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Haiti Urbanization Review Was Prepared by a Team Led by Nancy Lozano-Gracia (Senior Economist GSU10–Task Team Leader), and Consisting of Sarah E

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Haiti Urbanization Review Was Prepared by a Team Led by Nancy Lozano-Gracia (Senior Economist GSU10–Task Team Leader), and Consisting of Sarah E Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WITH ANEYEONTOMORROW TODAY FOR ACTIONS HAITIAN CITIES: HAITIAN CITIES: ACTIONS FOR TODAY WITH AN EYE ON TOMORROW Nancy Lozano-Gracia & Marisa Garcia Lozano Editors © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound- aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on aTny map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissem- ination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522- 2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Cover photo: © Ingrid Nelson. Further permission required for reuse. Cover design: © Ingrid Nelson. Further permission required for reuse. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABBREVIATIONS iii OVERVIEW 1 “We are like a reed; we bend but we don’t break” 2 Urbanization in Haiti: Unserviced cities growing in a fragile and risky 3 environment Planning: A shift toward resilient urban planning is needed to address current 5 infrastructure deficits and prepare for future urban growth Connecting: Better within-city connectivity and accessibility are achievable through 8 improved motorized transport and enhanced coordination between land use and trans- port investments Financing: Strengthening municipal finances is essential to close the urban infra- 12 structure and services gap, and to accommodate the growing urban population “Live today, but think about tomorrow - Wè jodi a, men sonje demen” 15 References 19 CHAPTER 1. LAYING DOWN THE FACTS ON HAITIAN URBANIZATION 23 Urbanizing while grappling with widespread fragility and disaster risk 25 Urbanizing under an unfavorable labor market and high levels of poverty 34 Urbanizing under crowding conditions and with no supporting infrastructure 40 Reviewing the challenges ahead 44 References 45 SPOTLIGHT 1: WHAT IS URBAN AND WHAT IS AT RISK 49 References 58 CHAPTER 2 – MOVING FROM RECONSTRUCTION TO RESILIENT URBAN PLANNING 63 FOR A BRIGHT FUTURE Why resilient urban planning? 63 Cities in Haiti are marked by basic service deficits and high exposure to natural 64 disaster risks Weak land administration, inappropriate regulation and information gaps hamper 72 effective decision making and exacerbate planning challenges Despite recent efforts, governance challenges remain a hurdle to long-term resilient 78 urban growth Instruments that can help initiate change today, with an eye on building stepping 82 stones for tomorrow References 94 SPOTLIGHT 2: PATTERNS OF LAND USE WITHIN CITIES 99 References 107 CHAPTER 3: SHAPING LABOR MARKETS: CONNECTIVITY, JOBS AND RISKS 111 Connectivity in Haitian urban areas 111 Urban transport in Haiti is slow and unaffordable to many 113 Structure of the urban areas of Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haïtien: Where are the people? 120 Where are the opportunities? Fragmented labor markets - Few commuters not travelling far 129 Transport interventions that focus on speed and resilience can reduce spatial 136 mismatch Matching people and jobs – Overcoming the challenges 142 References 149 SPOTLIGHT 3. INTER-CITY CONNECTIVITY: WHY IT ALSO MATTERS FOR HAITI’S 151 PRODUCTIVITY 158 References 163 CHAPTER 4: FINANCING HAITIAN CITIES 165 The process and progress of decentralization in Haiti 174 Incomplete decentralization and a weak legal framework for municipal finance con- found responsibilities Limited sources of municipal revenue hamper the capacity to provide services 176 Lack of transparency and limited reliability of the transfer systems exacerbate 190 financial constraints A path to strengthening municipal finances 194 References 199 ANNEXES 201 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Haiti Urbanization Review was prepared by a team led by Nancy Lozano-Gracia (Senior Economist GSU10–Task Team Leader), and consisting of Sarah E. Antos (IT Officer, Data and Information Management, ITSOP), Paolo Avner (Urban Economist, GSUGL), Andrea Colombo (Consultant, GSU10), Chandan Deuskar (Consultant), Marisa Garcia Lozano (Consultant, GSU10), Alexandra Panman (Consultant), Jonas Ingemann Parby (Senior Urban Specialist, GSU10), Joseph Denis (Consultant, GSU10), Claudia Soto (Disaster Risk Management Specialist, GSU10), and Benjamin P. Stewart (Geographer, GGSCE). Claudia P. Pacheco Florez (Program Assistant, GSU10) provided overall administrative assistance. The work in Chapter 3 constitutes a collaboration between the World Bank, Flowminder Foundation, the WorldPop Project, and Digicel Haiti. The Flowminder team included Guilherme Augusto Zagatti, Miguel Gonzalez Canudas, Chris Brooks, Maximilian Albert, Elisabeth zu Erbach-Schoenberg, Alessandro Sorichetta, Simon Dutka, Priya Burci, Andrew Tatem, Erik Wetter, and Linus Bengtsson. The team is grateful for peer review input from Roger Gorham (Transport Economist, GTI04), Augustin Maria (Senior Urban Development Specialist, GSU11), and Michel Matera (Senior Urban Specialist, GSU13). Additional contributions were provided by Roland A, Bradshaw (Senior Disaster Risk Manage- ment Specialist, GSU10), Lauren Nicole Dauphin (Consultant, GGSCE), Katie L. McWilliams (IT Officer, Data and Information Management, ITSOP), Emilie Perge (Economist, GPV04), and Franck Taillandier (Senior Urban Transport Specialist, GTI08). The team benefited from the technical guidance from Catalina Marulanda (Practice Manager GSU12) and Pierre Xavier Bonneau (Program Lead LCC8C). Valuable comments and guidance were provided by Judy Baker (Lead Urban Economist, GSU10), Trevor Monroe (Senior Operations Officer, GTKM1), and Raju Singh (Program Lead LCC8C. The report was prepared under the overall guidance of Ming Zhang (Practice Manager, GSU10). The team also recognizes the support of the Country Director for Haiti, Mary A. Barton-Dock. The overview was edited by Communications Development Incorporated, and editorial support for the entire report was provided by Jean-Dany Joachim. The book’s design is credited to Ingrid Nelson. The policy discussion in this report has benefited from discussions with high-level government officials and development partners including representatives from: Comite Interministeriel d’Ame- negament du Territoire (CIAT), Centre National de l’Information Géo-Spatiale (CNIGS), Institut Haïtien de Statistique et Informatique (IHSI), Ministère de l’Intérieur et des Collectivités Territori- ales (MICT), Ministère de la Planification et de la Cooperation Externe (MPCE), and Ministère des i Travaux Publics, Transports et Communications (MTPTC). Special thanks go to Michèle Oriol and Rose-May Guignard from CIAT for their overall guidance and contribution to this work. The work in this report has been made possible thanks to the financial contribution from three grants: support from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) TF0A2693; a grant from the World Bank’s Jobs Umbrella Trust Fund, which is supported by the Department for International Development/UK AID, and the governments of Norway, Germany, and Austria, the Austrian Development Agency, and Swedish Development Agency SIDA, TF0A2893; and a grant from the Innovations in Big Data Analytics program, under the Global Data and Text Analytics Operations unit in the Global Themes Vice Presidency of the World Bank. ii ABBREVIATIONS ASEC Assemblée de la Section Communale (Communal Section Assembly) CAP Cap-Haïtien CASEC Conseil d’Administration de la Section Communale (Communal Council) CDD Community-Driven Development CFPB Contribution Foncière des Propriétés Bâties (Tax on built properties) CIAT Comité Interministeriel d’Aménagement du Territoire (Inter-Ministerial Committee for Territorial Development) CNIGS Centre National de l’Information Géo-Spatiale (National Center for Geospatial Information) DGI Direction Générale des Impôts (General Tax Office) DHS Demographic Health Surveys DINEPA Direction Nationale de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (National Drinking Water and Sanitation Directorate) DRM Disaster Risk Management EC European Commission ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECVH Enquête sur les conditions de vie en Haïti (Survey of living conditions in Haiti) ECVMAS Enquête sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages Après Seisme (Survey of households’ living conditions in Haiti) EDH Electricité d’Haiti (Electricity of Haiti) FGDCT Le Fonds de gestion et de développement des collectivités territoriales (Local Government Development Fund) FY Fiscal Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GHSL Global Human Settlements Layer GUF Global Urban Footprints GVA Gross Value Added HTG Haitian Gourde (currency) IADB Inter-American Development Bank iii
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