Panorama Del Futuro De Los Hidrocarburos: Una Perspectiva Del 2017

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Panorama Del Futuro De Los Hidrocarburos: Una Perspectiva Del 2017 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA Panorama del futuro de los hidrocarburos: Una perspectiva del 2017 T E S I S Que para obtener el título de Ingeniero Petrolero P R E S E N T A Servando Hernández Santillán DIRECTOR DE TESIS Ing. Ramón Edgar Domínguez Betancourt Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Ingresa 2017 Agradecimientos A Dios… Por brindarme el regalo más valioso de todos, la salud y por situarme en el camino correcto, planteado desafíos a lo largo del mismo para esforzarme y entender que siempre puedo mejorar. A mis padres… Quienes me han apoyado y guiado a lo largo de mi vida, compartiendo mis triunfos y fracasos y a quienes también les debo todos mis logros, al brindarme la mejor educación y ser los mejores maestros que he tenido, al instruirme con disciplina y gran variedad de enseñas que han formado a la persona que soy ahora. A mi hermana… Por sus enseñanzas y apoyo. A mi gran familia… Por su apoyo y motivación que siempre ha estado presente en mí y cada integrante me ha aportado enseñanzas y valores, formando parte de uno de mis principales pilares. A mis amigos… Por brindarme su amistad a lo largo de mi vida, con quienes he compartido triunfos, fracasos e innumerables aventuras. A mi director… Por el apoyo, dedicación y tiempo brindado, al aceptarme como su pupilo y orientar mis ideas hacia este proyecto de tesis, transmitiéndome parte de su experiencia. A mi universidad y facultad… Por ser el lugar en el que me formé no solo como profesionista sino también como persona, donde viví diversas experiencias, encontré grande amistades y recibí muchos conocimientos y enseñanzas de parte de mis profesores. Por estas razones me siento muy orgulloso de pertenecer a esta gran institución que me ha dado tanto no solo a mí, sino también a la nación. I Declaración Yo Servando Hernández Santillán, declaro que éste trabajo escrito que presento para obtener el título de ingeniero petrolero, es un trabajo original creado por mí y no ha sido plagiado de otro autor. Toda la literatura que considere de utilidad para elaborar este trabajo, hecha por alguien más, dentro de mi mismo idioma o algún otro, ha sido citada en esta tesis, mencionando su aportación a la misma, otorgando así el reconocimiento adecuado. II Lista de Figuras Capítulo 2: Legislación Mexicana sobre hidrocarburos Figura 1. Marco Jurídico del Sector Energético, acotado a los hidrocarburos Capítulo 5: Energías Limpias Figura 2. Imagen 1: Sistemas geotérmicos Figura 3. Imagen 2: Principio de operación de una central geotérmica Figura 4. Imagen 3: Principio de operación de una central Nucleoeléctrica con reactor BWR Figura 5. Imagen 4: Diagrama de una central termosolar Figura 6. Imagen 5: Central hidroeléctrica Figura 7. Imagen 6: Central Mareomotriz Figura 8. Imagen 7: Ejemplo de dispositivos para la captación de energía oleomotriz Figura 9. Imagen 8: Ciclo Rankine para CETO Figura 10. Imagen 9: Componentes de un aerogenerador Figura 11. Imagen 10: Planta de biomasa de Sangüesa Lista de Tablas Capítulo 5: Energías Limpias Tabla 1: Libras de Contaminantes producidos por billón de BTU Tabla 2: Integración de las sub ramas de la petroquímica con diversos sectores de la economía Tabla 3: Mercado de productos petroquímicos Tabla 4: Impacto visual en el paisaje de las principales energías limpias . Tabla 5: Tipos de reactores nucleares de potencia Tabla 6: Reactores nucleares en el mundo Tabla 7: Fuentes de biomasa III Índice Agradecimientos…………………………………………………………………………………….................. I Declaración……………………………………………………………………………………......................... II Lista de figuras……………………………………………………………….................................................. III Lista de tablas………………………………………………………………………………………................ III Capítulo 1: Introducción…………………………………………………………………………... 1 Capítulo 2: Legislación Mexicana sobre hidrocarburos…………................................................ 3 2.1. Artículo 25°………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 2.2. Artículo 27°………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 2.3. Artículo 28°……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 2.4. Artículo 134°……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 2.5. Ley de Hidrocarburos……………………………………………………………………………………... 6 2.5.1 Reglamento de las Actividades a que se Refiere el Título Tercero de la Ley de…. ………… …………...Hidrocarburos……………………………………………………………………………………. 7 2.5.2 Reglamento de la Ley de Hidrocarburos………………………………………………………….. 7 2.6. Ley de Ingresos Sobre Hidrocarburos…………………………………………………………………….. 8 2.6.1 Reglamento de la Ley de Ingresos Sobre Hidrocarburos…………………………………………. 8 2.7. Ley del Fondo Mexicano del Petróleo Para la Estabilización y el Desarrollo……………………………. 8 2.8. Ley de los Órganos Reguladores Coordinados en Materia Energética…………………………………… 9 2.9. Ley de Petróleos Mexicanos. ……………………………………………………………………………... 9 2.9.1 Reglamento de la Ley de Petróleos Mexicanos………………………………………………… 10 2.10. Ley de la Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Industrial y de Protección al Medio Ambiente del Sector Hidrocarburos…………………………………………………………….…………………………………... 10 2.10.1 Artículo 3°…………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 IV 2.10.2 Reglamento Interior de la Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Industrial y de Protección al Medio ……………...Ambiente del Sector Hidrocarburos…………………………………………………………... 11 2.11. Ley General Para la Prevención y Gestión Integral de los Residuos…………………………………... 12 2.11.1 Reglamento de la Ley General Para la Prevención y Gestión Integral de los Residuos……… 12 2.12. Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente……………………………………… 12 2.12.1 Reglamento de Ley General de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente en Materia de ……………….Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental………………………………………………………….. 14 2.12.2 Reglamento de Ley General de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente en Materia de ……………….Prevención y Control de la Contaminación de la Atmosfera………………………………... 14 2.12.3 Reglamento de Ley General de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente en Materia de ……………….Ordenamiento Ecológico…………………………………………………………………….. 14 2.12.4 Reglamento de Ley General de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente en Materia de ……………….Registro de Emisiones y Transferencia de Contaminantes…………………………………... 14 2.12.5 Reglamento de Ley General de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente en Materia de ……………….Autorregulación y Auditorías Ambientales………………………………………………….. 15 2.13. Marco Jurídico………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Capítulo 3: Historia de la Política Mexicana Sobre Hidrocarburos…………………. 17 3.1. Etapa de La Conquista…………………………………………………………………………………… 17 3.2. Etapa Independiente…………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 3.3. Etapa de Consolidación Nacional y Porfiriato……………………………………………………………18 3.4. Etapa Revolucionaria…………………………………………………………………………………..... 22 3.5. Etapa Constitucionalista…………………………………………………………………………………. 24 3.6. Etapa de Expropiación………………………………………………………………………………….... 29 3.7. Etapa de Desarrollo ……………………………………………………………………………………... 33 3.8. Etapa de Acenso y Caída ……………………………………………………………………………….. 41 3.9. Etapa de Inicio del Neoliberalismo …………………………………………………………………….. 46 3.10. Etapa de Adopción del modelo Neoliberalista………………………………………………………… 47 3.11. Etapa de Reforma Energética …………………………………………………………………………. 52 V Capítulo 4: Historia Mundial Sobre Hidrocarburos………………………………….. 61 4.1 Hidrocarburos en La Edad Antigua………………………………………………………………………. 61 4.2 Hidrocarburos en La Edad Media y Moderna……………………………………………………………. 62 4.3 Hidrocarburos en La Edad Contemporánea………………...……………………………………………. 70 Capítulo 5: Energías Limpias…………………………………………………………... 93 5.1. El Gas Natural…………………………………………………………………………………………… 93 5.1.1 Transporte del Gas Natural……………………………………………………………………… 94 5.1.1.2 Transporte de Gas Natural Por Tubería……………………………………………... 94 5.1.1.3 Transporte de Gas Natural Licuado (GNL).………………………………………… 94 5.1.1.4 Transporte de Gas Natural Como Metanol………………………………………….. 95 5.1.2 Gas Natural En Competencia Con Otros Combustibles……………………………………….. 96 5.1.3 Gas Natural y La Petroquímica………………………………………………………………… 97 5.2. Energía Geotérmica…………………………………………………………………………………….. 100 5.2.1. Desarrollo De La Energía Geotérmica………………………………………………………… 100 5.2.2. Tipos De Sistemas Potenciales Para La Generación De Energía Geotérmica ………………... 101 5.2.2.1. Hidrotérmica………………………………………………………………………….. 102 5.2.2.2. Roca seca caliente…………………………………………………………………….. 102 5.2.2.3. Magma………………………………………………………………………………... 103 5.2.3. Clasificación De Los Recursos Geotérmicos………………………………………………….. 103 5.2.3.1. Alta temperatura……………………………………………………………………… 103 5.2.3.2. Media temperatura……………………………………………………………………. 103 5.2.3.3. Baja temperatura……………………………………………………………………… 104 5.2.3.4. Muy baja temperatura………………………………………………………………… 104 5.2.4. Principio De Generación De La Energía Geotérmica………………………………………….. 105 5.3. Energía Nuclear………………………………………………………………………………………… 107 5.3.1. Principio De Generación De La Energía Nuclear……………………………………………… 108 5.3.1.1 Reactor BWR…………………………………………………………………………. 109 VI 5.3.2. Fisión Nuclear ……………………………………………………………………………..…… 110 5.3.3. Fusión Nuclear ………………………………………………………………………………..... 114 5.4. Energía Solar………………………………………………………………………………………….... 114 5.4.1. Principio De Generación De La Energía Solar……………………………………………….... 115 5.4.1.1 Energía Solar Fotovoltaica…………………………………………………………………..... 115 5.4.1.2 Energía Solar Concentrada (termosolar) ………………………………………………….….. 116 5.4.1.2.1 Canales Parabólicos y Antenas Parabólicas…………………………………….….. 116 5.4.1.2.2 Receptores Centrales…………………………………………………………….…. 117 5.5.
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