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Using Charter Damages to Provide Meaningful Redress and Promote State Accountability: a Re-Examination of the Omar Khadr Case

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Using Charter Damages to Provide Meaningful Redress and Promote State Accountability: a Re-Examination of the Omar Khadr Case Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons LLM Theses Theses and Dissertations 8-11-2020 Using Charter Damages to Provide Meaningful Redress and Promote State Accountability: A Re-examination of the Omar Khadr Case Katharine June Fisher Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/llm Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Fisher, Katharine June, "Using Charter Damages to Provide Meaningful Redress and Promote State Accountability: A Re-examination of the Omar Khadr Case" (2020). LLM Theses. 41. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/llm/41 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LLM Theses by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. USING CHARTER DAMAGES TO PROVIDE MEANINGFUL REDRESS AND PROMOTE STATE ACCOUNTABILITY: A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE OMAR KHADR CASE KATHARINE FISHER A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LAWS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN LAW YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO January 2020 © Katharine Fisher, 2020 ABSTRACT In July 2017, the Government of Canada reportedly paid Omar Khadr $10.5 million to settle his civil suit. Khadr sought damages under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms resulting from Canada’s active participation in human rights breaches during his imprisonment at Guantánamo Bay. Although the Charter damages remedy serves critically important public law functions, it is not achieving its full potential in many cases. Using Khadr as a case study, I apply the framework developed in Vancouver (City) v Ward to analyze what Khadr’s entitlement to Charter damages might have been if his civil claim had not settled. The Khadr case poses potential challenges relating to Crown prerogative, institutional competence, and causation. Despite these possible concerns, I argue that Khadr had a strong case for a large constitutional damages award based on the severity of Canada’s actions and the impact of Canadian decision-making on a vulnerable youth detainee. - ii - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Professor Jamie Cameron, for her encouragement as I embarked on this challenging research project a year ago. She dedicated considerable time and effort to enhance the quality of this work. I am also grateful to Professor Faisal Bhabha for his willingness to serve on my thesis committee. The feedback I received from both professors was invaluable. I am also indebted to Peter Adourian and Dr. Heather MacIvor for their expertise and advice. I also wish to thank the Osgoode Graduate Program staff for their assistance. Professor Sonia Lawrence was approachable and supportive at every turn. Chantel Thompson and Ammad Khan were a very helpful resource, particularly with regard to the organization of my defence. My research would not have been possible without financial assistance from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and York University. I thank these institutions for their generous support. I express my deepest gratitude to my mother. She helped me through the most difficult stretches of the research and writing process and her belief in me never wavered. I am forever appreciative of all that she has done for me. Finally, I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge Omar Khadr. His case piqued my interest a decade ago when he was still imprisoned at Guantánamo Bay. The injustice Khadr suffered at such a young age was staggering, and it is frustrating to see him continually maligned in Canadian society. I hope he is one day able to live the normal life he deserves. - iii - TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 PART I: WHAT ARE CHARTER DAMAGES? .......................................................................... 2 PART II: WHO IS OMAR KHADR? .......................................................................................... 4 PART III: RESEARCH PROJECT .............................................................................................. 7 PART IV: METHOD AND ORGANIZATION ........................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO: THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHARTER DAMAGES REMEDY ......... 12 PART I: THE FRAMEWORK FOR CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES .................................. 13 PART II: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CHARTER DAMAGES .............................. 17 PART III: THE ROAD TO WARD ............................................................................................. 22 PART IV: WARD’S CONTINUING INFLUENCE.................................................................... 28 Academic Responses to Ward ................................................................................................. 33 Relevant Trends in the Post-Ward Jurisprudence .................................................................. 38 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER THREE: UNDERSTANDING THE KHADR LITIGATION ............................. 47 PART I: CANADA’S RESPONSE TO KHADR’S DETENTION AND MISTREATMENT .................................................................................................................... 47 Initial Response of the Chrétien Government ......................................................................... 48 The CSIS and DFAIT Interviews ............................................................................................ 50 Growing Pressure and Reports on Canadian Involvement in the Khadr Case ...................... 52 Events Leading to Khadr’s Repatriation ................................................................................ 55 PART II: KHADR’S LITIGATION HISTORY IN CANADIAN COURTS ............................ 58 2005-2008: Disclosure and Injunction Victories .................................................................... 58 The Path to Khadr SCC 2010 ................................................................................................. 60 PART III: REFLECTIONS ON THE KHADR LITIGATION .................................................. 63 The Lack of Meaningful Remedy ............................................................................................ 63 The Parameters of the Charter Breach and Causation ......................................................... 64 The Court’s Institutional Role and the Influence of Crown Prerogative ............................... 65 The Impact of the Court’s Deferential Posture ..................................................................... 66 PART IV: THE CIVIL CLAIM AND SETTLEMENT .............................................................. 67 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER FOUR: ESTABLISHING KHADR’S ENTITLEMENT TO CHARTER DAMAGES ................................................................................................................................... 71 PART I: DEFINING THE CHARTER BREACH ....................................................................... 73 Canada’s Complicity In Khadr’s Detention and Mistreatment ............................................. 74 The Lack of Meaningful Response to Khadr SCC 2010 ........................................................ 76 The Delay in Implementing Khadr’s Transfer to Canada ...................................................... 78 Khadr’s Experience with Solitary Confinement in Canada ................................................... 79 PART II: THE FUNCTIONAL JUSTIFICATION FOR CHARTER DAMAGES .................... 82 Compensation ......................................................................................................................... 82 - iv - Vindication .............................................................................................................................. 85 Deterrence .............................................................................................................................. 87 PART III: THE INFLUENCE OF COUNTERVAILING FACTORS ....................................... 88 Alternative Remedies ............................................................................................................ 90 Other Remedial Options Under the Charter ...................................................................... 91 Private Law Damages........................................................................................................ 91 The Suitability of Private Law Damages ........................................................................... 94 Good Governance Issues ........................................................................................................ 96 The Influence of Crown Prerogative ................................................................................
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