Acknowledgments

This monograph was developed by the National Cancer Institute under the general direction of Stephen E. Marcus, Monograph Series Editor, and Senior Scientifi c Editor Gary E. Swan, along with Scientifi c Editors Timothy B. Baker, Laurie Chassin, David V. Conti, Caryn Lerman, and Kenneth A. Perkins.

Monograph Series Editor David V. Conti, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Stephen E. Marcus, Ph.D. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute Epidemiologist Keck School of Medicine Tobacco Control Research Branch, Department of Preventive Medicine Behavioral Research Program Division of Biostatistics Division of Cancer Control and Population University of Southern California Sciences Los Angeles, CA National Cancer Institute Caryn Lerman, Ph.D. National Institutes of Health Mary W. Calkins Professor Bethesda, MD Department of Psychiatry and Annenberg Public Policy Center Senior Scientifi c Editor Deputy Director, Abramson Cancer Center University of Pennsylvania Gary E. Swan, Ph.D. Philadelphia, PA Director Kenneth A. Perkins, Ph.D. Center for Health Sciences Professor of Psychiatry SRI International University of Pittsburgh Menlo Park, CA Pittsburgh, PA Scientifi c Editors Authors Timothy B. Baker, Ph.D. Janet Audrain-McGovern, Ph.D. Professor Associate Professor Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention Department of Psychiatry Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Public Health Philadelphia, PA University of Wisconsin Madison, WI Erik Augustson, Ph.D., M.P.H. Tobacco Control Research Branch Laurie Chassin, Ph.D. Behavioral Research Program Regents Professor of Psychology National Cancer Institute Department of Psychology Rockville, MD Arizona State University Tempe, AZ

xv Acknowledgments

Timothy B. Baker, Ph.D. David V. Conti, Ph.D. Professor Assistant Professor Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute Department of Medicine Keck School of Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Preventive Medicine University of Wisconsin Division of Biostatistics Madison, WI University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA Andrew W. Bergen, Ph.D. Director, Molecular Genetics Program Patrick J. Curran, Ph.D. Center for Health Sciences Professor SRI International Department of Psychology Menlo Park, CA The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Neal L. Benowitz, Ph.D. Chapel Hill, NC Professor of Medicine, Psychiatry and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Stephen E. Gilman, Sc.D. Chief, Clinical Pharmacology Assistant Professor University of California, San Francisco Department of Society, Human San Francisco, CA Development, and Health Department of Epidemiology Laura Jean Bierut, M.D. Harvard School of Public Health Professor of Psychiatry Boston, MA Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO Thomas J. Gould, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology Avshalom Caspi, Ph.D. Center for Substance Abuse Research Professor Director of the Brain, Behavior, and Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience Cognition Area of Psychology and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, and Temple University Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy Philadelphia, PA Duke University Durham, NC Kristina M. Jackson, Ph.D. and Associate Professor (Research) Social, Genetic, and Developmental Department of Community Health Psychiatry Research Centre Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies Institute of Psychiatry Brown University King’s College London Providence, RI England Jaakko Kaprio, M.D., Ph.D. Laurie Chassin, Ph.D. Department of Public Health Regents Professor of Psychology Faculty of Medicine Department of Psychology University of Helsinki Arizona State University and Tempe, AZ Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research National Public Health INsttute Helsinki, Finland

xvi Monograph 20. Phenotypes and Endophenotypes

Caryn Lerman, Ph.D. Joel T. Nigg, Ph.D. Professor Professor Department of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Oregon Health & Sciences University Tobacco Use Research Centers Portland, OR Philadelphia, PA Kenneth A. Perkins, Ph.D. Christina N. Lessov-Schlaggar, Ph.D. Professor of Psychiatry Genetic Epidemiologist University of Pittsburgh SRI International Pittsburgh, PA Menlo Park, CA Clark C. Presson, Ph.D. Juan Pablo Lewinger, Ph.D. Professor Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Department of Preventive Medicine Arizona State University University of Southern California Tempe, AZ Los Angeles, CA Richard Rende, Ph.D. Hermine H. Maes, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Associate Professor Human Behavior Department of Human and Molecular The Warren Alpert Medical School of Genetics and Massey Cancer Center Brown University Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Research Psychologist Behavioral Genetics Transdisciplinary Research Group Virginia Commonwealth University Butler Hospital Richmond, VA Providence, RI Terrie E. Moffi tt, Ph.D. Scott W. Rogers, Ph.D. Professor Professor Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience Neurobiology & Anatomy and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, and University of Utah Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy Salt Lake City, UT Duke University Richard J. Rose, Ph.D. Durham, NC Professor Emeritus and Department of Psychological and Brain Social, Genetic, and Developmental Sciences Psychiatry Research Centre Indiana University Institute of Psychiatry Bloomington, IN King’s College London England Kenneth J. Sher, Ph.D. Curators’ Professor of Psychological Michael C. Neale, Ph.D. Sciences Professor University of Missouri-Columbia Departments of Psychiatry and Columbia, MO Human Genetics Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Steven J. Sherman, Ph.D. Behavioral Genetics Professor Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Psychological and Richmond, VA Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington, IN

xvii Acknowledgments

Alexandra E. Shields, Ph.D. R. J. Wirth, Ph.D. Director Statistician Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, FPG Child Development Institute Vulnerable Populations & Health The University of North Carolina at Disparities Chapel Hill Boston, MA Chapel Hill, NC Cheryl Slomkowski, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Reviewers Psychiatry and Human Behavior Brown University Medical School Rebecca Ashare Providence, RI Doctoral Candidate Department of Psychology Gary E. Swan, Ph.D. University at Buffao, SUNY Director Buffalo, NY Center for Health Sciences SRI International David Balfour, Ph.D. Menlo Park, CA Professor of Behavioural Pharmacology Psychiatry Sectrion, Centre for Paul D. Thomas, Ph.D. Neuroscience Evolutionary Systems Biology Group College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing Artificial Intelligence Center University of Dundee SRI International Dundee, United Kingdom Menlo Park, CA Neal L. Benowitz, Ph.D. Rachel F. Tyndale, M.Sc., Ph.D. Professor of Medicine, Psychiatry and Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenetics Biopharmaceutical Sciences Section Head Pharmacogenetics Chief, Clinical Pharmacology Centre for Addiction and Mental Health University of California, San Francisco Professor San Francisco, CA Department of Pharmacology University of Toronto Lisa Bero, Ph.D. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Professor Department of Clinical Pharmacy Michael Vanyukov, Ph.D. School of Pharmacy and Institute for Health Associate Professor Policy Studies Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine Human Genetics, and Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco University of Pittsburgh San Francisco, CA Pittsburgh, PA Daniel M. Bolt, Ph.D. Kay Wanke, Ph.D., M.P.H. Professor Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences School of Education Research Department of Educational Psychology Office of the Director University of Wisconsin National Institutes of Health Madison, WI Bethesda, MD Dorret Boomsma, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Biological Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands xviii Monograph 20. Phenotypes and Endophenotypes

Naomi Breslau, Ph.D. David J. Drobes, Ph.D. Professor Professor, Oncologic Sciences & Psychology Department of Epidemiology University of South Florida Michigan State University Senior Member, Tobacco Research and East Lansing, MI Intervention Program Moffitt Cancer Center Nilanjan Chatterjee, Ph.D. Tampa, FL Senior Investigator Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Phyllis Ellickson, Ph.D. Genetics Senior Behavioral Scientist National Cancer Institute RAND Rockville, MD Santa Monica, CA Ralph J. Coates, Ph.D. Stanton Glantz, Ph.D. Associate Director for Science Professor of Medicine National Center for Public Health Genomics American Legacy Foundation Distinguished Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Professor in Tobacco Control Atlanta, GA Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology Kevin P. Conway, Ph.D. University of California, San Francisco Deputy Director San Francisco, CA Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research George J. Hammons, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse Professor and Chair Bethesda, MD Department of Chemistry Philander Smith College K. Michael Cummings, Ph.D, M.P.H. Little Rock, AR Department of Health Behavior Division of Cancer Prevention and Larry W. Hawk, Ph.D. Population Sciences Associate Professor Roswell Park Cancer Institute Department of Psychology Buffalo, NY The University of Buffalo, SUNY Buffalo, NY Lisa C. Dierker, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D. Department of Psychology Director Wesleyan University Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Middletown, CT Behavioral Genetics Rachel Brown Banks Distinguished Joseph DiFranza, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry Professor Medical College of Virginia Department of Family Medicine and Virginia Commonwealth University Community Health Richmond, VA University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D. Professor of Medicine Conor Dolan, Ph.D. Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry Department of Psychology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine University of Amsterdam Rochester, MN Amsterdam, Netherlands

xix Acknowledgments

Pamela Madden, Ph.D. Mark Parascandola, Ph.D., M.P.H. Associate Professor in Psychiatry Epidemiologist Washington University in St. Louis Tobacco Control Research Branch Department of Psychiatry National Cancer Institute Washington University School of Medicine National Institutes of Health St. Louis, MO Rockville, MD Athina Markou, Ph.D. Ovide Pomerieau, Ph.D. Professor Professor Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI University of California, San Diego Soo Hyun Rhee, Ph.D. La Jolla, CA Assistant Professor Michael J. Marks, Ph.D. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado University of Colorado Institute for Behavioral Genetics Boulder, CO Boulder, CO Jed E. Rose, Ph.D. Colleen M. McBride Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Chief & Senior Investigator Behavioral Sciences National Human Genome Research Institute Director, Center for Nicotine and Smoking National Institutes of Health Cessation Research Bethesda, MD Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC Paras Mehta, Ph.D. Associate Professor Nancy L. Saccone, Ph.D. University of Houston Assistant Professor of Genetics Department of Psychology Department of Genetics Houston, TX Division of Human Genetics Washington University in St. Louis Robin J. Mermelstein, Ph.D. St. Louis, MO Director, Institute for Health Research John Schulenberg, Ph.D. and Policy Professor, Psychology Department Professor of Psychology Clinical Professor, Community Health Research Professor, Institute for Social Sciences Research and Center for Human Growth University of Illinois at Chicago and Development Chicago, IL University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Marcus Munafo, Ph.D. Alexandra E. Shields, Ph.D. Reader in Biological Psychology Director Department of Experimental Psychology Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, University of Bristol Vulnerable Populations & Health Bristol, United Kingdom Disparities Joel T. Nigg, Ph.D. Boston, MA Professor Saul Shiffman, Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry Professor of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Oregon Health & Sciences University Pharmacology Portland, OR University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA xx Monograph 20. Phenotypes and Endophenotypes

Wendy Slutske, Ph.D. Robert West, Ph.D. Professor Professor of Health Psychology and Director University of Missouri-Columbia of Tobacco Studies Department of Psychological Sciences Department of Epidemiology and Columbia, MO Public Health Health Behaviour Research Centre Mariana C. Stern University College London Assistant Professor London, England Preventive Medicine (Division of Epidemiology) Helene R. White, Ph.D. Keck School of Medicine Professor University of Southern California/Norris Center of Alcohol Studies Comprehensive Cancer Center Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Los Angeles, CA Piscataway, NJ Duncan C. Thomas, Ph.D. Michael Windle, Ph.D. Professor, Co-Director Biostatistics Division Chair, Rollins Professor Preventive Medicine Department of Behavioral Sciences and Division of Biostatistics Health Education Keck School of Medicine Rollins School of Public Health University of Southern California Atlanta, GA Los Angeles, CA John Witte, Ph.D., M.S. Rachel F. Tyndale, M.Sc., Ph.D. Professor and Associate Director Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenetics Epidemiology/Biostatistics & Institute for Section Head Pharmacogenetics Human Genetics Centre for Addiction and Mental Health University of California, San Francisco Professor San Francisco, CA Department of Pharmacology University of Toronto The editors would like to acknowledge the Toronto, Ontario, Canada publication support services provided for this monograph: Cornelia Ulrich, Ph.D. Member American Institutes for Research Cancer Prevention Program Margot Raphael, Project Director and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Managing Editor Seattle, WA Allan R. Clyde, Editor Jennifer B. Unger, Ph.D. Bethany Meissner, Project Assistant Professor of Community and Global Health Matthew Mowczko, Publication Production Claremont Graduate University Cygnus Corporation Claremont, CA Jennifer Bishop, Publications Manager Michael Vanyukov, Ph.D. Patricia Spellman, Copyeditor Associate Professor Mary Bedford, Proofreader Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Human Genetics, and Psychiatry Preparation of this monograph was supported University of Pittsburgh by the American Institutes for Research Pittsburgh, PA under Contract No. N02-PC-25041 to the National Cancer Institute.

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