DOCSLIB.ORG

Using Hierarchical Measures of Psychopathology to Capture the Effects of Environmental Stressors and Gene-Environment Interplay

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Using Hierarchical Measures of Psychopathology to Capture the Effects of Environmental Stressors and Gene-Environment Interplay GxE = ‘p’? Using Hierarchical Measures of Psychopathology to Capture the Effects of Environmental Stressors and Gene-Environment Interplay by Jonathan D. Schaefer Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Terrie Moffitt, Supervisor ___________________________ Avshalom Caspi, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Margaret Sheridan ___________________________ William Copeland ___________________________ Timothy Strauman Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology & Neuroscience in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT GxE = ‘p’? Using Hierarchical Measures of Psychopathology to Capture the Effects of Environmental Stressors and Gene-Environment Interplay by Jonathan D. Schaefer Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Terrie Moffitt, Supervisor ___________________________ Avshalom Caspi, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Margaret Sheridan ___________________________ William Copeland ___________________________ Timothy Strauman An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology & Neuroscience in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Jonathan D. Schaefer 2019 Abstract Exposure to psychosocial stress is a robust predictor of subsequent psychopathology. However, only a portion of individuals with these experiences will develop psychiatric symptoms. The concept of gene-environment interaction (GxE) has provided one theoretical framework for reconciling these observations, but the empirical findings from this literature are mixed and often fail to replicate across studies. This dissertation explores the use of a relatively new approach to measuring the mental-health effects of environmental stress (the “p-factor”), and examines whether this approach has the potential to advance and consolidate studies of gene-environment interaction and psychopathology. First, I present lifetime prevalence data from The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study indicating that mental disorder is near- ubiquitous, consistent with the notion that liability to these conditions is distributed quantitatively throughout the population. Second, I present analyses from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study showing that the mental-health effects of victimization exposure (one of the most common and severe types of psychosocial stress) are both non-specific and likely causal. These data suggest that stressful life experiences increase risk of psychopathology largely through effects on general liability. Third, I examine whether victimization’s effects on general psychopathology vary as a function of multiple measures of genetic propensity. Results consistently indicate that they do not, suggesting minimal gene-environment interaction. Implications for future research that seeks to identify the genetic and non-genetic factors that determine vulnerability and resilience to the mental-health effects of environmental stress are discussed. iv Dedication Dedicated to the memory of Daniel Colby Weston—cadet, comedian, and friend. “I used to get a big kick out of saving people’s lives. Now I wonder what the hell’s the point, since they all have to die anyway.” “Oh, there’s a point, all right,” Dunbar assured him. “Is there? What’s the point?” “The point is to keep them from dying as long as you can.” - Joseph Heller, “Catch-22” v Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1. General Introduction .................................................................................... 1 1.1 The many “Gs” in “GxE” research: from family history to candidate genes to cumulative genetic risk measures ....................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Family history approaches ........................................................................ 3 1.1.2 Candidate gene approaches ...................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Genome-wide approaches ......................................................................... 7 1.1.4 Latent genetic propensity approaches ................................................... 11 1.2 Embracing “p”: The case for a transdiagnostic, continuous psychiatric phenotype.................................................................................................................. 13 1.2.1 Dimensionality .......................................................................................... 15 1.2.2 Comorbidity ............................................................................................... 17 1.2.3 Genetic overlap .......................................................................................... 18 1.2.4 Non-specific environmental effects ........................................................ 23 1.2.5 Predictive power ....................................................................................... 27 1.3 Criticisms of the p-factor ................................................................................... 28 1.3.1 The interpretation of latent factors in hierarchical models of “p” are unclear ................................................................................................................. 29 1.3.2 The meaning of “p” likely differs depending on the underlying indicators used ................................................................................................... 30 vi 1.3.3 Fit statistics are biased in favor of the bi-factor model ........................ 32 1.4 Specific study objectives ................................................................................... 34 Chapter 2. Enduring Mental Health: Prevalence and Prediction .......................... 37 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 38 2.1.1 A qualitative review of the prevalence of not having a mental disorder................................................................................................................ 40 2.1.2 Empirical study of individuals with enduring mental health ............ 43 2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................... 44 2.2.1 Sample ........................................................................................................ 44 2.2.2 Assessment of mental disorders ............................................................. 45 2.2.3 Candidate childhood predictors ............................................................. 46 2.2.4 Midlife outcomes ....................................................................................... 47 2.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 48 2.3.1 Defining mental-health histories over the first half of the life course 48 2.3.2 Informant reports: To what extent do they confirm the enduring mental health of never-diagnosed Study members? .................................... 50 2.3.3 What distinguishes Study members who experienced enduring mental health from those who experienced “typical” mental health histories? .............................................................................................................. 51 2.3.4 Is enduring mental health associated with more desirable life outcomes (i.e. greater educational and occupational attainment, increased life satisfaction, and higher-quality relationships)? ...................................... 54 2.4. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 54 2.4.1 Limitations ................................................................................................. 58 2.4.2 Implications and future directions ......................................................... 59 vii 2.4.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 61 Chapter 3. Adolescent Victimization and Early-Adult Psychopathology: Approaching Causal Inference Using a Longitudinal Twin Study to Rule out Non-Causal Explanations ............................................................................................. 78 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 79 3.2 Methods ............................................................................................................... 85 3.2.1 Study sample ............................................................................................. 85 3.2.2 Measures..................................................................................................... 86 3.2.2.1 Assessment of victimization exposure .........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PDF of Full Article
    Research JAMA Pediatrics | Original Investigation Population vs Individual Prediction of Poor Health From Results of Adverse Childhood Experiences Screening Jessie R. Baldwin, PhD; Avshalom Caspi, PhD; Alan J. Meehan, PhD; Antony Ambler, MSc; Louise Arseneault, PhD; Helen L. Fisher, PhD; HonaLee Harrington, BA; Timothy Matthews, PhD; Candice L. Odgers, PhD; Richie Poulton, PhD; Sandhya Ramrakha, PhD; Terrie E. Moffitt, PhD; Andrea Danese, MD, PhD Supplemental content IMPORTANCE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are well-established risk factors for health problems in a population. However, it is not known whether screening for ACEs can accurately identify individuals who develop later health problems. OBJECTIVE To test the predictive accuracy of ACE screening for later health problems. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study comprised 2 birth cohorts: the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study observed 2232 participants born during the period from 1994 to 1995 until they were aged 18 years (2012-2014); the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study observed 1037 participants born during the period from 1972 to 1973 until they were aged 45 years (2017-2019). Statistical analysis was performed from May 28, 2018, to July 29, 2020. EXPOSURES ACEs were measured prospectively in childhood through repeated interviews and observations in both cohorts. ACEs were also measured retrospectively in the Dunedin cohort through interviews at 38 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Health outcomes were assessed at 18 years in E-Risk and at 45 years in the Dunedin cohort. Mental health problems were assessed through clinical interviews using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Physical health problems were assessed through interviews, anthropometric measurements, and blood collection.
    [Show full text]
  • May 4 2020 Newsletter, Travel Plans Edition. Dear Grey
    1 | P a g e May 4 2020 newsletter, travel plans edition. Dear Grey House team and esteemed colleagues, 61 days into our team-building adventure. We’re way past the stages of “oh boy, working from home!”, “horrors, working from home!”, “stimulation through cooking”, “what’s in my backyard?”, and even the stage of “stay-at-home DIY projects”. I got the sense this week that many team members are feeling a little bit ground down, and quite tired. Levity is becoming a bit less spontaneous. In normal times, we’d say we need a vacation! Perhaps the reality is starting to sink in about our cancelled summer trips. This newsletter shares our photos of “If I could go somewhere, where would it be?” As you can see below, we are not alone. Everyone has put their aspirations for a trip on hold. In the USA, the chart below shows, online searches for hotels are down 60% for a 2021 arrival at long-distance international destinations, and down even 30% for hotels in the USA not far from home. That’s an improvement over the down-100% levels for this summer; nobody is anticipating kipping in a delightful hotel before September 2020. 2 | P a g e Meanwhile, I will share news now and then to keep us all on the same page, approximately weekly-ish. Here is the all the news I have that’s fit to print since 27 April: FIRST, THE HAPPY NEWS! Dr. Stephanie Langevin from Universite’ de Montreal has been awarded a two-year FRQSC postdoctoral fellowship to join our Grey House team in September! Exactly how Stephanie will join is yet to be worked out.
    [Show full text]
  • We Are Now 463 Days Into Our Team- Building Exercise, and I Think We Are Nearly Finished with It
    1 | P a g e Hello darling Grey House team members and discerning quaran-teammates! We are now 463 days into our team- building exercise, and I think we are nearly finished with it. I started this newsletter in March 2020, to keep everyone in touch since we could not see each other at Grey House, or by travelling to share cocktails together, and erm….work together. But this week, dear old Grey House hosted me, Avshalom, Honalee, Line, Kyle, Stephanie, Jasmin, and Dina. So the office is all go again, or almost. And now, Avshalom and I are travelling, actually fair dinkum going inside a real-life airplane and flying overnight, clean to Israel. SOOOOOOOO….. LIBERATING! This will be another mini-newsletter, due to the fact that we just found out that our Israel trip is on, and it’s tomorrow morning! Gotta run and pack. Calendar of upcoming Grey House events: June: 4: Honalee’s birthday, Avshalom and Temi fly to Israel 11: Susan goes on a 2-week vacation, back at work 28 June 14: Jasmin’s birthday, 25: Aaron’s birthday 30: Neuroimaging renewal and DunedinPoAm4x applications both due at NIA 2 | P a g e July: 13: Aaron and Jessalee move to South Carolina 16: Temi and Avshalom back at work in North Carolina If you have events coming up, and would like to share them, do let me know. Temi TEAM MEETING SCHEDULE, SUMMER 2021 Tuesdays 9am-6pm, Farm Meetings with those who want to zoom 9:00-10:00 10:30-11:30 Renate zoom 12:00-1:00 Genomics group with David and Av zoom 1:00-2:00 Ben and Karen zoom 2:00-3:00 Maria and Ahmad zoom 3:00-4:00 Susan zoom 4:00-5:00 Leah, Barry, Steph D’S.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Idan Shalev, PhD March 2017 Address: Phone (office): (001) 814-865-5764 219 Biobehavioral Health Building Mobile: (001) 919-475-3166 The Pennsylvania State University Fax: (001) 814-863-7525 University Park, PA 16802, USA Email: [email protected] Office: 223 Biobehavioral Health Building Academic Positions: 2014-present: Pennsylvania State University Assistant Professor – Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. Education 2011-2013: Duke University Postdoctoral Associate – Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Advisors: Profs. Terrie Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi 2011: National University of Singapore Research Associate – Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 2007-2010: Hebrew University PhD degree – Department of Neurobiology, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. Advisor: Prof. Richard Ebstein 2005-2007: Hebrew University MSc degree (magna cum laude) – Department of Brain and Behavior, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel. Advisor: Prof. Richard Ebstein 2000 -2004: Ben-Gurion University BSc degree – Department of Biology, Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. 1 Membership in Professional Societies 2006- 2011: Israel Society for Biological Psychiatry 2006- 2011: Israel Society for Neuroscience 2010- 2015: Associate Member- European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) 2015- present: Association for Psychological Science (APS). Editorial Duties 2013: Guest
    [Show full text]
  • Tanksley, J.C
    Identifying psychological pathways to polyvictimization: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study of twins from the UK Peter T. Tanksley, J.C. Barnes, Brian B. Boutwell, Louise Arseneault, Avshalom Caspi, Andrea Danese, Helen L. Fisher, et al. Journal of Experimental Criminology ISSN 1573-3750 J Exp Criminol DOI 10.1007/s11292-020-09422-1 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Nature B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Journal of Experimental Criminology https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09422-1 Identifying psychological pathways to polyvictimization: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study of twins from the UK Peter T. Tanksley1 & J.C. Barnes1 & Brian B. Boutwell2,3 & Louise Arseneault4 & Avshalom Caspi4,5,6,7 & Andrea Danese4,8 & Helen L. Fisher4 & Terrie E. Moffitt4,5,6,7 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract Objectives Examine the extent to which cognitive/psychological characteristics predict later polyvictimization. We employ a twin-based design that allows us to test the social neurocriminology hypothesis that environmental factors influence brain-based charac- teristics and influence behaviors like victimization.
    [Show full text]
  • Avshalom Caspi [email protected] [email protected]
    Avshalom Caspi [email protected] [email protected] My research spans the fields of psychology, epidemiology, and genetics. My current work is concerned with three broad questions: (1) How do genetic differences between people shape the way they respond to their environments? (2) How do childhood experiences shape the course of health inequalities across the life span? (3) What are the best ways to assess and measure personality differences between people? Date of Birth: May 5, 1960 Jerusalem, Israel Education: Ph.D. Cornell University, 1986 M.A. Cornell University, 1983 B.A. University of California at Santa Cruz, 1981 Current Positions: Edward M. Arnett Professor of Psychology & Neuroscience Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Professor of Personality Development MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, England Research Interests: Behavioral genetics Life-span developmental psychology Mental health Personality assessment Health psychology Longitudinal methodology Personal Interests: Traveling; cooking; photography; hiking; farming Bibliometrics: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7iOXJVoAAAAJ&hl=en POSITIONS HELD 2012- Senior Fellow, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke Medical Center 2010 Schonbrunn Visiting Professor, Hebrew University, Israel 1995-2007 Faculty member, NSF National Consortium
    [Show full text]
  • May 18, 2020 Newsletter
    1 | P a g e May 18, 2020 newsletter. Dear Grey House team and esteemed colleagues, 75 days into this very strange team-building adventure. The successive stages of our adjustment have been tracked in this newsletter. A couple of newsletters back, I threatened to ask everyone to send pics of their hair, since many of us are moaning about not being able to get to the salon of our choice. And we seriously considered organizing a team caravan down to Georgia because they have opened barbershops and salons (and tattoo parlors). The chart below shows, once again, we are not alone. Solidarity rules. As covid-19 has forced barber shops and salons around the world to close, Google search data show the pandemic has caused a global surge in DIY haircare. Self- clipper buzzcuts have seen the biggest increase. Self-perms are out, thank goodness! My lovely sister-in-law Carolyn gave me a buzzcut, the same cut she gives my brother and my dad. At the end, she said, Well, my macular degeneration has progressed further than I thought. Hmmmmmm……. This week’s theme: WHAT WOULD MOM DO? While we are thinking about solidarity, and in the week following Mother’s Day in the USA, this week’s theme is kindness, nurturing, helping, reaching out. The end of this newsletter will present your own photos of kindnesses received or given. 2 | P a g e But first, our first-ever Grey House Goose-naming Competition! Ben and Karen have become nurturing parents to 4 young geese, and they invite team members to name them.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Caspi
    Avshalom Caspi August 10 1 Avshalom Caspi [email protected] [email protected] My research spans the fields of psychology, epidemiology, and genetics. My current work is concerned with three broad questions: 1) How do genetic differences between people shape the way they respond to their environments? (2) How do childhood experiences shape the course of health inequalities across the life span? (3) What are the best ways to assess and measure personality differences between people? Date of Birth: May 5, 1960 Jerusalem, Israel Education: Ph.D. Cornell University, 1986 M.A. Cornell University, 1983 B.A. University of California at Santa Cruz, 1981 Current Positions: Edward M. Arnett Professor of Psychology & Neuroscience Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Professor of Personality Development MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, England Research Interests: Behavioural genetics Life-span developmental psychology Children’s mental health Personality assessment Health psychology Longitudinal methodology Personal Interests: Traveling; cooking; photography; playing basketball; hiking; farming Bibliometrics: Times cited=14,450, Average citations per item=66, H-index =65 January 2010, ISI Web of Science Avshalom Caspi August 10 2 POSITIONS HELD 1995-2007 Faculty member, NSF National Consortium on Violence Research, Carnegie-Mellon
    [Show full text]
  • Glen H. Elder, Jr
    January 16, 2018 Curriculum Vitae of Glen H. Elder, Jr. CONTACT INFO Carolina Population Center Phone: 919-962-4264 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Fax: 919-962-3499 123 Carolina Square, Suite 210 West Franklin St. Email: [email protected] Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524 http://elder.web.unc.edu CURRENT POSITIONS 2007- Howard W. Odum Distinguished Research Professor of Sociology, UNC–Chapel Hill 2007- Research Professor of Psychology, UNC–Chapel Hill 1984- Fellow, Carolina Population Center, UNC–Chapel Hill PREVIOUS EMPLOYMENT 1984-2007 Howard W. Odum Distinguished Professor of Sociology, UNC–CH 1986-2007 Research Professor of Psychology, UNC–CH 1979-1984 Professor of Human Development, Cornell University 1971-1977 Professor of Sociology, UNC–CH 1967-1971 Associate Professor of Sociology, UNC–CH 1965-1967 Research Sociologist, Institute of Human Development, University of California–Berkeley 1962-1965 Assistant Professor of Sociology and Assistant Research Sociologist, Institute of Human Development, University of California–Berkeley EDUCATION 1961-1962 NIMH Postdoctoral Fellowship 1961 Ph.D., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 1958 M.A., Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 1957 B.S., Pennsylvania State University, University Park 1 AWARDS AND HONORS 2017 John Bynner Award, Society of Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, Stirling University, Scotland 2017 Naming of Glen H. Elder, Jr. Distinguished Professorship, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill 2016 W.E.B. DuBois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award American Sociological Association, Seattle 2012 Honoris Causa Doctorate, Die Academicus, University of Geneva 2012 Distinguished Alumni Award, Kent State University, Department of Sociology 75th Anniversary 2008 Naming of Glen H.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgements
    Acknowledgments This monograph was developed by the National Cancer Institute under the general direction of Stephen E. Marcus, Monograph Series Editor, and Senior Scientifi c Editor Gary E. Swan, along with Scientifi c Editors Timothy B. Baker, Laurie Chassin, David V. Conti, Caryn Lerman, and Kenneth A. Perkins. Monograph Series Editor David V. Conti, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Stephen E. Marcus, Ph.D. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute Epidemiologist Keck School of Medicine Tobacco Control Research Branch, Department of Preventive Medicine Behavioral Research Program Division of Biostatistics Division of Cancer Control and Population University of Southern California Sciences Los Angeles, CA National Cancer Institute Caryn Lerman, Ph.D. National Institutes of Health Mary W. Calkins Professor Bethesda, MD Department of Psychiatry and Annenberg Public Policy Center Senior Scientifi c Editor Deputy Director, Abramson Cancer Center University of Pennsylvania Gary E. Swan, Ph.D. Philadelphia, PA Director Kenneth A. Perkins, Ph.D. Center for Health Sciences Professor of Psychiatry SRI International University of Pittsburgh Menlo Park, CA Pittsburgh, PA Scientifi c Editors Authors Timothy B. Baker, Ph.D. Janet Audrain-McGovern, Ph.D. Professor Associate Professor Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention Department of Psychiatry Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Public Health Philadelphia, PA University of Wisconsin Madison, WI Erik Augustson, Ph.D., M.P.H. Tobacco Control Research Branch Laurie Chassin, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Idan Shalev, PhD Address: Phone (office): (001) 814-865-5764 219 Biobehavioral Health Building Mobile: (001) 919-475-3166 The Pennsylvania State University Fax: (001) 814-863-7525 University Park, PA 16802, USA Email: [email protected] Office: 223 Biobehavioral Health Building Academic Positions: 2017- present: Pennsylvania State University Mark T. Greenberg Early Career Professor for the Study of Children's Health and Development 2014-present: Pennsylvania State University Assistant Professor – Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. Education 2011-2013: Duke University Postdoctoral Associate – Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Advisors: Profs. Terrie Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi 2011: National University of Singapore Research Associate – Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 2007-2010: Hebrew University PhD degree – Department of Neurobiology, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. Advisor: Prof. Richard Ebstein 2005-2007: Hebrew University MSc degree (magna cum laude) – Department of Brain and Behavior, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel. Advisor: Prof. Richard Ebstein 2000 -2004: Ben-Gurion University BSc degree – Department of Biology, Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. 1 Membership in Professional Societies 2006- 2011: Israel Society for Biological Psychiatry 2006- 2011: Israel Society for Neuroscience 2010- 2015: Associate Member- European College
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification of the Pace of Biological Aging in Humans Through a Blood
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Quantification of the pace of biological aging in humans through a blood test, the DunedinPoAm DNA methylation algorithm Daniel W Belsky1,2*, Avshalom Caspi3,4,5,6, Louise Arseneault3, Andrea Baccarelli7, David L Corcoran6, Xu Gao7, Eiliss Hannon8, Hona Lee Harrington4, Line JH Rasmussen4,9, Renate Houts4, Kim Huffman10,11, William E Kraus10,11, Dayoon Kwon2, Jonathan Mill8, Carl F Pieper11,12, Joseph A Prinz6, Richie Poulton13, Joel Schwartz14, Karen Sugden4, Pantel Vokonas15, Benjamin S Williams4, Terrie E Moffitt3,4,5,6 1Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, United States; 2Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, United States; 3Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; 4Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States; 5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States; 6Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States; 7Laboratory of Precision Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States; 8University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, United Kingdom; 9Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; 10Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, United States;
    [Show full text]