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Komunitas Lumut Kerak (Lichens) Di Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi Kabupaten Lombok Barat

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Komunitas Lumut Kerak (Lichens) Di Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi Kabupaten Lombok Barat Komunitas Lumut Kerak (Lichens) Di Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi Kabupaten Lombok Barat Fitrianti*1, Faturrahman1, Sukiman1 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia Tlp/Fax. 0370 646506, email: *[email protected] Abstrak Lumut Kerak merupakan simbiosis antara fungi dan alga atau cyanobacterium. yang bermanfaat sebagai bioresource, biondikator serta studi ekosistem. Dalam penelitian ini, beberapa aspek lumut kerak akan diteliti meliputi komposisi jenis, beserta jumlah individu tiap jenisnya dan nilai keanekaragaman lumut kerak. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif eksploratif yang telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober-Desember 2016. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan metode stratified random sampling dengan menempatkan 11 unit sampel berbentuk persegi. Pada tiap unit sampel, dipilih 12 pohon yang masing-masing akan dipasang 4 grid berukuran 50x10 cm. Identifikasi sampel dilakukan dengan mencocokkan (profile matching) ciri morfologi serta hasil spot test dengan buku identifikasi. Nilai keanekaragaman lumut kerak dianalisis dengan menggunakan Lichen Diversity Value serta Indeks Shannon dan Pielou. Dari hasil penelitian, 4 spesies ditemukan dari kelas Lecanoromycetes dan kelas Arthoniomycetes. Satu spesies tidak teridentifikasi. Nilai LDVj tertinggi 13,5 dari unit sampel blok perlindungan. Indeks nilai Shannon sebesar 0,57 dan Pielou sebesar 0,32. Kata kunci : TWA Suranadi, Lumut Kerak, Identifikasi, Nilai Keanekaragaman Abstract Lichen is a symbiosis between fungi and algae or cyanobacterium, which are useful as bioresource, bioindicator and ecosystem studies. In this research, several aspects of lichen will be examined including species composition along with the number of individuals of each species and the value of lichen diversity. This research is descriptive explorative which was conducted in October-December 2016. The data were collected using stratified random sampling method by placing 11 square-shaped sample units. In each sample unit, 12 trees were chosen, each of which will be installed with 4 grids of size 50x10 cm. The identification of the sample was done by matching (profile matching) morphological characteristics as well as spot test results with identification books. The value of lichen diversity were analyzed using Lichen Diversity Value and Shannon and Pielou Indexes. Based on the results of the study, 4 species has been found from class Lecanoromycetes and class Arthoniomycetes. One species is not identified. The highest LDV value is 13.5 of the protection block sample unit. The Shannon value index is 0.57 and Pielou is 0.32. Keywords: Suranadi Nature Park, Lichen, Identification, Diversity Value Pendahuluan Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara keanekaragaman lumut kerak (seperti megabiodiversitas di dunia, memiliki kekayaan dan kelimpahan jenis, komposisi kekayaan keanekaragaman hayati tinggi jenis, spesies indikator, sifat-sifat fungsional sebagai bioresource yang bermanfaat untuk dan kelompok) digunakan sebagai modal pembangunan. Pentingnya bioindikator kualitas udara, studi perubahan keanekaragaman hayati tersebut terkait struktur dalam komunitas hutan, dan fungsi dengan fungsinya sebagai bahan baku ekosistem (Giordani dan Brunialti, 2015). industri-industri yang berbasis bioresource, Sebagai perintis, lumut kerak memiliki seperti farmasi, kesehatan, pangan, kontribusi signifikan dalam produksi dan pertanian, kosmetika, dan biomaterial stabilisasi tanah (Weerakon, 2015). (Supriyanti et al., 2013a). Besarnya potensi yang dimiliki lumut Salah satu keanekaragaman hayati di kerak tidak sebanding dengan minimnya Indonesia yang memiliki potensi sebagai informasi baik dari pustaka atau spesimen bioresource adalah lumut kerak. Lumut yang ada di Indonesia. Data tahun 2013, kerak yang merupakan kombinasi antara sebanyak 595 jenis lumut kerak tercatat di fungi dan alga atau cyanobacterium, Indonesia, yang terbanyak 300 jenis dari memproduksi metabolit sekunder dan Jawa dan terkecil 19 jenis dari Kepulauan senyawa aktif yang berperandalam Sunda Kecil (Rahajoe et al., 2016). pengembangan produk kosmetik dan Minimnya informasi ini, salah satunya farmaseutikal (Zambare dan Christopher, disebabkan oleh sedikitnya pakar taksonomi 2012). Selain hal tersebut, lumut kerak juga dan biosistematika yang mengkaji lumut mempunyai peran ekologis penting dalam kerak serta kurangnya kesadaran akan nilai suatu ekosistem. Beberapa aspek keanekaragaman hayati tersebut (Supriyanti et al., 2013b). Padahal menurut Cranfield Metode (2004), ketersediaan data biodiversitas Penelitian bersifat deskriptif menjadi dasar untuk menilai konservasi ekploratif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan spesies, pengembangan kunci identifikasi dengan metode sampling acak berstrata yang dan pengelolaan informasi terkait spesimen. telah dilaksanakan dari bulan Oktober Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka sampai dengan bulan Desember 2016. penting dilakukan penelitian untuk Pengambilan data dimulai dengan mengidentifikasi lumut kerak yang terdapat menyeleksi 11 titik unit sampel dan 12 di Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi. Pemilihan pohon inang per unit sampel. 9 unit sampel Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi sebagai lokasi berasal dari blok perlindungan, dan masing- penelitian didasarkan pada jenis kawasan masing 1 unit sampel dari blok pemanfaatan Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi yang intensif dan blok pemanfaatan terbatas. Tiap merupakan kawasan hutan.Kawasan hutan pohon inang pada unit sampel dipasangi grid merupakan kawasan yang potensial untuk berukuran 50x10 cm pada 4 penjuru mata pertumbuhan lumut kerak (Yalang, 2015). angin. Jumlah dan jenis lumut kerak yang Selain itu, belum pernah dilakukannya teramati dicatat. penelitian mengenai lumut kerak pada Identifikasi sampel dilakukan dengan kawasan Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi mencocokkan (profile matching) ciri merupakan langkah awal untuk morfologi serta hasil spot test dengan buku perlindungan dan upaya konservasi terhadap identifikasi. Sedangkan, nilai jenis-jenis lumut kerak yang terdapat di keanekaragaman diukur dengan TWA Suranadi. menggunakan Lichen Diversity Value, indeks Shannon dan Indeks Pielou. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan dalam bentuk tabel dan gambar. hasil penelitiaan kemudian data disajikan Gambar 1. Peta 11 Unit Sampel Pengambilan Data Hasil dan Pembahasan Ascomycota yaitu Bacidia sp. dan Graphis Jenis Lumut Kerak sp. yang termasuk ke dalam famili Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah Ramalinaceae dan Cryptothecia striata serta dilaksanakan di Taman Wisata Alam Chrysothrix sp. yang termasuk ke dalam Suranadi, ditemukan 5 spesies lumut kerak. famili Arthoniaceae (Tabel 1). Satu spesies Empat spesies lumut kerak yang belum teridentifikasi. teridentifikasi termasuk ke dalam filum Tabel 1. Daftar jenis lumut kerak yang teridentifikasi di Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi Kelas Ordo Famili Genus Spesies Lecanoromycetes Lecanolares Ramalinaceae Bacidia Bacidia sp. Ostropales Grapidhaciae Graphis Graphis sp. Crypthothecia Arthoniomycetes Arthoniales Arthoniaceae Crypthothecia striata Chrysothrix Chrysothricaceae Chrysothrix sp. Karakteristik Lumut Kerak 2. Graphis sp. Kelas Lecanoromycetes Bentuk pertumbuhan crustose, 1. Bacidia sp. menempel pada substrat membentuk Bentuk pertumbuhan kerak. Warna talus hijau. Pada crustose, menempel pada substrat permukaan talus, terdapat askokarp membentuk kerak. Warna talus hijau, yang memanjang disebut lirellae. bergradasi tergantung dengan usia. Lirellae hitam bercabang dengan Lebih banyak ditemukan dalam warna pinggiran berwarna putih hijau lumut seperti yang terlihat pada Kelas Arthoniomycetes gambar 12. Pada permukaan talus, 1. Chrysothrix sp. terdapat askokarp berupa apothecia Tidak memiliki korteks atas berbentuk cakram, kurang lebih dan bawah, sehingga terlihat seperti membulat. Askokarp yang diamati remahan-remahan kecil (leprose). berkisar antara 0,1 hingga 0,3 mm. Berwarna hijau-jingga. Tidak terlihat Beberapa askokarp berwarna kuning askokarp, soredia, maupun isidia. di bagian pinggir dan di bagian 2. Crypthothecia striata tengahnya dan berwarna coklat Bentuk pertumbuhan kemerahan. Beberapa lainnya crustose, menempel pada substrat berwarna coklat. Askokarp bersifat membentuk kerak. Warna talus hijau sesil, tidak memiliki tangkai. Margin muda, dengan margin berwarna putih. askokarpnya biatorine. Talus berubah Pada permukaan talus, terdapat biru setelah ditetesi kalium iodida. propagul yang tidak terdiferensiasi dengan baik. Sehingga terlihat seperti titik-titik putih di atas permukaan Spesies 1 talus. Talus berubah merah setelah Bentuk pertumbuhan crustose, ditetesi kalsium hipoklorit. menempel pada substrat membentuk kerak. Warna talus hijau pucat. Tidak terlihat askokarp, soredia, maupun isidia . a b c d e f Gambar 1. a. Bentuk Pertumbuhan Bacidia sp. ; b. Bentuk Askokarp ; c. Bentuk Pertumbuhan Cryptothecia striata ; d. Bentuk Askokarp ; e. Bentuk Pertumbuhan Chrysothrix sp. ; f. Tidak Teridentifikasi g h g. Bentuk Pertumbuhan Graphis sp. ; h. Bentuk Askokarp Keanekaragaman Lumut Kerak pada unit sampel ke-5 dari blok 1. Lichen Diversity Value (LDV) perlindungan sebanyak 162 individu, 56 individu pada plot arah utara, 46 individu Nilai keanekaragaman lumut pada plot arah barat dan 30 individu masing- kerak (Lichen Diversity Value) tertinggi masing pada plot arah selatan dan timur. berasal dari unit sampel ke-5 dari blok Sedangkan pada unit sampel ke-8 blok perlindungan. Sedangkan, nilai terendah perlindungan, jumlah individu yang teramati
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