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Tv the PROBLEM of ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT in the LAKE NAKURU BASIN, KENYA by a THESIS SUBMITTED in PARTIAL

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Tv the PROBLEM of ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT in the LAKE NAKURU BASIN, KENYA by a THESIS SUBMITTED in PARTIAL tV THE PROBLEM OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE LAKE NAKURU BASIN, KENYA BY [ n y a n c h o g a BEN A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (ARCHAEOLOGY) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. University ot NAIROBI Library oil® DECEMBER 2001 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for the award of degree in any other university. NYANCHOGA BEN This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors DR. EPHRAIM W. WAHOME % MR. ISAYA O. ONJALA DEDICATION Dedicated to my loving and caring mum Mary Kemunto plus other family members. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The completion of this project is through the efforts of many people. First and foremost, I appreciate the opportunity afforded me by the University of Nairobi, and particularly the Department of History for granting me a scholarship to pursue this research 1 am also indebted, to a number of persons who tirelessly advised me throughout this work. I sincerely thank Dr H Kiriama for suggesting this site area of study. I am also indebted to my supervisors Dr. E. W. Wahome and Mr 10 Onjala. Credit also goes to Dr. Michael J. Rogers for advising me further on how to update this thesis. To these people, I say thanks for having patiently read and discussed my work with me all along I would also like to thank Mr. D. Odera for typing this thesis. They were consistently generous and thoughtful in appraising some aspects of this thesis and offered very incisive observations. Their wisdom and insight saved me from common errors and many other pitfalls. They offered helpful comments on early drafts, which resulted in a measurable improvement in the quality of this thesis. The British institute in Eastern Africa allowed me access to their Library. 1 particularly thank Dr Paul Lane for giving me relevant library materials for the research. I would also like to thank all those people who provided me with useful information to complete my work particularly the people of Lake Nakuru basin. They contributed immense information objectives pertaining to the objectives of this study. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ............................................................................................. i Acknowledgements................................................................................ ii Table of contents.................................................................................. iii List of figures and maps........................................................................ vi List of tables and plates......................................................................... vi Abstract.............................................................................................. viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Statement of Problem.......................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of research......................................................................... 2 1.3 Research Hypothesis........................................................................... 2 1.4 Definition of operative terms............................................................. 3 1.5 Literature Review............................................................................... 5 1.6 Current research.................................................................................. 8 1.7 Conceptual frame w ork....................................................................... 10 1.8 Methodology....................................................................................... 12 1.8.1 Data collection.................................................................................... 13 1.9 Conclusion............................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER TWO: SITES AND GEOGRAPICAL SETTINGS 2.0 Introduction................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Kariandusi site. Gs Ji 1 ............................................................................ 16 2.1.1 Geographical setting and history of the site............................................ 16 IV 2.1.2 Early archaeological investigation.................................................... 17 2.2 Hyrax Hill site. Gr Ji 2 5 ................................................. 18 2.2.1 Geographical location and history of the site...................................... 18 2.2.2 Archaeological research in the area.................................................... 20 2.3 Lanet site. Gr Ji 2 6 ........................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Geographical setting and history of the site................................... 22 2.3.2 Archaeological research in the area................................................ 23 2.4 Njoro River Cave site. Gr Jh 4 ....................................................... 24 2.4.1 Location and history of the site....................................................... 24 2.4.2 Archaeological research in the area................................................... 25 2.5 Comparative study........................................................................... 26 2.6 Conclusion......................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF DATA 3.0 Introduction......................................................................................... 28 3.1 Presentation of observed and recorded information............................ 28 3.2 Sites management, preservation and destruction................................... 33 3.3 Presentation of the results of interview............................................... 40 3.4 Study of the visitors books................................................................... 44 3.5 Legal structure for the protection of archaeological resources in Kenya.. 46 3.5.1 The Preservation of Objects of Archaeological and Palaeontological Interest Ordinance, 1934................................................................... 47 3.5.2 The Antiquities and Monuments Act, 1983....................................... 47 3.6 Conclusion......................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER FOUR: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction........................................................................................... 49 4.1 Element of observed and recorded data................................................ 49 4.2 Element of reported information........................................................... 54 4.3 Question of visitors to the sites............................................................... 57 4 4 Legal structure foe protection of archaeological resources in Kenya ... 59 4.5 Conclusion............................................................................................ 60 V CHAPTER FIVE: SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSION 5.0 Introduction.......................................................................................... 61 5.1 General overview to the problem...................................................... 61 5.2 Specific overview to the problem........................................................ 63 5.3 Recommendations to the above findings............................................ 66 5.4 Main research impediments................................................................ 68 5.5 Conclusion............................................................................................ 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 - 73 APPENDICES........................................................................................ ix - xix VI LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS 1.0. Agents and modes of resource destruction.................................................... 12 1.1 (a). Number of visitors to Kariandusi site 1998 ................................................... 44 1.1 (b). Number of visitors to Kariandusi site 1999 .................................................. 45 1.1 (c) Number of visitors to Hyrax Hill site 1998 ................................................. 45 1.1 (d) Number of visitors to Hyrax Hill site 1999 ................................................. 46 1.2 Map of the Central Rift Valley with main Archaeological sites................... 74 1.3 The setting of Kariandusi site with other Acheulian sites in the Central Rift Valley......................................................................................... 75 1.4 Map of Hyrax Hill site and main archaeological features............................. 76 1.5 Map on Location of Lanet earthwork and relation to it of unexcavated earthwork........................................................................................................... LIST OF TABLES AND PLATES Tables 1 (a). Tool type and percentage at the upper site ............................................... 29 1 (b). Tool type and percentage at the lower site.............................................. 29 1 (c). Tool number and percentage at the time of excavation.............................. 30 2. Type and the number of features at Hyrax Hill presently............................ 31 3 (a). Percentage of artifacts at Njoro River Cave during excavation................. 32 3 (b). Percentage of artifacts stored at Hyrax Hill site Museum from Njoro River Cave site............................................................................................................
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