MASTER's THESIS
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MASTER’s THESIS – Natural Resources Management and Development Cologne University of Applied Science - Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics and Pontifical Catholic University of Peru MOUNTAIN COMMUNITIES’ PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND ECOSYSTEM-BASED SOLUTIONS IN THE CHICÓN WATERSHED, PERU Yaremi Karina Cruz Rivera 2017 Natural Resources Management and Development Cologne University of Applied Science Pontifical Catholic University of Peru ITT - Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics “Mountain communities’ perception of Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction and Ecosystem-Based Solutions in the Chicón Watershed, Peru” Thesis to Obtain the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT DEGREE AWARDED BY COLOGNE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES PRESENTS: YAREMI KARINA CRUZ RIVERA SUPERVISOR OF THESIS ITT PD Dr. UDO MICHAEL NEHREN SUPERVISOR IN PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF PERU: Prof. Dr. ANA SABOGAL DATE OF SUBMISSION 26.08.2017 presented by Yaremi Karina Cruz Rivera Student no.: 11109867 Email: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to god for giving me the strength during this process and guiding my path. I dedicate this work to my husband, my sister and my parents. Special thanks to my husband for being always there for me during the hard times, you are my biggest inspiration. I couldn’t be happier for your friendship and love. YOF I also would like to thank: • The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for the wonderful scholarship programme and the opportunity to do my field research in Peru. • PD Dr. Udo Nehren for all the advises, patience, time and reliable supervision of my thesis. • Pontifical Catholic University of Peru for the partnership programme. • Corazones para Peru for their support during my stay in Urubamba. • CARE Peru for all the wonderful support and sponsoring my workshop. Special thanks to Karen Price, Walter Choquevilka and Liw Canales. • The Urubamba municipality for the interviews and shared information. • PREDES for sharing with me their studies. • Thanks to Ursula Cockburn for hosting me in her country and all the help in the workshop. • Thanks to my friends in Nicaragua for being there for me. • Thanks to my ITT friends and to my sister from Myanmar. • Finally, this work could not have been done without the participation of the people from the four communities and support of their leaders. Special thanks to Willbert Mañaccasa, Eloy Umeres, Celia Texce, Olga Alencastre and Fermin Alencastre. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 1 RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................... 2 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Problem Analysis .................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Research Gaps ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Research Questions .............................................................................................. 5 1.4. Objectives ............................................................................................................. 5 1.4.1. General Objective: ............................................................................................. 5 1.4.2. Specific Objectives: ............................................................................................ 5 1.5. Hypothesis ............................................................................................................ 5 2. STATE OF THE ART ................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Recent International Agreements linked to Ecosystem-based solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction .............................................. 6 2.1.1. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) ................................ 6 2.1.2. Sustainable Development Goals ........................................................................ 6 2.1.3. COP 21 Paris Agreement- UNFCCC ................................................................. 6 2.1.4. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance .......................... 7 2.1.5. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification - UNCCD ....................... 7 2.1.6. Convention on Biological Diversity ..................................................................... 7 2.2. Strategies and Research on EbA and Eco-DRR in Andean Countries ................. 7 2.2.1. Ecosystem-based approaches to Adaptation: Restoring Paramos in Highland Ecuador (PRAA Project) .................................................................................................. 7 2.2.2. “Living with floods” Strategies - Ecuador ........................................................... 8 2.2.3. Biological Corridors in a Changing World - Ecuador .......................................... 8 2.2.4. Climate Change Adaptation Project (PACC) - Ecuador ..................................... 8 2.2.5. Addressing Food Security: traditional knowledge for adapting productive systems to climate change - Ecuador .............................................................................. 8 2.2.6. Adaptation measures and conservation of ecosystem services in the El Ángel watershed - Ecuador ........................................................................................................ 8 2.2.7. PRAA Project - Bolivia ....................................................................................... 9 2.2.8. Traditional knowledge for adapting productive systems to climate change - Bolivia ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.9. Building awareness and strengthen DRR capacities - Bolivia ........................... 9 2.2.10. Biological Corridors in a Changing World - Colombia ...................................... 9 2.2.11. Payments for Environmental Services to Protect Biodiversity and Carbon in Agricultural Landscapes - Colombia .............................................................................. 10 2.2.12. National Adaptation Plan (NAP) framework - Colombia ................................ 10 2.2.13. Restoration of highly degraded dry forests -Colombia ................................... 10 2.2.14. Management Plan for the Arroyo Carolina micro-watershed - Colombia ...... 10 2.2.15. Vulnerability Assessment and adaptation strategy of the Lagunas de Fúquene Cucunubá and Palacio - Colombia ................................................................................ 11 2.3. Implementation of Solutions in Peru ................................................................... 11 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 13 3.1. Climate change ................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Natural Hazards and Disasters ........................................................................... 14 3.3. Opportunities of Ecosystem based approaches in CCA and DRR ..................... 17 3.4. Perception and Awareness ................................................................................. 20 4. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 20 4.1. Study area ........................................................................................................... 20 4.1.1. Mountain Communities .................................................................................... 21 4.1.2. Climate ............................................................................................................. 24 4.1.3. Land use cover ................................................................................................ 26 4.1.4. Economic activities .......................................................................................... 27 4.1.5. Glacier Retreat ................................................................................................. 28 4.1.6. Climate Change projections ............................................................................. 28 4.1.7. Disasters in the Chicón watershed .................................................................. 31 4.1.8. Disaster Prevention in the sectors of San Isidro de Chicón, Yanaconas, Chichubamba and Urubamba city. ................................................................................ 33 4.1.9. Key Stakeholders ............................................................................................. 33 4.2. Methodological approach .................................................................................... 34 4.2.1. Secondary data sources .................................................................................. 34 4.2.2. Primary data sources ....................................................................................... 35 · General Information about the respondents. ........................................................... 37 5. RESULTS ..................................................................................................................