KWS REDUCED PARK ENTRY FEES.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

KWS REDUCED PARK ENTRY FEES.Pdf Going wild is now more affordable than before Enjoy the priceless experience!! CITIZENS RESIDENTS NON -RESIDENTS Adult Child/Student Adult Child/Student Adult Child/Student PREMIUM PARKS KSHS KSHS KSHS KSHS $ $ 860 215 1,030 515 60 35 WILDERNESS PARKS (A) Tsavo East &Tsavo West 515 215 1,030 515 52 35 WILDERNESS PARKS (B) Meru / Kora 300 215 1,030 515 52 35 Aberdare 300 215 1,030 515 52 26 Mt Kenya- Kihari gate 300 215 1,030 515 43 26 URBAN SAFARI 430 215 1,030 515 43 22 SANCTUARIES 215 125 300 170 22 13 MOUNTAIN CLIMBING Mt. Kenya (Day Trip) 430 215 775 515 52 26 Mt. Kenya (3 Day Package) 1,290 645 2,325 1,545 156 78 Mt. Kenya (4 Day Package) 1,720 860 3,100 2,060 208 104 Mt. Kenya (5 Day Package) 2,150 1,075 3,875 2,575 260 130 Mt. Kenya (6 Day Package) 2,580 1,290 4,650 3,090 312 156 SCENIC/SPECIAL INTEREST (A) Hells Gate/ Elgon/Ol-Donyo Sabuk Mt. Longonot 300 215 600 300 26 17 SCENIC/SPECIAL INTEREST (B) 300 125 600 255 22 13 MARINE PARKS 215 125 300 170 17 13 130 125 300 170 17 13 Toll free number 0800-597-000 Kenya Wildlife Service @kwskenya [email protected] www.kws.go.ke Going wild is now more affordable than before Enjoy the priceless experience!! VEHICLE FEES PER DAY VEHICLES STATIONED IN THE PARK PER YEAR KSH KSH • Less than 6 seats 300 10,000 • PSV’s <6 Seats & Commercial vehicle< 2 tons • 6-12 Seats 1,030 • PSV’s 6 –12 Seats & Commercial vehicle 2-5 tons 10,000 • 13-24 Seats 2,585 • PSV’s 6-13 Seats & Commercial tour vehicle • 25-44 Seats 4,050 (not stationed in the park) 60,000 • 45 Seats and above 5,000 • PSV’s >13 Seats & Commercial vehicle> 5 tons 100,000 ANNUAL PASSES AIRCRAFTS: (Single Landing Fees) • Adult annual pass 43,100 • Child annual pass 10,340 • Aircrafts with less than 3 seats 300 • Corporate annual pass 103,440 • 3-6 seats 500 • Tour driver personalized annual pass 6,000 • 7-14 seats 1,000 • Marine Parks annual pass 10,340 • 15-20 seats 2,155 • SAFARICARD administrative /replacement fees per card 1,030 • 21 seats & above 3,015 • Helicopter Landing in Mt Kenya National Park (US$) 260 SPECIAL SERVICES 75,000 • Event Security per section of rangers • Vehicle recovery inside the park 7,500 TRUCKS AND DELIVERY VEHICLES PER DAY SPECIAL ACTIVITIES • 1 – 3 Tonnes 515 • Night game drive (per person per trip) 2,155 • 4 – 7 Tonnes 2,155 • Lake Boating (per person per hour) 1,290 • > 7 Tonnes 3,015 • Security/ Guided tours (per guide up to 4hrs) 1,720 • Security/ Guided tours (per guide over 4 hrs) 3,015 • River rafting (per person) 1,720 BOATS • Horse Riding (excluding rider) KWS horses 2,585 • Private Horses (per day) 1,030 • Fees per day 300 • Fishing (per line - per day) 515 • Annual Passes for private • Fishing in Mt Kenya (per line - per day) 1,550 non-commercial boats 5,170 • Bicycles hire (per day) 500 • Annual Pass for commercial tourist vessels stationed • Kite/wind surfing, beach beds, Jet Skii, kayaking (per day) 500 or operating in the park (< 13 seats) 15,080 • Cycling (per day) 215 • Walking safaris (per person - per day) 1,500 Toll free number 0800-597-000 Kenya Wildlife Service @kwskenya [email protected] www.kws.go.ke Going wild is now more affordable than before Enjoy the priceless experience!! CITIZEN RESIDENTS NON -RESIDENTS Child/Student Adult Child/Student Adult Adult Child/Student CAMPING KSHS KSHS KSHS KSHS $ $ SPECIAL CAMPSITES Premium parks (Amboseli & Lake Nakuru) 500 250 600 350 50 25 All other parks 250 200 600 350 35 20 PUBLIC CAMPSITES Premium parks (Amboseli & Lake Nakuru) 250 200 600 300 30 25 All other parks 200 150 350 200 20 15 Reservation fees ( Non Refundable) 7,500 Cancellation fees ( Non Refundable) 7,500 * All other parks Scenic & special interest parks: Marsabit, Mwea, Arabuko Sokoke, Ruma, Saiwa Swamp, South Turkana, Sibiloi, Central & South Island, Kakamega, Shimba Hills, Ndere Island & Chyulu National Parks and Reserves. * Camping fees for Mt. Kenya KWS Campsites are payable separately per entry and not per day. Toll free number 0800-597-000 Kenya Wildlife Service @kwskenya customer [email protected] www.kws.go.ke.
Recommended publications
  • Lake Turkana and the Lower Omo the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Account for 50% of Kenya’S Livestock Production (Snyder, 2006)
    Lake Turkana & the Lower Omo: Hydrological Impacts of Major Dam & Irrigation Development REPORT African Studies Centre Sean Avery (BSc., PhD., C.Eng., C. Env.) © Antonella865 | Dreamstime © Antonella865 Consultant’s email: [email protected] Web: www.watres.com LAKE TURKANA & THE LOWER OMO: HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS OF MAJOR DAM & IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENTS CONTENTS – VOLUME I REPORT Chapter Description Page EXECUTIVE(SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................1! 1! INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 12! 1.1! THE(CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................ 12! 1.2! THE(ASSIGNMENT .................................................................................................................................. 14! 1.3! METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................... 15! 2! DEVELOPMENT(PLANNING(IN(THE(OMO(BASIN ......................................................................... 18! 2.1! INTRODUCTION(AND(SUMMARY(OVERVIEW(OF(FINDINGS................................................................... 18! 2.2! OMO?GIBE(BASIN(MASTER(PLAN(STUDY,(DECEMBER(1996..............................................................19! 2.2.1! OMO'GIBE!BASIN!MASTER!PLAN!'!TERMS!OF!REFERENCE...........................................................................19!
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study Report For
    Case Study One Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley 1 By DR. KANYINKE SENA Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley 1 CASE STUDY ONE Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Kenya World Heritage (IIPFWH), as a standing global Lake System in the Great Rift Valley body aimed at representing indigenous peo- ples voices in the World Heritage Committee processes.5 The Committee referred to the establishment of the IIPFWH, “As an impor- tant reflection platform on the involvement of Indigenous Peoples in the identification, conservation and management of World Heritage properties, with a particular focus on the nomination process.” 6 Pursuant to the mandate of the Forum, this report aims at analyzing Indigenous Peoples’ involvement in the Kenya Lakes System in the Great Rift Valley World Heritage Site. The report is as result of extensive literature re- view and interviews with communities in and around the lakes that comprise the Kenya K. Sena: Lake Bogoria Lakes System. The Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Val- ley is a World Heritage site in Kenya which comprises three inter-linked, relatively shal- low, alkaline lakes and their surrounding territories. The lakes system includes Lakes Elementeita, Nakuru and Bogoria in the Rift Valley. The lakes cover a total area of 32,034 and was inscribed as a world heritage site in 2011. The inscription was based on the lakes system outstanding universal values and criterion (vii), (ix) and (x) as provided for, under paragraph 77 of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.
    [Show full text]
  • Omenda Geothermal Heat Sources in East Africa Rift System 2016
    Heat Sources for Geothermal Systems in East African Rift System Peter Omenda Classification by Temperature Volcano hosted Geothermal Systems • Typical model for volcano hosted geothermal system Volcano hosted Geothermal Systems-Menengai • Associated with main rift volcanoes Menengai Geothermal field • Temperatures of > 400oC measured • Shallow magma bodies ~2.3km Geophysical Model across Menengai • Seismics show high velocity under volcano • Common feature of all volcanoes in EARS rift axis MEQ Studies T o B MN15 a Marigat MN13 r in g Coffee o Farm MN12 Bahati ru Majani Mingi ru hu ya 9985000 N To MN14 • Studies revealed that 9980000 Kabarak s s s MN09 Bahati g g g brittle ductile transition MN10 n n n i i i CALDERA Settlement h h h t t t r r r o o o MN11 N N N MN07 To d d d i i i E r r r l MN08 do G G G re zone under Menengai is 9975000 t MN06 Residential Area MN04 at 6km depth T o Nairobi 9970000 NAKURU MN05 MN03URBAN AREA Lake Rongai Nakuru Lake Nakuru Farms National Park MN02 MN01 165000 170000 175000 180000 Grid Eastings (m) NorthWest Ol Rongai Men. Caldera SouthEast 0 -2 ) ) m m K K ( ( h h t t -4 p p e e D D -6 -8 165000 167500 170000 172500 175000 177500 180000 Distance (M) Menengai Stratigraphy • Stratigraphy dominated by trachytes and pyroclastics • Magma body at ~2.3km • Syenitic cap present • Tmax 400oC Menengai stratigraphic Model Tuff layers Trachyte Syenite Magma Menengai Model 200 isotherm 250 isotherm 350 isotherm Magma Olkaria Volcanic Complex • The heat source at Olkaria is associated with – discrete magma chambers that underlie the volcanic centres Main Ethiopian Rift Recent volcano tectonic activity is mainly within the axis.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Mapping of Water-Related Conflicts in the Catchment of Lake Naivasha (Kenya)
    Competition over water resources: analysis and mapping of water-related conflicts in the catchment of Lake Naivasha (Kenya) Carolina Boix Fayos February 2002 Competition over water resources: analysis and mapping of water-related conflicts in the catchment of Lake Naivasha (Kenya) By Carolina Boix Fayos Supervisors: Dr. M.McCall (Social Sciences) Drs. J. Verplanke (Social Sciences) Drs. R. Becht (Water Resources) Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Water Resources and Environmental Management Degree Assessment Board Chairman: Prof. Dr. A.M.J. Meijerink (Water Resources) External examiner: Prof. A. van der Veen (University of Twente) Members: Dr. M.K. McCall (Social Sciences) Drs. J.J. Verplanke (Social Sciences) Drs. R. Becht (Water Resources) INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEOINFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. A mi abuelo Paco (Francisco Fayos Artés) que me enseñó a apreciar la tierra y sus gentes y a disfrutar con la Geografía y la Historia ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The experience of ITC has been very special. I am very grateful to the Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero (Madrid, Spain) who paid the ITC fees and supported me economically during the whole period. I am also very grateful to my supervisors Dr. Mike McCall, Drs.
    [Show full text]
  • Classic Kenya Safari Saint Louis Zoo Travel’S Most Popular Adventure Is Back in 2011 with Some Exciting Changes and Additions
    Classic Kenya Safari Saint Louis Zoo Travel’s most popular adventure is back in 2011 with some exciting changes and additions. Join us for an unforgettable adventure into the ITINERARY heart of Africa. You can expect to see more than 35 types of mammals, enjoy the comfort of world- Classic Kenya Safari renowned lodges and luxury tented camps, and June 5 - 17, 2011 $4,190 per person, double occupancy, experience the beauty of East Africa’s plains. land only. $4,890 per person single occupancy, land only. This trip is a great first-time Lake Nakuru where you can expect to African wildlife safari with visits to see thousands of flamingos and other Airfare is estimated at $2,100. outstanding national parks and water birds, the white rhino, and the reserves. There’s no place on Earth Rothschild’s giraffe. Then spend three > Sunday, June 5 like East Africa for unrivalled wildlife days in the beautiful Masai Mara St. Louis-London viewing, including the chance to see Game Reserve where you should > Monday, June 6 elephants, hippos, cheetahs, giraffes, see lions, elephants, black rhinos London-Nairobi, Kenya rhinos, zebras, lions and much, much and hippos, plus many fine birds. > Tuesday, June 7 more. We visit a number of very special Nairobi to Sweetwaters Private Reserve places during this two-week adventure. We hope that you will join us on this once-in-a-lifetime trip! > Wednesday, June 8 We’ll drive to Sweetwaters Tented Sweetwaters to Samburu National Reserve Camp to see a variety of wildlife Trip Activity Level: This is a very easy including northern species like the trip.
    [Show full text]
  • Kariandusi an Online Guide to the Museum Kariandusi – a Site in Kenya’S Rift Valley
    Kariandusi an online guide to the Museum Kariandusi – a site in Kenya’s Rift Valley Kariandusi was one of the first early archaeological sites to be discovered in East Africa, which is now famed as a cradle of human origins. The sites lie on the eastern side of the Gregory Rift Valley, about 120 km NNW of Nairobi, and about 2 km to the east side of Lake Elmenteita. From Kariandusi you can look across the width of the Rift Valley. The Nakuru- Elmenteita basin is flanked by Menengai volcano on the north, and by the volcanic pile of Mount Eburru on the south – visible from Kariandusi. Much geological evidence shows that at times in the past this basin has been occupied by large lakes, sometimes reaching levels hundreds of metres higher than the present Lakes Nakuru and Elmenteita. Lying at a height of about 1880 m (nearly 6200 ft, the Kariandusi sites would have been near the side of one of these former lakes. Impressive scarps of the Rift wall rise less than one kilometre behind the sites, continuing as the Bahati Escarpment to the north, and the Gilgil Escarpment further south. The scarps behind rise to 2250 m (7400 ft) less than 3 km from the sites. The site area from the North with the Rift Valley scarp In the background Close to the sites the scarps of the Rift Valley wall are dissected by the valley of the Kariandusi River, which has a relatively short course, fed partly by waters from Coles' Hot Springs, only 2 km from the sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Sibiloi National Park
    CAMPING Public campsites: Turkana Campsite (latrines only-no water) and Koobi Fora Campsite (latrines only- no water) Sunset Strip Camp: this popular campsite at Loiyangalani offers a communal dining area, water, showers and lavatories. Contact: Tel (Nairobi) +254 (O)20 891348· Email: [email protected] WHAT TO TAKE WITH YOU: Allsupplies: especially fuel (the last fuel stations are in Marsabit or Maralal), food and water. Also useful are: camping equipment, breakdown equipment and medical kit as well as a camera, binoculars, hat, sunglasses and guidebooks PLEASE RESPECTTHE WILDLIFE CODE Respect the privacy of the wildlife, this is their habitat. Beware of the animals, they are wild and can be unpredictable. Don't crowd the animals or make sudden noises or movements. Don't feed the animals, it upsets their diet and leads to human dependence. Keep quiet, noise disturbs the wildlife and may antagonize your fellow visitors. Stay in your vehicle at all times, except at designated picnic or walking areas. Keep below the maximum speed limit (40kph/25mph). Never drive off-road, this severely damages the habitat. When viewing wildlife keep to a minimum distance of 20 meters and pull to the side of the road so as to allow others to pass. KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE PARKS AND RESERVES Leave no litter and never leave fires unattended or discard burning objects. • ABERDARE NATIONAL PARK. AMBOSEU NATIONAL PARK. ARABUKO SOKOKE NATIONAL RESERVE. Respect the cultural heritage of Kenya, never take pictures of the local people or their • CENTRAL" SOUTHERN ISLAND NATIONAL PARK. CHYULU HILLS NATIONAL PARK • habitat without asking their permission, respect the cultural traditions of Kenya and • HELLS CATE NATIONAL PARK.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology Natvasha Area
    Report No. 55 GOVERNMENT OF KENYA* MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENYA GEOLOGY OF THE NATVASHA AREA EXPLANATION OF DEGREE SHEET 43 S.W. (with coloured geological map) by A. O. THOMPSON M.Sc. and R. G. DODSON M.Sc. Geologists Fifteen Shillings - 1963 Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact soil.isric(a>wur.nl indicating the item reference number concerned. ISRIC LIBRARY ü£. 6Va^ [ GEOLOGY Wageningen, The Netherlands | OF THE EXPLANATION OF DEGREE SHEET 43 S.W. (with coloured geological map) by A. O. THOMPSON M.Sc. and R. G. DODSON M.Sc. Geologists FOREWORD Previous to the undertaking of modern geological surveys the Naivasha area, in the south-central part of Kenya Rift Valley, was probably the best known part of the Colony from the geological point of view. This resulted partly from ease of access, as from the earliest days the area was crossed by commonly used routes of com­ munication, and partly from the presence of lakes, which in Pleistocene times were much larger and made the country an ideal habitat for Prehistoric Man and animals that have left their traces behind them in the beds that were then deposited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effectiveness and Public Acceptance of Wildlife
    ASSESSING THE ROLE OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE IN CONSERVATION AREAS IN KENYA MARGARET WACHU GICHUHI DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Environmental Management) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015 0 Assessing the Role of Wildlife Management and Governance in Conservation Areas in Kenya Margaret Wachu Gichuhi A Thesis submitted in fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Management in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2015 1 ii DEDICATION This research is dedicated to my parents the late Hezron Kihoro Kuria and Hannah Wambui Kihoro for believing in empowering their children with education. To Elvis Gichuhi, may God fulfill your purpose in this world, Juliet Wambui, Nelly Wambui, Lynette Wanjiru and Chelsea Njeri may you all attain the best in life. To the Environment, “Who has access to environmental resources and who benefits, who bears the cost of environmental depletion and degradation, what is the impact of resource depletion on the economy and livelihoods, and where could we restore ecosystems and create economic opportunities among others” (UNEP, 2009). iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to my supervisors; Prof. Joseph Keriko and Dr. John Bosco Mukundi for their insightful and dedicated assistance and contribution to the completion of this research. I appreciate my research assistants in the five conservation areas; Sarah Mwikali Mukula, Pity Darvin of Nanyuki and Evelyn Silali of Lake Nakuru National Park. The following personnel were of great assistance with the relevant information; Stephen Nyaori (Malewa Conservancy), Charles Muthui (Soysambu Conservancy), Paul Leringato (Ol Pejeta Conservancy) and Kuntai Karmushu (Il Ngwesi conservancy). Others were Ali (Mwalughanje Elephant Sanctuary), Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Day - 1 Lake Naivasha
    Roundtrips Itinerary Happy Valley Tour There is a place in Africa where the wound of a great rupture promises abundant life in its healing. It is a place of brooding mountains, of great plains and whispering lakes - a place that attracts a diversity of life to its wonders - and it was once believed to be the birthplace of mankind. Eight lakes make up the Kenya Rift Valley Lake system, two of which are freshwater and the rest alkaline. The large flocks of flamingoes for which the Kenyan lakes have become famous are found on the alkaline soda lakes feeding on tiny crustaceans Hike to "Sleeping Warrior" Enjoy the "Happy Valley" sundowner Game drive at Lake Nakuru Nationalpark Observe flamingos at Lake Bogoria Day - 1 Lake Naivasha Lake Naivasha (L, D) In the morning you will drive to Naivasha, the 2nd Rift Valley Lake on your tour, where you will be taken to Crescent Island. The tour usually takes 2 hours and you can explore both the lake and the island with all the birds and animals. Once you arrive at the island, you will meet the guide near the pier. Your guide will show you the best animals: giraffes, hippos, Grant's gazelles, the fox and maybe even the rare pythons. After your time on the island, return by boat to the mainland from where your guide will drive you further into the Rift Valley arriving at your lodge for lunch. Afternoon enjoy a relaxed stay with possibilities of an evening stroll within the lodge groundsDinner and overnight at Jacaranda Lake Elementaita Lodge.
    [Show full text]
  • Overarching Problem
    Identifying the Problem To many people the image of a flamingo may bring to mind thoughts of paradise. A flamingo spends much of its time wading and dipping its bill in an inverted motion into the algae-rich water. Its bill serves as a filter to capture its primary food source, a blue-green algae. A flamingo prefers to spend its time in this manner and can be stressed by other activities such as flying and swimming (Vick, 2000). About 80 percent of the world’s flamingos reside in the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa (Vick, 2000). Roughly 1 million of these rift valley flamingos reside at Lake Nakuru located in Nakuru National Park in Kenya. Figure 1. A lone flamingo at Lake Nakuru (left)1; a large group of flamingos at Lake Nakuru (middle)1; and a map of Lake Nakuru National Park and surrounding area (right)2. Lake Nakuru can appear ensconced in pink when occupied by lesser flamingos (phoeniconiais minor) stopping to feed during their annual migrations through Kenya. Hundreds of thousands of tourists come every year from throughout the world to see the spectacular views as shown above. Lake Nakuru is an alkaline (pH = 10.5) salt lake that provides an ideal environment for the growth of arthospira fusiformis and spirulina platensis, the types of cyanobacteria consumed by the flamingos. Volcanic activity in the area supports Nakuru and other “soda lakes”, named for their high levels of carbonate and bicarbonate. The Lake Nakuru catchment basin is a “closed system”. Five seasonal rivers flow into it, but there is no exit stream and the water loss is only due to evaporation.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Nakuru Flamingoes
    www.saltworkconsultants.com Salty MattersJohn Warren - Friday, May 23, 2016 Lake Nakuru flamingoes– Life’s response to feast and famine in schizohaline lacus- trine hydrologies The Flamingo Connection Nakuru, leaving enough pink carcases to spur an interna- tional newspaper to describe the lake as a “flamingo death An aviator once described Lake Nakuru as “a crucible of camp.” Two years prior, 43,800 of the birds had perished pink and crimson fire,” with a million flamingos painting at Tanzania’s Lake Manyara, the first major die-off docu- an astonishing band of colour that burst into pieces as the mented at that alkaline, soda-rich lake. Previous mass die- birds took flight (Figure 1). offs occurred at Lake Nakuru and two other Kenyan lakes Flamingo population levels in Lake Nakuru and any mass in 1993, 1995, and 1997, as well as at two lakes in Tanzania “die-offs” are popularly considered as indicators of the en- in 2002. At the same time, birds were gathering in places vironmental health of Nakuru and other lakes in the Af- they have never been documented before. Since 2006 there rican rift valley with significant flamingo populations. In have been additional population crashes at Nakuru and El- 2006, more than 30,000 of the birds were found dead at mentia (Table 1). Figure 1. Flamingo ock feeding on the edge of Lake Nakuru (full-size image can be downloaded from http://www.yannarthusber- trand2.org) Page 1 www.saltworkconsultants.com Date of crash Lake Reference where these birds dominate the macrofauna in 1971 Elmenteita Melack and Kilham 1974 some modern saline lakes, are described by Scott 1973 Nakuru Vareschi et al.
    [Show full text]