Cultural Resource Inventory for the City of Cascade Locks Electrical Infrastructure Improvements, Hood River County, Oregon

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CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY FOR THE CITY OF CASCADE LOCKS ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS, HOOD RIVER COUNTY, OREGON

JULY 2020

Prepared under Agreement with: City of Cascade Locks, Oregon 140 S.W. WaNaPa Street Cascade Locks, Oregon 97014

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1901 N. Fir Street, La Grande, Oregon 214 E. Birch Street, Walla Walla, Washington 2659 S.W. 4th Street, Suite 200, Redmond, Oregon

CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY FOR THE CITY OF CASCADE LOCKS ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS, HOOD RIVER COUNTY, OREGON

July 7, 2020

By: Andrew G. Frierson, M.A., RPA

Prepared under Agreement with: City of Cascade Locks, Oregon 140 S.W. WaNaPa Street Cascade Locks, Oregon 97014

Prepared By: Anderson Perry & Associates, Inc. 1901 N. Fir Street La Grande, Oregon 97850

Prepared For: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration 915 2nd Avenue, Room 1890 Seattle, Washington 98174

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City of Cascade Locks, Oregon Electrical Infrastructure Improvements Cultural Resource Inventory

Executive Summary

From June 2 to 4, 2020, Anderson Perry & Associates, Inc., conducted a cultural resource inventory for the City of Cascade Locks, Oregon, for its proposed Electrical Infrastructure Improvements project. The inventory was implemented at the request of Gordon Zimmerman, City Administrator, City of Cascade Locks. A total of 5.6 acres was inventoried within City right-of-way (ROW) and on City property.

The City of Cascade Locks is proposing to purchase Bonneville Power Administration’s (BPA) Cascade Locks Substation on the south side of Interstate 84 (I-84) at the east end of Cascade Locks and replace the existing wooden power poles with metal poles, replace the overhead lines crossing I-84 between the Pyramid Substation north of I-84 and the Cascade Locks Substation, design and install a switchgear that would allow the City to utilize both the former BPA Cascade Locks Substation and the City’s Pyramid Substation at the same time, install underground electrical lines (1,000 feet [ft]) from the Pyramid Substation to the Port of Cascade Locks Business Park and along N.W. Forest Lane, and install underground electrical lines (2,300 ft) in the Port of Cascade Locks Business Park. Additionally, six 7-ft by 7-ft utility vaults and one 4-ft by 6-ft utility vault associated with these underground electrical lines are proposed to be installed. This project is anticipated to be funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration and, thus is subject to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA).

During project construction, replacement of the wooden power poles, underground installation of electrical lines, and installation of utility vaults will cause ground disturbance. Proposed depths of excavation for installation of new power poles will be up to approximately 10 ft for the tallest pole, approximately 3 ft within 2 ft wide trenches for installation of underground electrical lines, and approximately 4 ft for installation of utility vaults. The proposed work will create ground disturbance within City ROW, City property, and City easements.

The proposed project is located in the City of Cascade Locks in Hood River County. The legal description for the proposed project is Township 2 North, Range 8 East, Section 5, Willamette Meridian.

The inventory for the City of Cascade Locks - Electrical Infrastructure Improvements project resulted in the recording of one new archaeological isolate (208-08-ISO-AP01), a cryptocrystalline silicates (CCS) flake. The isolate is recommended as not significant or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Based on these findings, a determination of “no historic properties affected” is recommended for the project, pursuant to 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 800.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... ES-1

Project Description ...... 1

Project Location ...... 1

Project Background ...... 1

Environmental Setting ...... 3 A. Geomorphology and Geology ...... 3 B. Flora and Fauna...... 3

Cultural Setting ...... 4 A. Precontact Overview ...... 4 Period I - 11,500 to 6950/6350 BP ...... 4 Period II - 6950/6350 to 3850 BP ...... 5 Period III - 3850 BP to 230 BP ...... 5 B. Historical Overview ...... 6 C. Ethnographic Overview ...... 7

Literature Review ...... 8

Research Design ...... 12

Inventory Results ...... 13 A. Pedestrian Survey ...... 13 B. Subsurface Investigation Results ...... 17 C. Cultural Resources ...... 19

Results and Recommendations ...... 19

References ...... 20

TABLES Table 1 Cultural Resources Located within 1 Mi of the APE ...... 8 Table 2 Surveys Conducted within 1 Mi of the APE ...... 9

FIGURES Figure 1. Location and vicinity maps...... 2 Figure 2. “Oregon Pony” Steam Locomotive (from the Oregon Historical Society Research Library)...... 6 Figure 3. Overview of the APE along the south side of N.W. Forest Lane, view to the southwest...... 14 Figure 4. Overview of the APE along the north side of N.W. Forest Lane, view to the northeast...... 14 Figure 5. Overview of the APE along the west side of Industrial Park Way, view to the northwest...... 15 Figure 6. Overview of the APE along the east side of Industrial Park Way, view to the southeast...... 15 Figure 7. Overview of the APE along the north side of Cramblett Way, view to the northeast...... 16 Figure 8. Overview of the APE along the south side of Cramblett Way...... 16

CONTAINS PRIVILEGED INFORMATION—DO NOT RELEASE 7/7/2020 Anderson Perry & Associates, Inc. O:\Projects\Cascade Locks\208-08 Electrical Infrastructure Improvements\Report\CRI.docx Page i City of Cascade Locks, Oregon Electrical Infrastructure Improvements Cultural Resource Inventory Table of Contents (cont.) Figure 9. Soil profile encountered in STP No. 10...... 17 Figure 10. STP locations with cultural resources...... 18 Figure 11. Brown CCS flake encountered in STP No. 10, dorsal side...... 19

APPENDICES Appendix I Shovel Test Probe Results Appendix II Oregon Archaeological Isolate Form Appendix III Inadvertent Discovery Plan

Project Description

The City of Cascade Locks, Oregon, is proposing to purchase BPA’s Cascade Locks Substation on the south side of I-84 at the east end of Cascade Locks and replace wooden power poles with metal poles, replace the overhead lines crossing I-84 between the Pyramid Substation north of I-84 and the Cascade Locks Substation, design and install a switchgear that would allow the City to utilize both the former BPA Cascade Locks Substation and the City’s Pyramid Substation at the same time, install underground the electrical lines (1,000 ft) from the Pyramid Substation to the Port of Cascade Locks Business Park and along N.W. Forest Lane, and install underground electrical lines (2,300 ft) in the Port of Cascade Locks Business Park. Additionally, six 7-ft by 7-ft utility vaults and one 4-ft by 6-ft utility vault associated with these underground electrical lines are proposed to be installed.

During project construction, replacement of the wooden power poles, underground installation of electrical lines, and installation of utility vaults will cause ground disturbance. Proposed depths of excavation for installation of new power poles will be up to approximately 10 ft for the tallest pole, approximately 3 ft within 2 ft wide trenches for installation of underground of electrical lines, and approximately 4 ft for installation of utility vaults. The proposed work will create ground disturbance within City ROW and City property (Figure 1).

Project Location

The proposed project is located in northern Hood River County, in the City of Cascade Locks. The legal description for the project is Township 2 North, Range 8 East, Section 5, Willamette Meridian. A total of 5.6 acres was inventoried, all of which occur within City ROW and on City property.

Project Background

This project is anticipated to be funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration and, thus is subject to Section 106 of the NHPA. The inventory was implemented at the request of Gordon Zimmerman, City Administrator, City of Cascade Locks. During the archaeological permitting process, the Burns Paiute Tribe responded that the proposed project area is beyond their current area of interest, the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon (CTWSRO) requested a copy of the report, and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation approved of the archaeological field methods proposed in the permit but expressed concerns that the proposed subsurface testing depths would not reach the depth of disturbance proposed by the project proponent.

The fieldwork was completed from June 2 to 4, 2020, and supervised by Andrew Frierson, M.A., RPA (Senior Archaeologist), who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Archaeology and acted as the permitted archaeologist under State of Oregon Archaeological Excavation Permit No. 2877. Fieldwork was also conducted by Juliana van Roggen, M.A. (Archaeological Technician). An intensive pedestrian survey of the entire area of potential effect (APE) was conducted for this proposed project, and shovel test probes (STPs) were excavated within specific project components where ground- disturbance is anticipated throughout the APE. The APE encompasses all ground-disturbing activity described in the Project Description section.

Figure 1. Location and vicinity maps.

Environmental Setting

The proposed project is located within the City of Cascade Locks, north of I-84 and immediately south of the Columbia River between river miles 150 and 151 in Hood River County. The elevation in the APE ranges from approximately 120 to 145 ft above sea level.

The proposed project area is located on the northern edge of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon. This province extends 600 miles (mi) north from northern California to British Columbia and contains elevations ranging from a 1,700 ft above sea level to more than 11,000 ft above sea level (Orr and Orr 2012:155). The Cascade Mountains in Oregon are characterized as a north-south volcanic chain that is divided into the older, deeply eroded Western Cascades and the snow-covered High Cascade peaks (Orr and Orr 2012:155). Despite being regarded as the backbone of Oregon, the Cascade Range is one of the youngest geologic provinces in the state. This volcanic mountain range continues to be active since its onset seven million years ago, with the most recent activity being the eruption of Mount St. Helens and the slow bulge in the Three Sisters area in the 1980s and 1990s (Orr and Orr 2012:156-157).

The proposed project area occurs within the Cascades ecoregion, which is characterized by a moist, temperate climate, very wet winters, and warm summers, with local conditions influenced by elevation. The proposed project area is located within the coniferous forest vegetation zone, specifically the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) association (Franklin and Dyrness 1988). Areas surrounding the APE have been disturbed by decades of urbanization, which has introduced many types of non-native vegetation.

A. Geomorphology and Geology

Approximately 40 million years ago at the beginning of the Eocene, a volcanic arc was formed and erupted thick deposits that formed the Western Cascades. Between the late Miocene and Quaternary, these eruptive centers shifted eastward and formed the High Cascade peaks. The southern portion of the Western Cascades, which encompasses the proposed project area, consists of intrusive rocks, marine sediments, and volcanic debris that accumulated during the Eocene to Miocene. Evidence of early volcanic activity in the Western Cascades is now obscured due to erosion and younger lavas that buried traces of these earlier events. Immediately to the east, the High Cascade peaks consist of late Miocene to Holocene ash and lava (Orr and Orr 2012:156-157).

The proposed project area is composed of lacustrine and fluvial sedimentary rocks from the Pleistocene while Early to Middle Miocene Grande Ronde Basalt makes up most of the area south of the proposed project area at higher elevations in the Cascade Mountains (United States Geological Survey [USGS] 2020). Modern soil types in the vicinity of the proposed project area have not been digitally mapped by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. However, in Hood River County along the Columbia River, soils are typically loamy, well-drained, and occur on slopes less than 12 percent (Green 1981:2).

B. Flora and Fauna

The proposed project area is located within the Cascade ecoregion in the Western Cascades Lowlands and Valleys subregion. Vegetation typical of this subregion includes Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock, western redcedar (Thuja plicata), grand fir (Abies

grandis), vine maple (Acer circinatum), and Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) (Franklin and Dryness 1988).

The proposed project area is located within the Columbia Gorge Subbasin for fish and wildlife management in the Columbia River watershed. Focal aquatic species in this subbasin include white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus), American shad (Alosa sapidissima), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (Northwest Power and Conservation Council 2004). Focal terrestrial species include bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), American pika (Ochotona princeps), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), marten (Martes americana), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata), northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and great blue heron (Ardea herodias) (Columbia River Gorge Commission 2011).

Cultural Setting

The cultural setting of Oregon represents the meeting of three cultural and natural regions, each based within a distinct geographic region (Ray 1936; Walker 1998). In the Columbia River Gorge, two culture regions divide the area. To the west is the Northwest Coast culture area, which occurs west of the Cascade Mountains and extends from northern California to southeast Alaska, and to the east is the southern Columbia Plateau culture area.

A. Precontact Overview

The proposed project is located within the southwest region of the southern Plateau culture area. The culture chronology for this area has been split into three periods, and corresponding subperiods, based on the research history of the area (Ames et al. 1998).

Period I - 11,500 to 6950/6350 BP

This period is split into the Paleoindian (Clovis) period and the post-Clovis period. Period IA (11,500 to 11,000 BP) consists mainly of Clovis fluted projectile point surface finds. In Oregon, Clovis projectile points are also found in the northern Great Basin, the western valleys, and on the coast and likely represent a highly dispersed group of people who migrated across diverse landscapes in search of game and forage (Aikens et al. 2011). Period IB (11,000 to 6950/6350 BP) consists of a “‘broad-spectrum’ hunter-gatherer subsistence economy; high seasonal and annual mobility; low population densities; and a technology geared to maximum flexibility” (Ames et al. 1998:103). Notable archaeological sites of this period include Marmes Rockshelter, Lind Coulee, Kirkwood Bar, and Granite Point.

In Oregon’s southwest Columbia Plateau, evidence of this early occupation was found at the Roadcut site (35WS8) east of The Dalles Dam (Cressman et al. 1960). Radiocarbon dates from the Roadcut site indicate the area was utilized as long ago as 11,300 to 8800 cal BP (Aikens et al. 2011). An abundance of salmon bones were also found at the site in contexts dating to 9300 cal BP, indicating early use of salmon as a major food source (Butler 1993; Cressman et al. 1960).

Windust-type projectile points, heavy choppers, ovate biface knives, net sinkers or bolas stones, and elk and deer antler tools were among the other artifacts found during excavation (Aikens et al. 2011). Nearby, the Wildcat Canyon site (35GM9), located just upstream of the confluence of the John Day and Columbia Rivers, reflects a cultural assemblage of the same general age and is characterized by Windust-type points, large knives and scrapers, and occasional milling stones and manos (Cole 1968; Dumond and Minor 1983).

Period II - 6950/6350 to 3850 BP

Period II is defined by shifts in settlement and subsistence patterns as well as changes within the artifact assemblage. Semi-subterranean pithouses appear for the first time and a shift to a subsistence strategy more heavily based on root-gathering and fishing occurs. Mobility appears to be on the decline, especially in riverine areas rich in resources (Ames et al. 1998).

Within the southwest region, the Cottonwood Creek site (35GR1507), located west of Dayville, dates to approximately 6600 to 5000 B.P. The site yielded 2,600 pieces of animal bone and over 200 pieces of freshwater mussel shell, with fully identifiable pieces and the presence of a variety of stone tools indicating a location to which people continually returned to process game and root and seed plants (Aikens et al. 2011; Endzweig 2001).

Period III - 3850 BP to 230 BP

This period is marked by the widespread use of pithouses, a heavy reliance on fishing (particularly salmon), salmon storage, camas exploitation, and land-use patterns such as seasonal canyon villages and upland and mountain hunting and special use camps. After 1450 BP (AD 500), longhouses also enter the archaeological record (Ames et al. 1998).

In the southwest region, this period is split into subperiod IIIA (2900 to 950 BP) and subperiod IIIB (950 BP to Contact). Subperiod IIIA is characterized by pithouse villages and more temporary living surfaces, suggesting that people may have lived in semi-subterranean structures or tent-like structures set well into the ground, as well as in less permanent tent-like shelters set on the surface during other seasons. Earth ovens, pestles, and mauls are often found in association with house pits, and large cemeteries representing this period and the following one also occur. Fishing was of increasing importance, as indicated by faunal remains and notched pebble net sinkers. Deer, some elk, bison, and sheep are also present in the faunal record (Ames et al. 1998:116). Subperiod IIIB indicates much continuity from the previous period with subsistence practices remaining largely the same, though there were some changes in housing styles and the adoption of some artifact and burial styles from farther west (Ames et al. 1998:117).

Approximately 500 BP (AD 1450), a catastrophic event known as the Bonneville Landslide briefly obstructed the Columbia River. This event formed the “Bridge of the Gods” mentioned in Native American oral history that tells of a pile of rocky landside debris that allowed people to cross the river by foot from one side to the other (Aikens et al. 2011; O’Connor 2018; Pringle 2009). The Columbia River eventually breached the landslide debris, which formed the Cascades Rapids. The Cascades Rapids became an important fishing zone and may have been the driving force that brought Chinookan speakers upstream and led to the appearance of rectangular plank

houses of the Northwest Coast type that replaced rectangular traditional Plateau-style semi- subterranean in this region (Aikens et al. 2011).

B. Historical Overview

Contact with European Americans along the Columbia River in Oregon first occurred in 1805, when Lewis and Clark and their expedition traveled the Clearwater, Snake, and Columbia Rivers. Lewis and Clark described the stretch of the Columbia River in the vicinity of Cascade Locks as the “great rapids of the Columbia” (Willoughby 2002). Trappers and traders soon followed the Lewis and Clark expedition, and through the early nineteenth century, the British-owned North West Company, the Hudson’s Bay Company, and the Pacific Fur Company (owned by John Jacob Astor), competed for dominance in the region and established and bought forts along the Columbia and Snake Rivers. The earliest European Americans known to have settled in the present-day City of Cascade Locks were three families that arrived in 1853 and lived among Native American communities (Willoughby 2002).

Lewis and Clark, other explorers, early traders, and settlers were unable to navigate this segment of the Columbia and had to portage around the Cascades Rapids to reach areas west of the Cascade Mountains in the Willamette Valley. The rapids were so treacherous that many early settlers in Oregon perished attempting to navigate through the rapids with their wagons and supplies on makeshift rafts (Willoughby 2002). The first commercial method to transport people and goods around the rapids consisted of a single mule operation in 1851 on the Washington Territory side of the river. Travelers were charged 75 cents for 100 pounds of “emigrants’ effects” for safe passage around the rapids (Willingham 1983). This method of travel persisted until 1862 when the Oregon Steam Navigation Company acquired control of all the portage roads, mules, and cars on the Oregon side of the river. The first steam locomotive in the northwest, named the “Oregon Pony” (Figure 2), arrived at the time of this operation to haul boats, people, and freight around the rapids on 5 mi of track through the area that would become the City of Cascade Locks (Lockley 1928:906; Willoughby 2002). During this time, the settlement here was referred to as “Whiskey Flats” and was known for its taverns and other businesses that provided entertainment to sailors and travelers that Figure 2. “Oregon Pony” Steam Locomotive (from the Oregon Historical Society arrived in the area by way of Research Library). sternwheeler boats (Willoughby 2002).

Soon after 1876, the City of Cascade Locks began to formally develop when Major John M. Wilson was granted permission to hire Channing M. Bolton, an engineer from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, to construct a canal and locks that would facilitate river transportation through the Cascades Rapids. In 1877, Major Wilson presented the construction plan, which he estimated would cost $1,188,600. However, due to difficult working conditions, several changes to engineering plans, difficulties in acquiring property, unexpected resignations, and other legal disputes, the project was not completed until 1896 and ended up costing $3,793,496.94 (Willingham 1983:35). Despite taking nearly 20 years to complete, the opening of the canal was celebrated by Oregonians, and in the span of just one year, the value of goods that moved through the canal was equal to the cost of the entire project (Willingham 1983). The Sadie B, the Dalles City, the Sarah Dixon, and the Harvest Queen were the first boats to pass through the locks (Lockley 1928:907).

In 1926, an 1,858-foot-long steel truss bridge was constructed that spans the Columbia River between Cascade Locks and Washington near East Bonneville (O’Connor 2018). The bridge was named Bridge of the Gods after the natural bridge of the same name that resulted from the Bonneville Landslide that occurred in approximately AD 1450. In 1938, soon after the construction of the Bonneville Dam, the once “great rapids of the Columbia” and Celilo Falls, located roughly 30 mi upstream, were both completely submerged as the dam caused water levels east of it to rise more than 60 feet (Willoughby 2002). The construction of the dam also ended what was known as the “Sternwheeler Era,” a term used to describe the time from 1850 to 1938 when sternwheeler boats were used by European Americans to transport people and supplies through the Columbia River Gorge (Willoughby 2002). Today, the City of Cascade Locks and surrounding areas are popular tourism locations known for a historical museum and nearby recreational opportunities that provide sailing, windsurfing, cycling, hiking, and fishing opportunities (Cascade Locks 2018).

C. Ethnographic Overview

The proposed project area is located in the southwest portion of the southern Columbia Plateau culture area. Ethnographic evidence indicates that land that encompasses the proposed project area is the traditional territory of the Cascades (kăs’kādz) people, who spoke a language they referred to as Kiksht (Upper Chinook dialect). The Cascades people have long been associated with the Wasco and Wishram peoples. The Wasco and Wishram also spoke an Upper Chinook dialect that was only slightly different than that of the Cascade people (French and French 1998).

The traditional territory of the Cascades people extended from the Sandy River on the west to Little Wind River on the east along the north and south shore of the Columbia River. The Cascades people, along with the Wasco and Wishram, relied heavily on the Columbia River, and unlike most groups on the Columbia Plateau who devoted a roughly equal amount of time to hunting, gathering, and fishing, they placed the most emphasis on fishing (French and French 1998). Important subsistence resources for the three groups in the spring and fall included chinook salmon, steelhead, sturgeon, suckers, trout, and lampreys. Additionally, the Cascades people were known to target sea lions and seals for their subsistence (French and French 1998:361-364). While their subsistence relied heavily on marine organisms, wild root foods, including various tubers and bulbs, wild carrot, bitterroot, and wapato were also important to the diets of the three groups. Women gathered roots in the spring and berries in the fall while the men hunted small game and large game, including elk, deer, and bear (French and French 1998:364). Although the Cascades people had access to all the resources

found in the Columbia Gorge, they could not easily access the best root digging locations commonly exploited by other neighboring Plateau groups (French and French 1998).

None of the three groups had a true tribal form of political organization with the only significant political unity or structure being villages or households, which served as corporate social units with no well-defined boundaries (French and French 1998:360). Winter houses were semi-subterranean and structurally similar to houses utilized by other Plateau groups, except houses in this area had vertical plank walls that resembled houses found on the Northwest Coast. Summer houses were situated above ground and were covered with tule mats (French and French 1998:368).

Trade influenced the social and economic structure of all groups in this area. The Dalles, one of the most important trade centers on the Columbia Plateau, allowed groups to trade their surplus of fish for food and other items. However, the Cascades did not come into contact with other groups to the same extent their neighbors the Wishram and Wasco did, as the latter two groups’ traditional territory was situated closer to The Dalles (French and French 1998:363)

After the Treaty of 1855, the Wishram, and possibly a few Cascades, became part of the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation. The Wasco, and most other groups in the area, became part of the CTWSRO (French and French 1998:360). The Warm Springs Indian Reservation, established in 1855, consists of 1,019 square miles of land located in central Oregon, northwest of Madras (Hunn and French 1998:389-390).

Fourteen villages within the traditional territory of the Cascades have previously been identified by ethnographers (French and French 1998). Twelve of the villages were identified on the Washington side of the Columbia River while two were identified on the Oregon side of the river. The two villages on the Oregon side of the river are within close proximity to the proposed project area.

Literature Review

A literature search of the APE with a 1-mi buffer was conducted by Andrew Frierson on March 27, 2020, using the Oregon Archaeological Records Remote Access database. The search indicated that six archaeological sites, five archaeological isolates, and 22 previously conducted cultural resource surveys are located within a 1-mi radius of the APE (Tables 1 and 2). Of these sites and isolates, five are unevaluated for inclusion in the NRHP and six have been determined as not eligible.

TABLE 1 CULTURAL RESOURCES LOCATED WITHIN 1 MI OF THE APE Site or Isolate Cultural Site or Isolate Number Resource Type Site or Isolate Type Class NRHP Eligibility 35HR13 Site Lithic Scatter and FCR Precontact Not Eligible 35HR14 Site Lithic Scatter and FCR Precontact Unevaluated 35HR21 Site Lithic Scatter Precontact Unevaluated 35HR93 Site Lithic Scatter and FCR Precontact Unevaluated 35HR102 Site Historic Public Works and Refuse Historic Unevaluated Scatter (Young Powerhouse)

Site or Isolate Cultural Site or Isolate Number Resource Type Site or Isolate Type Class NRHP Eligibility 35H103 Site Historic Commercial Property and Historic Unevaluated Refuse Scatter (Columbia River Highway Filling Station) 05/1201-1 Isolate CCS Flake Precontact Not Eligible Isolate 1 Isolate Basalt Mano Fragment Precontact Not Eligible 15/2311-1 Isolate Refuse Scatter Historic Not Eligible 15/2311-2 Isolate Refuse Scatter Historic Not Eligible 15/2311-6 Isolate Two Flakes Precontact Not Eligible FCR = fire-cracked rock

TABLE 2 SURVEYS CONDUCTED WITHIN 1 MI OF THE APE NADB Report No. Report Title Author Year 25413 Down the Columbia Lewis R. Freeman 1921 624 Proposed Columbia Gorge Land Acquisition Joni L. Posey (U.S. Forest Service 1978 [USFS]) 10471 Archaeological Survey of Four Proposed John L. Fagan and Jo Reese 1989 Disposal Sites for the Port of Cascade Locks (Archaeological Investigations Northwest [AINW]) 11566 Cultural Resources Survey and Site Evaluation John L. Fagan (AINW) 1990 of Four Proposed Disposal Locations at Cascade Locks, Oregon 17428 Cultural Resources Report and Finding of No David V. Ellis (AINW) and Sally J. 2000 Effect Structure, Paving, Guardrail and Donovan (Donovan and Striping Project Columbia River Highway Associates) (I-84) 18699 Herman Creek Fire Line Rehabilitation Margaret L. Dryden (USFS) 2003 19231 Cascade Locks Hazard Tree Removal Project Margaret L. Dryden (USFS) 2004 20663 Archaeological Survey of Bridge 08623 Ian Edward, Tobin C. Bottman, 2005 (Highway 84 over Herman Creek Connector at and Montana Long (Oregon Milepoint 47.31), Hood River County, Oregon, Department of Transportation UO Museum of Natural & Cultural History [ODOT]) Research Report No 2005-52 20467 Archaeological Survey of Bridge 07403A Teresa Cabebe and Quent 2005 (Interstate 84 over Herman Creek at Winterhoff (Oregon State Milepoint 46.10), Hood River, Oregon Museum of Anthropology [OSMA]) 20939 Archaeological Survey of the Sandy River-The Teresa E. Cabebe and Tom 2006 Dalles Fencing Project (Interstate 84 Corridor Connolly (University of Oregon from Mile Point 17.68 to 82.08) Multnomah, Museum of Natural and Cultural Hood River, and Wasco Counties History [UOMNCH]) 21451 Cultural Resource Survey for the Proposed David V. Ellis, Todd Ogle, Yvonne 2007 Cascade Locks Resort and Casino Project, Hajda, Kathrine French, Jason M. Cascade Locks, Oregon Allen, Judith A. Chapman, and Elizabeth J. O’Brien (AINW)

NADB Report No. Report Title Author Year 21596 Cultural Resource Survey for the Proposed David V. Ellis, Todd Ogle, Yvonne 2007 Cascade Locks Resort and Casino Project, Hajda, Kathrine French, Jason M. Cascade Locks, Oregon, Addendum: Survey of Allen, Judith A. Chapman, and Additional Areas Elizabeth J. O’Brien (AINW) 22609 A Cultural Resource Survey of the Snyder David V. Ellis (Willamette 2008 Property for the Proposed Cascade Locks Cultural Resources Associates, Resort and Casino Project, Cascade Locks, Ltd. [Willamette CRA]) Oregon 22608 Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Todd Ogle (Willamette CRA) 2009 Stormwater Conveyance for the Cascade Locks Resort and Casino Project, Cascade Locks, Oregon 22777 Historic Columbia River Highway Oral History Robert W. Hadlow and Amanda 2009 Joy Pietz (ODOT)

24865 Archaeological Monitoring of Fence Patrick O’Grady, Teresa E. 2011 Installations along I-84: Sandy River-The Cabebe, and Thomas J. Connolly Dalles Project Area, Multnomah, Hood River, (UOMNCH) and Wasco Counties. 25278 Cultural Resource Investigations for the Emily Ragsdale, Lynette Scriver- 2012 Bonneville-Hood River No. 1 Pole Colburn, and Natalie Perrin Replacement Project, Hood River County, (Historical Research Associates, Oregon Inc.) 25436 Bonneville Power Administration Submerged Jacqueline Marcotte, Katherine 2012 Cultural Resources Project, Lower Columbia F. Wilson, Paula Johnson, and River, Oregon and Washington: Literature Mitchell Markin (Environmental Review Science Associates) 27258 Cultural Resource Inventory for the Port of Genavie Thomas (PBS 2015 Cascade Locks Multiple-Use Trail System Engineering and Environmental, Project Inc.) 27692 Cultural Resource Survey of the Cascade Alexandra Williams-Larson and 2015 Locks Water System Improvements Project, John L. Fagan (AINW) Cascade Locks, Hood River County, Oregon 27763 Cultural Resources Survey for the Bonneville- Daniel M. Gilmour, Paul S. 2015 Hood River Rebuild Project, Multnomah and Solimano, Matt Goodwin, Hood River Counties, Oregon Breanne Taylor, Michael Daniels, Caitlin Wichlacz, and David V. Ellis (Willamette CRA) 30602 Herman Creek Horse Camp Sanitation Unknown Unknown

NADB = National Archaeological Database

Previously recorded archaeological sites in the vicinity of the APE include precontact lithic scatters and historic refuse scatters. Based on these archaeological site types, the proximity to important natural resources such as the Columbia River 960 ft (293 meter [m]) to the north, and the long-documented use of the area in historic and ethnographic records, additional historic and precontact cultural materials were expected to be encountered during the cultural resource inventory.

Although no previously recorded archaeological sites or isolates overlap the APE, one previously recorded archaeological site (35HR13) is situated approximately 60 m southeast of the portion of the APE that parallels Cramblett Way.

Site 35HR13 was recorded in 1989 by AINW during a cultural resource survey for four proposed disposal locations. Cultural materials included scattered FCR cobbles, one chert flake, and one cobble chopper. All artifacts were encountered on the surface in a highly disturbed context (Reese 1989). The site was determined not eligible for listing in the NRHP and is currently beneath a layer of approximately 15 ft of dredge fill as a result of the initial project that resulted in its discovery and no surficial evidence of the site remains (Ellis et al. 2007).

BPA’s Cascade Locks Substation south of I-84 that is proposed to be purchased for this project, is also located within the APE. This historic-period built resource was constructed in 1959 and was determined to be eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion A in 2015 (Kramer 2015).

The surveys within a 1-mi radius of the APE have generally been conducted for fence installation, City utility and infrastructure projects, bridge work, tree removal projects, habitat restoration, and work associated with I-84. Five previous cultural resource surveys were conducted within portions of the APE:

• In 1989, AINW conducted cultural resource surveys at four different locations in the City of Cascade Locks. Two archaeological sites (35HR13 and 35HR14) were located (Fagan and Reese 1989). • In 1990, AINW conducted cultural resource surveys and site evaluations at properties in the City of Cascade Locks. Three archaeological sites, the Government Cove Island Site (35HR121), Three Eye Site (35HR22), and Rudi Sawmill Site, (35HR74) were recorded during the survey (Fagan 1990). • In 2003 and 2004, archaeologists from the OSMA surveyed 89 acres surrounding the I-84 bridge adjacent to the City of Cascade Locks for ODOT. No cultural resources were encountered during this survey (Cabebe and Winterhoff 2005). • In 2007, AINW conducted a cultural resource survey for construction of a resort and casino proposed by the CTWSRO. AINW recommended that the project would have no adverse effect to historic properties in the APE including site 35HR13 that, while in the APE for this project, no evidence of the site was found during pedestrian survey (Ellis et al. 2007). • In 2015, Willamette CRA conducted a cultural resource survey for a complete rebuild of the 24-mi long Bonneville-Hood River Transmission Line. The survey consisted of pedestrian survey of 477 acres and the excavation of 82 STPs. Eleven new cultural resources were discovered, and 11 previously recorded cultural resources were relocated. Willamette CRA recommended monitoring, several different avoidance measures, eligibility evaluations, and that additional consultation with the appropriate Tribes would need to occur to prevent potential impacts to cultural resources as a result of this project (Gilmour et al. 2015).

Available historic General Land Office (GLO) maps, USGS historic topographic maps, Ogle maps, and Metsker maps were reviewed prior to fieldwork for evidence of historic sites in the vicinity of the project area. The Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) runs generally north to south through this region but does not cross the APE. A GLO map (1860) depicts a structure belonging to J. Herman west of the APE, Herman’s

creek west of the structure, and Herman’s Lake east of the APE that feeds into the Columbia River to the north via a small stream. This lake is in the location of what is now Government Cove. The GLO map (1860) also depicts an island labeled on the map as “Leonard’s I.” The island also appears on another GLO map (1898) but does not appear on later GLO or USGS historic topographic maps. GLO records for the area show the land that comprises the western and southern portion of the APE was transferred through a homestead entry file to Francis Conlon in 1862. Other portions of the land that encompass the APE were transferred to Hood River County in 1922.

The Metsker (1931) atlas depicts most of the land encompassing the APE as belonging to H. Luce, M.W. Welch, R.J. McGettigan and the northern portion belonging to F.J. McGettigan, J. Tompson, and AD Hawk. This atlas also depicts the UPRR to the south of the APE and an elevated railway to the north along the Columbia River (Metsker 1931).

A 1929 Hood River USGS quad for the area depicts an island and land that extends farther north than it does currently north of the proposed project area, and depicts the newly constructed Bridge of the Gods to the southwest (USGS 1929). A 1953 Dalles USGS quad depicts the portion of the Columbia River adjacent to the City of Cascade Locks without rocks and rapids, which by this time, along with the a large portion of the land north of the APE, would have been submerged by rising waters post-construction of the Bonneville Dam (USGS 1953).

Research Design

The objectives of the inventory were to locate, document, and evaluate cultural resources within the APE. Based on the proposed construction methods and horizontal and vertical APE, potential impacts were to be identified and mitigated.

A research design consisting of a combination of an intensive pedestrian survey and subsurface testing was proposed for the project. The research design stated that archaeologists would walk parallel transects spaced no more than 20 m (65.6 ft) apart along the entire APE. Additionally, STPs would be excavated in areas where subsurface disturbance was proposed. The STPs would be excavated in 10-centimeter (cm) levels to a minimum depth of 100 cm (3.3 ft), or until a restrictive layer such as bedrock or hardpan was encountered. Sediments would be excavated manually and screened through 6.4-millimeter (mm) (1/4-inch) mesh hardware cloth.

For this project, an archaeological site was defined as ten or more artifacts, or one or more archaeological features, within a spatially definable area that were likely to have resulted from patterned cultural activity. Isolates were defined as any artifact numbering nine or less that are more than 50 years old and are not considered an archaeological feature. A historic-period built resource was defined as an existing element of the built environment more than 50 years old that is not in ruin.

Site significance was considered according to the National Register Criteria for Evaluation of Significance as outlined in the National Park Service Bulletin (1997) “How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation,” as it serves as a baseline standard used extensively both at the national and state levels. As such, site eligibility was considered according to the following criteria:

“The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and

a) that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or b) that are associated with the lives of persons significant to our past; or c) that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or d) that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.”

If the cursory site recording did not yield sufficient information to determine site eligibility, then sites would be deemed “unevaluated.” Such sites are treated as potentially eligible sites and are avoided until a determination of eligibility can be completed.

Inventory Results

The pedestrian survey and subsurface testing were conducted from June 2 to 4, 2020, by Andrew Frierson, M.A., RPA, and Juliana van Roggen, M.A. The project area is situated within a business district and adjacent to a disc golf course in the City of Cascade Locks (Figures 3 through 8). Vegetation within the APE consists of Douglas fir, Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), western redcedar, western hemlock, various epiphytes (i.e., ferns, moss, and lichens), Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus), ornamental shrubs, and manicured lawns. Sediments within the APE appeared roughly as described and consisted of well-drained, loamy sands and silts with a low percentage of subangular and rounded cobbles. Sediments within the APE have been altered considerably by the placement of approximately 15 ft of dredge fill as a result of previous projects and other work in the immediate vicinity (Ellis et al. 2007; Gordon Zimmerman, personal communication 2020). Subsurface utilities within the APE include sewer, electrical, communication, and water.

A. Pedestrian Survey

An intensive pedestrian survey, which is considered 100 percent coverage, was conducted for the entirety of the APE. Weather conditions during the duration of the survey were favorable with mostly clear or partly cloudy skies. The APE was examined by archaeologists walking two-person transects spaced no more than 20 m (65.6 ft) apart along the entire route of the APE. Ground surface visibility within the APE was estimated between 20 and 60 percent. Surface visibility was obstructed by manicured lawns and in areas where dense vegetation such as ornamental shrubs and other various native and non-native species of vegetation were present. Paved sidewalks and roads also obstructed visibility of native sediments throughout approximately 50 percent of the APE. No cultural materials were encountered during the pedestrian survey.

Figure 3. Overview of the APE along the south side of N.W. Forest Lane, view to the southwest.

Figure 4. Overview of the APE along the north side of N.W. Forest Lane, view to the northeast.

Figure 5. Overview of the APE along the west side of Industrial Park Way, view to the northwest.

Figure 6. Overview of the APE along the east side of Industrial Park Way, view to the southeast.

Figure 7. Overview of the APE along the north side of Cramblett Way, view to the northeast.

Figure 8. Overview of the APE along the south side of Cramblett Way.

B. Subsurface Investigation Results

Twenty-two STPs were excavated in the APE in areas where subsurface disturbance is anticipated (Figures 9 and 10). Two strata were identified in the STPs: Stratum I consisted of a 10YR 3/2 (brown) loamy sand, containing less than 5 percent subangular gravels, and Stratum II consisted of a 10YR 3/2 (brown) silty loam, containing more than 60 percent large angular and subangular gravels and cobbles. STPs were not excavated where subsurface utilities are located or when covered by a restrictive surface. STPs reached depths between 30 to 100 centimeters below ground surface (cmbs) and averaged 64.5 cmbs in depth. STPs were only terminated prior to 100 cmbs when an impassable cobble layer or bedrock was encountered at lesser depths. Only one STP was positive for cultural materials. STP No. 10, located on the north side of Cramblett Way, resulted in the discovery and recording of one precontact isolate (208-08-ISO-AP01). The isolate was encountered between 50 and 60 cmbs in loamy sand. Two radial STPs (STPs No. 10A and 10B) were excavated around this isolated find. Radial STPs could not be excavated to the north and the south of STP No. 10 due to the presence of the paved road to the south and the limitation of the APE to the north. STP No. 10A, located 2 m (6.5 ft) east of STP No. 10, and STP No. 10B, located 2 m (6.5 ft) to the west, did not contain any additional cultural resources. STP number, sediment description, presence of cultural resources, and terminating depth are summarized in Appendix I.

Figure 9. Soil profile encountered in STP No. 10.

Figure 10. STP locations with cultural resources.

C. Cultural Resources

One archaeological isolate was discovered and recorded during the inventory (Appendix II).

Resource Temporary Number: 208-08-ISO-AP01 Resource Type: Precontact Isolate (CCS flake) Recommended NRHP Status: Not Eligible

Description: The isolate consists of one piece of brown CCS flake shatter measuring approximately 25.7 mm in length, 25.1 mm in width, and 6.0 mm maximum thickness (Figure 11). The flake shatter was identified along the north side of Cramblett Way within the Cascade Locks Disc Golf Course. It was found in STP No. 10 between 50 and 60 cmbs. This location is approximately 125 m northwest of the previously recorded site Figure 11. Brown CCS flake encountered in STP No. 10, dorsal 35HR13. Vegetation at the time of side. the visit was Oregon white oak and manicured lawn. The isolate occurs in a relatively low spot in an area covered by dredge fill. Two radial STPs excavated around this isolate revealed no additional cultural resources.

Recommendation: An intensive pedestrian survey and two radials excavated around this isolated find did not result in the identification of any additional cultural materials. Due to this finding, and given that it was encountered in disturbed sediments, there is likely no potential for further information to be gathered at this location beyond what was documented during the initial discovery. Therefore, isolate 208-ISO-AP01 is recommended as not eligible for inclusion to the NRHP and no further work or protection is recommended.

Results and Recommendations

The inventory for the City of Cascade Locks Electrical Infrastructure Improvements project resulted in the recording of one new archaeological isolate (208-08-ISO-AP01), a CCS flake. The isolate is recommended as not significant or eligible for listing in the NRHP. Based on these findings, a determination of “no historic properties affected” is recommended for the project, pursuant to 36 CFR 800.

This inventory addresses the project only as specified in the project description. Changes in the horizontal or vertical project area may necessitate additional archaeological investigation. In the event that an archaeological resource is discovered during project operations, work will cease in that area, the resource will be left in its original state of discovery if possible, and a professional archaeologist will be contacted to assess the discovery (Appendix III). In addition, SHPO and the appropriate tribes will be notified regarding the discovery.

References

Aikens, Melvin C., Thomas J. Connolly, and Dennis L. Jenkins 2011 Oregon Archaeology. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.

Ames, Kenneth M., Don E. Dumond, Jerry R. Galm, and Rick Minor 1998 Prehistory of the Southern Plateau. In Plateau, edited by Deward E. Walker, Jr., pp. 103-119. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Butler, Virginia L. 1993 Natural Versus Cultural Salmonid Remains: Origin of The Dalles Roadcut Bones, Columbia River, Oregon, U.S.A. Journal of Archaeological Science 20(1):1-24.

Cabebe, Teresa, and Quent Winterhoff 2005 Archaeological Survey of Bridges 08610/W (Interstate 84 over Moody Street in Cascade Locks at Milepost 43.93) Hood River County, Oregon. On file at Oregon State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), Salem, Oregon (NADB No. 20691).

Cascade Locks 2018 Attractions: Things to Do and See. Electronic document, http://www.cascadelocks.com /attractions/, accessed March 27, 2020.

Cole, David L. 1968 Archaeological Investigations in Area 6 of Site 35GM9, the Wildcat Canyon Site. Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. Submitted to the National Park Service.

Columbia River Gorge Commission 2011 Management Plan for the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, National Scenic Area. Hood River, Oregon

Cressman, Luther S., with David L. Cole, Wilbur A. Davis, Thomas M. Newman, and Daniel J. Scheans 1960 Cultural Sequences at The Dalles, Oregon: A Contribution to Pacific Northwest Prehistory. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 50(10).

Dumond, Don D., and Rick Minor 1983 Archaeology in the John Day Reservoir: The Wildcat Canyon Site, 35-GM-9. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers No. 30, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.

Ellis, David V., Todd Ogle, Yvonne Hajda, Kathrine French, Jason M. Allen, Judith A. Chapman, and Elizabeth J. O’Brien 2007 Cultural Resource Survey for the Proposed Cascade Locks Resort and Casino Project Cascade Locks, Oregon. Prepared for HDR Engineering, Inc. Available at the SHPO, Salem, Oregon.

Endzweig, Pamela E. 2001 Archaeological Investigations at the Cottonwood Creek Site (35GR1507): Middle and Late Holocene Occupations in the Upper John Day Valley, Oregon. State Museum of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Report No. 2001-1, Eugene, Oregon.

Fagan, John L., and Jo Reese 1989 Archaeological Survey of Four Proposed Disposal Sites for the Port of Cascade Locks. On file at SHPO, Salem, Oregon (NADB No. 10471).

Fagan, John L. 1990 Cultural Resources Survey and Site Evaluation of Four Proposed Disposal Locations at Cascade Locks, Oregon. On file at SHPO, Salem, Oregon (NADB No. 11566).

Franklin, Jerry F., and C. T. Dyrness 1988 Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.

French, David H., and Kathrine S. French 1998 Wasco, Wishram, and Cascades. In Plateau, edited by Deward E. Walker, Jr., pp. 360-377. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

General Land Office 1860 Cadastral map for Township 2 North, Range 8 East, Willamette Meridian. Electronic document, blm.gov, accessed March 27, 2020. 1898 Cadastral map for Township 2 North, Range 8 East, Willamette Meridian. Electronic document, blm.gov, accessed March 27, 2020.

Gilmour, David M., Paul S. Solimano, Matt Goodwin, Breanne Taylor, Michael Daniels, Caitlin Wichlacz, and David V. Ellis 2015 Cultural Resource Survey for the Bonneville-Hood River Rebuild Project, Multnomah and Hood River Counties, Oregon. Available at the SHPO, Salem, Oregon.

Green, George 1981 Soil Survey of Hood River County Area, Oregon. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. Electronic document, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oregon/hoodriverOR1981/ hoodriverOR1981.pdf, accessed March 27, 2020.

Hunn, Eugene S., and David H. French 1998 Western Columbia River Sahaptins. In Plateau, edited by Deward E. Walker, Jr., pp. 378-394. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Kramer, George 2015 State of Oregon Section 106 Documentation Form: BPA Cascade Locks Substation. On file at the SHPO in Salem, Oregon.

Lockley, Fred 1928 History of the Columbia River Valley from the Dalles to the Sea. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois.

Marcotte. Jacqueline, Katherine F. Wilson, Paula Johnson, and Mitchell Markin 2012 Bonneville Power Administration Submerged Cultural Resources Project, Lower Columbia River. On file at SHPO, Salem, Oregon (NADB No. 25436).

Metsker, Charles 1931 Township 2 N., Range 8 E., Adams, Blakeley, Indian Reservation. In the atlas Hood River County 1931. Metsker Map Company.

Northwest Power and Conservation Council 2004 Hood River Subbasin Plan. In Upper Middle Mainstem Subbasin Plan. Submitted to the Northwest Power and Conservation Council, Portland, Oregon.

O’Connor, Jim 2018 Bridge of the Gods. The Oregon Encyclopedia, electronic document, accessed March 27, 2020.

Orr, William N., and Elizabeth L. Orr 2012 Geology of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. Waveland Press, Inc., Long Grove, Illinois.

Pringle, Patrick 2009 The Bonneville Slide. In Columbia Gorge Interpretive Center Museum Explorations, The Dalles, Oregon.

Ray, Verne F. 1936 Native Villages and Groupings of the Columbia Plateau. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 27(2):99-152.

Reese, Jo 1989 State of Oregon Archaeological Site Form: 35HR13. On file at the SHPO in Salem, Oregon.

United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service 1997 How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. National Register Bulletin 15. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

United States Geological Survey 1929 Topographic Map: Hood River, Washington 7.5’ Series. 1953 Topographic Map: The Dalles, Oregon 7.5’ Series. 2020 Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data. Electronic database, http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/state.php?state=OR, accessed March 27, 2020.

Walker, Deward E., Jr. 1998 Introduction. In Plateau, edited by Deward E. Walker, Jr., pp. 395-419. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Williams-Larson, Alexandra, and John L. Fagan 2015 Cultural Resource Survey of the Cascade Locks Water System Improvements Project, Cascade Locks, Oregon. On file at SHPO, Salem, Oregon (NADB No. 27692).

Willingham, William F. 1983 Army Engineers and the Development of Oregon: A History of the Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, D.C.

Willoughby, Bob 2002 History of Cascade Locks, Oregon. City of Cascade Locks, Oregon, Electronic document, https://www.cascade-locks.or.us/, accessed March 27, 2020.

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APPENDIX I SHOVEL TEST PROBE RESULTS

SHOVEL TEST PROBE RESULTS STP Depth No. (cmbs) Sediment Description Cultural Resources Reason for Termination Notes 1 0 to 54 Stratum I: 10YR 3/2 (brown) loamy Negative Large rock Sediments appeared to be sand, containing less than 5 percent disturbed fill subangular gravels 2 0 to 56 Stratum I Negative Large rock Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 3 0 to 57 Stratum I Negative Dense impenetrable gravel layer Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 4 0 to 72 Stratum I Negative Dense impenetrable gravel layer Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 5 0 to 75 Stratum I Negative Dense impenetrable gravel layer Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 6 0 to 100 Stratum I Negative Terminal depth Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 7 0 to 100 Stratum I Negative Terminal depth Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 8 0 to 100 Stratum I Negative Terminal depth Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 9 0 to 52 Stratum I Negative Encountered possible abandoned Sediments appeared to be utility disturbed fill 10 0 to 100 Stratum I One brown CCS flake at Terminal depth Sediments appeared to be 50 to 60 cmbs disturbed fill 10A 0 to 80 Stratum I Negative Terminal depth Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 10B 0 to 80 Stratum I Negative Terminal depth Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 11 0 to 100 Stratum I Negative Terminal depth Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 12 0 to 68 Stratum I Negative Large rock Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 13 0 to 50 Stratum I Negative Dense impenetrable gravel layer Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 14 0 to 62 Stratum I Negative Dense impenetrable gravel layer Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill 15 0 to 34 Stratum II: 10YR 3/2 (brown) silty Negative Dense impenetrable gravel layer All sediments were road loam, containing more than prism/fill 60 percent large angular and subangular gravels and cobbles

STP Depth No. (cmbs) Sediment Description Cultural Resources Reason for Termination Notes 16 0 to 30 Stratum II Negative Very large subangular cobbles All sediments were road prism/fill 17 0 to 30 Stratum II Negative Very large subangular cobbles All sediments were road prism/fill 18 0 to 30 Stratum II Negative Very large subangular cobbles All sediments were road prism/fill 19 0 to 30 Stratum I Negative Very large subangular cobbles All sediments were road prism/fill 0 to 40 Stratum II 20 0 to 50 Stratum I Negative Encountered sprinkler system Sediments appeared to be disturbed fill cmbs = centimeters below surface

APPENDIX II OREGON ARCHAEOLOGICAL ISOLATE RECORD

State of Oregon Archaeological Site Record

Summary of Isolate Form#: 26388

Form Type/Identification Field Id: 208-08-ISO-AP01 The isolate consists of one piece of brown cryptocrystalline silicate (CCS) flake shatter measuring approximately 25.7 millimeters (mm) in length, 25.1 mm in width, and 6.0 mm in maximum thickness. The flake shatter was identified along the north side of Cramblett Way within the Cascade Locks Disc Golf Course and was encountered in Isolate Description: shovel test probe (STP) No. 10 between 50 and 60 centimeters below surface (cmbs). This location is approximately 125 meters (m) northwest of the previously recorded site 35HR13. Vegetation at the time of the visit was Oregon white oak and manicured lawn. The isolate occurs in a relatively low spot in an area covered by dredge fill. Two radial STPs excavated around this isolate revealed no additional cultural resources. Form Type: Isolate Recording Date: 07/02/2020

Location County Hood River

Township Range Section ¼ ¼ ¼ DLC Meridian Cadastral Locations 2 N 8 E 5 SW NE SW Willamette

Map References Carson, WA-OR 7.5' 1994 Elevation From 118 To 118 ft

Type East North Method Zone Datum UTM Coordinates Centerpoint 589407 5059398 GPS < 1m 10 83

Files Uploads Isolate 208-08-ISO-AP01_Attachments.pdf Isolate 208-08-ISO-AP01 Attachments

Figure 1. Isolate location map.

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Isolate 208-08-ISO-AP01 Attachments

Figure 2. Overview of isolate location, view to the northwest.

Figure 3. Overview of isolate location, view to the north.

Isolate 208-08-ISO-AP01 Attachments

Figure 4. Overview of isolate location, view to the southwest.

Figure 5. Overview of isolate location, view to the south.

Isolate 208-08-ISO-AP01 Attachments

Figure 6. Brown cryptocrystalline silicate (CCS) flake shatter, dorsal side.

Figure 7. Brown CCS flake shatter, ventral side.

Isolate 208-08-ISO-AP01 Attachments

Figure 8. Stratigraphic profile of shovel test probe No. 10, which contained the isolate.

APPENDIX III INADVERTENT DISCOVERY PLAN

CITY OF CASCADE LOCKS, OREGON ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS PROJECT INADVERTENT DISCOVERY PLAN

For the purposes of this Inadvertent Discovery Plan, the following definitions will be used:

Archaeological resources are defined as objects, structures, artifacts, implements, and locations of prehistoric or historic human use, whether previously recorded or still unrecognized. Examples include, but are not limited to:

• Known or suspected animal or human bone, whole or fragmented; • One or more precontact artifacts such as stone tools (including arrowheads) or the stone debris or chips created from the production of these tools; • A buried layer of shell; • Soil stains, charcoal, or other soil anomalies that could have been created by human use; • Glass bottles, ceramic pieces, tin cans, and other household trash suspected to be more than 50 years old; • Abandoned public works features such as wooden pipes or concrete cisterns suspected to be more than 50 years old; • Machinery or industrial features suspected to be more than 50 years old; and • Abandoned transportation lines such as trolley or railroad tracks suspected to be more than 50 years old.

Archaeological sites are defined as ten or more archaeological artifacts or one or more archaeological features, such as, but not limited to, those above.

A find describes a potential archaeological resource inadvertently discovered by project activities.

A professional archaeologist is defined as an individual who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s (SOI) Standards for an Archaeologist (36 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 61, Appendix A), or an individual possessing a bachelor’s or graduate degree in archaeology, anthropology, or closely related field and/or extensive experience including a minimum of 24 months of active fieldwork experience in the geographic or cultural region of the proposed construction or laboratory processing/analysis of materials from the geographic or cultural region of the proposed construction, who is working under direct supervision of an SOI-qualified individual.

In the event that archaeological resources are encountered:

1. Halt all work within a 30-meter (m) (100-ft) range of the discovery. 2. The cultural resource will be left in place, as discovered. If the discovery is an individual object or objects, do not remove the object or pile discovered objects away from the original discovery unless crew safety is compromised. 3. If a professional archaeologist is not already present, a professional archaeologist will be notified immediately to inspect the discovery. 4. If the discovery constitutes an archaeological site, the archaeologist will consult the U.S. Department of Commerce - Economic Development Administration (EDA), who will notify the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and the appropriate tribes to determine further action.

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5. An archaeological permit may be needed if the cultural resources represent a site and the area cannot be avoided by construction activities. Obtaining a permit may take up to 30 days. The site will then be recorded and evaluated. Eligibility of the site must be concurred with by SHPO. Construction may resume only after the recommendations of SHPO are met. 6. No cultural resources will be removed from the project site without consulting the professional archaeologist.

In the event that human skeletal remains are encountered:

The treatment of Native American human remains will follow the State of Oregon’s published plan, Treatment of Native American Human Remains Discovered Inadvertently or Through Criminal Investigations on Private and Public, State-Owned Lands in Oregon, available online (https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/cis/Documents/treatment_remains111412.pdf).

1. Halt all work within a 30-m (100-ft) range of the human remains. 2. If not already on site, a professional archaeologist will be notified and will contact the Oregon State Police (OSP) to verify the presence of human remains. 3. The remains will be protected in a manner that will prevent further disturbance or deterioration until further recommendations are received. 4. The remains may require analysis by a physical anthropologist to determine age and cultural affiliation. 5. If verified as human remains and suspected to be Native American, OSP, SHPO, the Legislative Commission on Indian Services (LCIS), and the appropriate tribes will be contacted by the EDA (see Contact List, below). 6. If verified as human remains and suspected to be Native American, both the discovered human remains and their associated objects are protected under state law and should be treated in a sensitive and respectful manner by all parties involved (Oregon Revised Statutes [ORS] 97.740-.994 and 358.905-.961).

State law (ORS 97.745 [4]) requires that any human remains suspected to be Native American shall be reported to all the following agencies/individuals (see phone numbers listed below):

1. OSP: Sergeant Craig Heuberger 2. SHPO: Dennis Griffin, State Archaeologist, or John Pouley, Assistant State Archaeologist 3. EDA: Ross Dimmick, Environmental Specialist 4. LCIS: Mitch Sparks, Executive Director 5. All appropriate Native American Tribes provided by the LCIS (Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde and the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon [CTWSRO])

CONTACT LIST

Anderson Perry & Associates, Inc.: Andrew Frierson, RPA, Senior Archaeologist, 541-963-8309 (office) or 803-477-6945 (cell)

EDA: Ross Dimmick, 206-220-7666 (office)

City of Cascade Locks: Gordon Zimmerman, City Administrator, 541-374-8484

OSP: 541-296-9646 (The Dalles Location), or 503-378-3720 (General Headquarters)

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OSP (in cases of suspected Native American remains): Sergeant Craig Heuberger 503-508-0779 or 503-731-3030 (dispatch)

SHPO: Dennis Griffin, 503-986-0674 (office) or 503-881-5038 (cell) or John Pouley, 503-986-0675 (office) or 503-480-9164 (cell)

LCIS: Mitch Sparks, 503-986-1067 (office)

Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde: Christopher Bailey, 503-879-1675

CTWSRO: Robert Brunoe, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, 541-553-2002 or Christian Nauer, Archaeologist, 541-553-2026 (office) or 541-420-2758

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