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World Cultural Heritage in Germany and Russia: the Experience of Wismar, Stralsund, Veliky Novgorod and Pskov

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World Cultural Heritage in Germany and Russia: the Experience of Wismar, Stralsund, Veliky Novgorod and Pskov World Cultural Heritage in Germany and Russia: The Experience of Wismar, Stralsund, Veliky Novgorod and Pskov Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde — Doctor rerum politicarum — an der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg vorgelegt von Iuliia Eremenko, M.A. 2019 Kumulative Dissertation Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans-Peter Blossfeld Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Vladimir Kozlovskiy Drittgutachter: Dr. Gordey Yastrebov Datum der Abschlussprüfung: 24.03.2020 URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-irb-477538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20378/irb-47753 "! Contents List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1. Overview ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Previous research .............................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Research questions ........................................................................................................... 8 1.3 What is World Cultural Heritage? .................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 The co-existence of national heritage and World Cultural Heritage ........................... 10 1.3.2 World Cultural Heritage value .................................................................................... 10 1.4 Structure of the thesis ..................................................................................................... 10 1.5 References ...................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2. World Heritage City Status – a “Kiss of Death” or a Resource in a Conflict of Interest? The Case of Stralsund and Wismar ........................................... 19 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Theoretical approach ...................................................................................................... 20 2.3 The specificity of World Heritage Cities ........................................................................ 21 2.4 Methods and materials .................................................................................................... 23 2.5 Empirical research results ............................................................................................... 23 2.6 Conclusion and recommendations .................................................................................. 27 2.7 References ...................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 3. Urban Mapping of World Cultural Heritage territories (the case of Stralsund, Germany) ...................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Theoretical approach ...................................................................................................... 32 3.3 The specificity of Stralsund as a World Heritage City ................................................... 33 3.4 Methods and materials .................................................................................................... 33 3.5 The results of the empirical study ................................................................................... 34 3.6 Limitations of the study .................................................................................................. 40 3.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 40 3.8 References ...................................................................................................................... 41 #! Chapter 4. “Two Cities, One Heritage”: The Joint Status of World Cultural Heritage. The Experience of Wismar and Stralsund (Germany) ............................... 43 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 43 4.2 Obtaining World Cultural Heritage status ...................................................................... 45 4.3 Interactions between the cities today .............................................................................. 48 4.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 52 4.5 Reference ........................................................................................................................ 52 Chapter 5. Cultural Values in the System of the Commercialization of Cities: The Experience of the World Culture Heritage of Veliky Novgorod and Pskov ............. 55 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 55 5.2 Features of studying cultural property ............................................................................ 57 5.3 Methods and materials .................................................................................................... 58 5.4 The commercialization of World Heritage in Russia ..................................................... 59 5.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 64 5.6 References ...................................................................................................................... 64 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 67 6.1 Summary of results ......................................................................................................... 67 6.2 Summary of contribution ................................................................................................ 69 6.3 Research limitations and possible further research ........................................................ 71 6.4 References ...................................................................................................................... 72 Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................... 74 $! List of Abbreviations ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites NGO Non-Governmental Organization UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization WCH World Cultural Heritage WHC World Heritage Cities %! List of Figures Fig. 2.2. Solar panels on the wall of the house (Stralsund). ......................................................... 26 Fig. 2.3. World Heritage Site Map of Stralsund. .......................................................................... 26 Fig. 3.1. Stralsund. Bird's-eye view of the historic center. ........................................................... 35 Fig. 3.2. World Heritage Site Map of Stralsund. .......................................................................... 37 Fig. 3.3. Stralsund. Map from the World Heritage magazine of Wismar and Stralsund, published by the City of Stralsund. ....................................................................................................... 38 Fig. 3.4. “Sciagrapiha civitatis Stralsundensis Pomerania 1647”, a map of the Hanseatic city of Stralsund. .............................................................................................................................. 39 Fig. 5.1. The tourism sector’s gross domestic product ................................................................ 63 &! Chapter 1 Overview Since the late 1990s, cultural sector industries have become important drivers for urban regeneration and have enabled cities to position themselves competitively in the global arena (Kong, O’Connor 2009). There has been a widespread trend toward the incorporation of cultural quarters or hubs into planning processes. A special “heritage industry” has formed (Johnson, Thomas 1995). Cultural heritage is understood as everything created by people, including music, cuisine, dance, architecture, monuments and cultural traditions. In this study, the focus is on sites with the status of World Culture Heritage (WCH), i.e. those included in the World Heritage List. This definition is based on the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, also known as the World Heritage Convention, adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972. In general, WCH sites are categorized as outstanding World Heritage Sites under the Convention and deserve special protection. In this regard, there are a number of difficulties relating to their exploitation. This work addresses the most complex situation possible, whereby World Heritage Sites are a group of buildings and, more specifically, an entire inhabited city. Unlike even large multi-component World Heritage Sites that are non-residential, such as, for example, the “Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata”, WCH sites are sometimes inhabited and continue
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