policy-lab/ [Accessed March 21, 2016]. gov.uk. Available at: https://openpolicy.blog.gov.uk/2014/06/30/welcome- en-su-gobierno-no-hubo-manifestaciones-sera/ [Accessed March 15, Seeing Like aState. [print]New Haven andLondon: Yale University Why Residents of Mexico CityAreOrganizing Themselves Against

219

(2005). [photo] Personal archive. Personal [photo] Chair Stories (2005). Yellow A. [Accessed March 23 2016]. March [Accessed 2016]. 12, March [Accessed wiki/List_of_riots_in_London 2016]. 22, March [Accessed https://en.wikipedia.org/ at: Available . Riots in London of List (2015). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis at: Available n.d. Polis (2016). Wikipedia. Images down march in Coyoacan Residents Post. The Washington J / Partlow, 1. Figure in parking meters install plan to the city government’s protesting the streets https://img.washingtonpost. at: Available (2014) [photo] their neighborhood com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2014/03/19/Others/Images/2014-03-19/ IMG_39051395252253.jpg?uuid=410UCK-QEeO4s0Sx0c1MHw March [Accessed 2016]. 23, of windshield on the back ‘Uber Out’ paints driver A local taxi Reuters. 2. Figure at: Available [photo] 25 (2015). City on May his car during a protest in Mexico https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/06/08/ Foreign/Images/2015-05-25T194800Z_01_TBR12_RTRIDSP_3_MEXICO-UBER. 2016]. 23, jpg?uuid=0cf13g1_EeWg3CtvQE_1zw March [Accessed residents and Activists / Corbis. / In Pictures M. Kemp. 3. Figure Brixton protest in April against a Reclaim gathered for https://media.guim.co.uk/ at: Available [photo] (2015). gentrification f9b95037503bbaea8e10658ce71a59c13a22216d/0_130_5126_3076/5126.jpg 2016]. 23, March [Accessed https://www.flickr.com/ at: Available [photo] MapatonCDMX. 6. 5, 4, Figures 2016]. 24, March [Accessed photos/106608754@N04/sets/72157652212070581 archive. Personal [photo] for All (2015). Mangala Superflux. 8. 7, Figures Archive Personal [photo] (2012). Cards Tarrot Synbio Superflux. 12. 11, 10, 9, Figures http://1. at: Available [photo] This Was (2012). I Wish C. Chang, 13. Figure bp.blogspot.com/_nAWhnWKWr-w/TRtdHgBhhRI/AAAAAAAAA6E/glABJoJRGmw/ 2016]. 23, s1600/i-wish-this-was-repaired.jpg March [Accessed Jain, Figure 14. Personal [photo] (2012). the World of Songs at the End Wunderbaum. 15. Figure archive. archive. Personal [photo] Drone (2015). Traffic Drone Aviary: Superflux. 16. Figure 20. 19, archive.Fig. Personal [photo] 8 (2009). of Power Superflux. 18. 17, Figures carrying for Modified bikes since 2010. City operating Mexico Scheme, Ecobike City (2016) Mexico goods, (2016). Station Engagement Mobile Cambridge Partners. Interboro 22. 21, Figures https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/cambridge-inclusive-planning- at: Available [photo] 23 2016]. March [Accessed new-city-master-plan at Available Eindhoven. of The State Eindhoven: [online] (2016). Smart Council. http://destaatvaneindhoven.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/en/smart-council 220 teca/detalle.aspx?c=10991&upc=702825000195&s=est&tg=0&f=2&pf=ench Mexican Institute for Statistics andGeography [INEGI]. (2009). metodológica Síntesis Mexican Institute for Statistics andGeography [INEGI]. Estadísticas deaccidentes Hart, J. and Parkhurst, G. (Driven toexcess: Impactsof motorvehicles onthequa- Federal. Available online: http://www.consejeria.df.gob.mx/portal_old/ Federal District Government [F.D. Govt.] (2015). Reglamento de Tránsito delDistrito deral. Available online: http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-ba20960fb6570ec Federal District Government [F.D. Govt.] (2014). Ley deMovilidad delDistritoFe- Towns. John Wiley &Sons. Dover, V., andMassengale, J. (2013). StreetDesign: The SecrettoGreatCitiesand SITUATIONS ANDPERSPECTIVES, P. 153 OPEN DATA ONROAD TRAFFIC INCIDENTS INMEXICOCITY: CURRENT Zubillaga, D., Cruz, G., Aguilar, L. D., Zapotécatl, J., Fernández, N., Aguilar, J., Rosen- e7292. Gershenson, C. and Pineda, L. A. (2009). Why doespublictransport notarrive on 9–15. Gershenson, C. andHelbing, D. (2015). When slower is faster. Complexity, 21(2): Gershenson, C. (2013b). Living inlivingcities. Artificial Life, 19(3&4): 401–420. Gershenson, C. (2013a). Facingcomplexity: Prediction vs. adaptation. InMassip, A. Gershenson, C. (2012b). Theworld asevolving information. InMinai, A., Braha, D., Come of Age: AnOverview withImplicationstoUrbanPlanningand Design, pp. 269– Gershenson, C. (2012a). Gershenson, C. (2011). Mexico. Gershenson, C. (2007). Designand Controlof Self-organizingSystems. CopItArxives, Gershenson, C. (2005). Self-organizing traffic lights. Complex Systems, 16(1): 29–53. IMPROVING URBAN MOBILITY BY UNDERSTANDING ITS COMPLEXITY, P. 149 (accessed 2016, March 9). suburbanas (ATUS). Available online: http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/biblio de laestadística deaccidentes detránsitoterrestre enzonas urbanasy aspx?c=33482&s=est (accessed 2016March 9). Available online: http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/microdatos/encuestas. tránsito terrestre enzonas urbanasysuburbanas(ATUS), de1997a 2014. Policy &Practice, 17(2), 2011, pp. 12-30. lity of life of residentsof threestreetsinBristol, U.K. InWorld Transport March 9). (accesseduploads/gacetas/0dfe0f2c2728da104e72f26974d2ad23.pdf (accessed2016,7d4ee34c30ee2d733.pdf March 9) ganizing traffic lights. Entropy, 16(5): 2384–2407. blueth, D. A., andGershenson, C. (2014). Measuringthecomplexity of self-or time? The pervasiveness of equalheadwayinstability. PLoS ONE, 4(10): nication andSociety, pp. 3–14. Springer, BerlinHeidelberg. and Bastardas, A., editors, Complexity Perspectives onLanguage, Commu- 100–115. Springer, BerlinHeidelberg. and Bar-Yam, Y., editors, 279. Springer, BerlinHeidelberg. J., Meyer, H., Stolk, E., and Tan, E., editors, Complexity Theories of CitiesHave blic transportation systems. PLoS ONE, 6(6): e21469. Self-organization leadstosupraoptimal performance inpu- Self-organizing urban transportation systems. In Portugali, Unifying Themes inComplex Systems, vol. VII, pp.

221

prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/ (accessed 2016, March (accessed 2016, 8). prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/ April 1). http://who.int/violence_injury_ from: Retrieved Geneve, 2004. Switzerland, https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Air_Quality_ at: Available grant Council Research Sciences, and Physical Engineering the by funded is of the Universities between is a collaboration The project EP/J00460X/1. http://www.fleximobility.solutions/ at: Available England., of the West sity of http://www.ptua.org.au/myths/free/ at: Available Association, Users http://content.tfl.gov.uk/roads-task-force-update-report- London, 2015 https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gitask don Authority, 2015 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-report-8.pdf 8, UCLA Health Advancement, for Centre 2016, January 4, on Posted Success, http://uclacha.org/2016/01/04/ at: Available Health, Public of School Fielding http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/vz_datafeeds.shtml (accessed 2016, (accessed http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/vz_datafeeds.shtml

. injury prevention traffic report on road World [WHO]. Organization Health World Strategy_v3.pdf The project mobility opportunities carbon (2014). low Unlocking Flexi-Mobility: and the Univer- the Open University, Brighton, Aberdeen, Glasgow, Lancaster, Leeds, wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Green-Paper-fleximobility-draft-public-No- vember.pdf Transport Public use (2013), will encourage Free Transport Public Making Myth: for Transport 2015, year, first a successful report: 2015 Progress Force Task Roads april-2015.pdf Lon- Greater London, a Future for Infrastructure in a Green Capital Investing Natural forcereport.hyperlink.pdf Report number and developments trends Key in London Travel London, for Transport Intersectoral Health, Population of in Context (2016), days car free of The benefits the-benefits-of-car-free-days/ https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about- http://tfl.gov.uk, website: London for Transport tfl/what-we-do/buses , P. 181 , P. IN LONDON MOBILITY COMPARISON: OF A POINT Authority, London Greater (2010), Air Quality Strategy The Mayor’s the air Clearing . Retrieved from: Retrieved . Feeds Data Zero Vision Transportation. City Department of York New